Role of bitter contributors and bitter taste receptors:a comprehensive review of their sources,functions and future development

Bitterness,one of the 5“basic tastes”,is usually undesired by humans.However,abundant literature reported that bitter fruits and vegetables have beneficial health effects due to their bitter contributors.This review provided an updated overview of the main bitter contributors of typical bitter fruits and vegetables and their health benefits.The main bitter contributors,including phenolics,terpenoids,alkaloids,amino acids,nucleosides and purines,were summarized.The bioactivities and wide range of beneficial effects of them on anti-cancers,anti-inflammations,anti-microbes,neuroprotection,inhibiting chronic and acute injury in organs,as well as regulating behavior performance and metabolism were reported.Furthermore,not only did the bitter taste receptors(taste receptor type 2 family,T2Rs)show taste effects,but extra-oral T2Rs could also be activated by binding with bitter components,regulating physiological activities via modulating hormone secretion,immunity,metabolism,and cell proliferation.This review provided a new perspective on exploring and explaining the nutrition of bitter foods,revealing the relationship between the functions of bitter contributors from food and T2Rs.Future trends may focus on revealing the possibility of T2Rs being targets for the treatment of diseases,exploring the mechanism of T2Rs mediating the bioactivities,and making bitter foods more acceptable without getting rid of bitter contributors.

Emulsifying property,antioxidant activity,and bitterness of soybean protein isolate hydrolysate obtained by Corolase PP under high hydrostatic pressure

Enzymatic hydrolysis of proteins can enhance their emulsifying properties and antioxidant activities.However,the problem related to the hydrolysis of proteins was the generation of the bitter taste.Recently,high hydrostatic pressure(HHP)treatment has attracted much interest and has been used in several studies on protein modification.Hence,the study aimed to investigate the effects of enzymatic hydrolysis by Corolase PP under different pressure treatments(0.1,100,200,and 300 MPa for 1-5 h at 50℃)on the emulsifying property,antioxidant activity,and bitterness of soybean protein isolate hydrolysate(SPIH).As observed,the hydrolysate obtained at 200 MPa for 4 h had the highest emulsifying activity index(47.49 m^(2)/g)and emulsifying stability index(92.98%),and it had higher antioxidant activities(44.77%DPPH free radical scavenging activity,31.12%superoxide anion radical scavenging activity,and 61.50%copper ion chelating activity).At the same time,the enhancement of emulsion stability was related to the increase of zeta potential and the decrease of mean particle size.In addition,the hydrolysate obtained at 200 MPa for 4 h had a lower bitterness value and showed better palatability.This study has a broad application prospect in developing food ingredients and healthy foods.

Molecular mechanisms of bitterness and astringency in the oral cavity induced by soyasaponin

The interaction mechanism between soyasaponin(Ssa)and bitter receptors/mucin,as well as the saliva interface behavior of Ssa,were investigated to explore the presentation mechanism of Ssa bitterness and astringency(BA).Strong bitterness arising from high Ssa concentrations(0.5–1.5 mg/mL)had a masking effect on astringency.At Ssa concentrations of 1.0–1.5 mg/mL,Ssa micelles altered the structure of mucin,exposing its internal tryptophan to a more polar environment.At Ssa concentrations of 0.05–1.50 mg/mL,its reaction with mucin increased the aggregation of particles in artificial saliva,which reduced the frictional lubricating properties of oral saliva.Ssa-mucin interactions affected the salivary interfacial adsorption layer,and their complexes synergistically reduced the interfacial tension.Ssa monomers and soyasapogenols bind to bitter receptors/mucin via hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions.Class A Ssa binds more strongly than class B Ssa,and thus likely presents a higher BA.In conclusion,Ssa interacts with bitter receptors/mucin causing conformational changes and aggregation of salivary mucin,resulting in diminished frictional lubricating properties of oral saliva.This,in turn,affects taste perception and gustatory transmission.

A 1-bp deletion in the MC04g1399 is highly associated with failure to produce fruit wart in bitter gourd

Fruit wart is an important appearance trait influencing consumer preferences of bitter gourd(Momordica charantia L.).The molecular genetic mechanisms underlying fruit wart formation in bitter gourd are largely unknown.In this study,genetic analysis based on four generations showed that fruit wart formation in bitter gourd was controlled by a single dominant locus named as Fwa.The Fwa locus was initially mapped into a 4.82 Mb region on pseudochromosome 4 by BSA-seq analysis and subsequently narrowed down to a 286.30 kb region by linkage analysis.A large F2population consisting of 2360 individuals was used to screen recombinants,and the Fwa locus was finally fine mapped into a 22.70 kb region harboring four protein-coding genes through recombination analysis.MC04g1399,encoding an epidermal patterning factor 2-like protein,was proposed as the best candidate gene for Fwa via sequence variation and expression analysis.In addition,a 1-bp insertion and deletion(InDel)variation within MC04g1399 was converted to a cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence(CAPS)marker that could precisely distinguish between the warty and non-warty types with an accuracy rate of 100%among a wide panel of 126 bitter gourd germplasm resources.Our results not only provide a scientific basis for deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying fruit wart formation but also provide a powerful tool for efficient genetic improvement of fruit wart via marker-assisted selection.

The role of the auxin-response genes MdGH3.1 and MdSAUR36 in bitter pit formation in apple

Apples often exhibit bitter pits in response to metabolic disorders during ripening and storage;however, the mechanisms underlying the bitter pit(BP) development remain unclear. Here, metabolome and transcriptome analyses were performed to investigate BP pulp of 'Fuji'. Two auxin-response genes, MdGH3.1 and MdSAUR36, were screened. Their expression as well as the auxin content in BP pulp were found to be higher than those in healthy pulp(P < 0.01). In the field, excess CO(NH2)2increased the incidence of BP. Moreover, the auxin content and MdGH3.1 expression increased in apples after nitrogen fertilization. On Day 30 before harvest, the two genes were transiently transferred to the fruit, and 20.69% and 23.21% of BP fruits were harvested. After 10 μmol·L-1auxin was infiltrated at low pressure into postharvest fruit, the increase in MdGH3.1 expression occurred earlier than that in MdSAUR36. MdGH3.1 increased the expression of MdSAUR36, but MdSAUR36 did not increase expression of MdGH3.1. Therefore, we suggest that MdGH3.1 acts upstream of MdSAUR36 during BP formation and that these genes induce BP formation by regulating auxin and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis.

Discovery of the relationship between bitter taste and bitter flavor (efficacy) based on hTAS2Rs

Objective:To explore the relationship between bitter taste and bitter flavor(efficacy),their character-istics were analyzed at the target and pharmacodynamic points.Methods:Compounds with bitter receptor activity were obtained by high-throughput screening models of the human bitter taste receptors(hTAS2Rs),which were used to analyze bitter taste.The efficacy of anti-asthma medications was used as an example to research bitter flavor(efficacy).The pharmacological effects of bitter taste and bitter flavor(efficacy)were classified according to the functional modules.The coverage for the same targets or pharmacological effects in the overall protein interaction network(PIN)of bitter taste and bitter flavor(efficacy)was analyzed to reveal their relationship.The effect of the compound polydatin with anti-asthma activation on hTAS2R14 was studied to verify the reliability of the aforementioned idea.Results:A total of 121 Chinese materia medica(CMM)compounds that activate hTAS2R10,hTAS2R14,and hTAS2R49 were obtained.The analysis results indicated that 108 same targets for bitter taste and bitter flavor(efficacy)were obtained,accounting for 13.9%in the PIN of bitter taste and 72.5%in the PIN of bitter flavor(efficacy).The pharmacological effects shared by bitter taste and bitter flavor(efficacy)accounted for 79%of the PIN of bitter taste and 81%of the PIN of bitter flavor(efficacy).The activating effect of the anti-asthma compound polydatin on hTAS2R14 was dose-dependent with EC 50 of 4.3 m M.Conclusion:In this study,the relationship between bitter taste and bitter flavor(efficacy)has been demonstrated from the target and pharmacodynamic points,which are based on hTAS2Rs and anti-asthma effect.Bitter taste and bitter flavor(efficacy)exhibited a high correlation.This study provides a theoretical and scientific basis for the hypothesis that“the property theory of CMM is the clinical pharmacodynamics of CMM.”

苦味受体的非味觉功能研究进展

苦味的识别对动物生存至关重要,该过程由苦味受体介导。食物中的化学物质刺激口腔内的苦味感受器,经信号传导反馈给大脑,产生苦味感知并最终影响食物的选择和排斥。除了基本的味觉功能,苦味受体在口腔外的其他器官和组织中普遍表达,在细胞增殖、代谢调控、免疫反应等重要的生理生化过程中发挥作用。尽管苦味受体的蛋白结构仍未得到全部解析,具体的功能和作用机制未知,但由于其亚型众多且分布广泛,是理想的靶点,并将成为各类疾病治疗的重要探究方向。本文介绍苦味受体在口腔外部分器官组织中的表达和在相关疾病中的研究进展,有助于全面系统理解苦味受体的重要作用。

不同轮作模式对稻田土壤肥力和微生物群落结构的影响

为了探索不同水稻轮作模式对稻田土壤微生物群落结构的影响,以及与土壤养分供给的关系,本研究采用高通量测序技术对3种不同轮作模式下(水稻-小麦轮作、水稻-紫云英轮作、水稻-休耕)土壤细菌和真菌的群落结构变化进行分析,并进一步探讨了微生物群落结构与土壤养分含量之间的相互关系。结果表明:水稻-紫云英轮作模式能够明显改善稻田土壤的综合肥力,紫云英连续翻压还田后显著提高了土壤中总氮(TN)和有效氮(AN)的含量。土壤微生物群落结构方面,不同种植模式对细菌群落结构的影响大于真菌。水稻-紫云英轮作模式中优势菌群如酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)和子囊菌门(Ascomycota)等的富集有助于促进土壤生态系统的养分循环与生态健康。不同种植模式条件下土壤养分的变化如TN、AN、总钾(TK)及速效钾(AK)等可能是导致土壤细菌和真菌群落结构发生变化的主要驱动因素。稻田土壤中细菌群落结构对于土壤养分变化的敏感性要高于真菌。综合来看,水稻-紫云英轮作模式是更加适合水稻生态可持续栽培的种植模式,能够明显改善稻田土壤的综合肥力和土壤微生态环境。

Genetic Analysis of the First Female Flower Node and the First Male Flower Node in Bitter Gourd

Exploring genetic mechanism of the first female flower node and the first male flower node in bitter gourd has practical significance for formulating breeding strategy. In this article, a cross was made between CN19-1 and Thai4-6, and the F2segregation population was also constructed through F1selfing. The genetic characteristics of the first female flower node and the first male flower node were analyzed by adopting the major gene plus polygene mixed genetic model. The data analysis results showed that the first female flower node and the first male flower node were continuous distribution in the F2segregation population. E-2 model was the most suitable model for the genetic analysis of the first female flower node and the first male flower node. The additive effect values of the 2 pairs of major genes controlling the first female flower node were 2.722 and 1.862 8 respectively, the dominant effect values were-2.721 6 and-0.171 8, respectively. The additive effect value of polygene was-0.839 2, and the dominant effect value of polygene was 2.225 4. The heritability of major genes and polygene were 83.73% and 1.54%, respectively. The additive effect values of the 2 pairs of major genes controlling the first male flower node were 17.746 9 and 3.972, respectively, the dominant effect values were 5.191 6 and-3.972, respectively. The additive effect value of polygene was-20.530 5, and the dominant effect value was-4.141 4. The heritability of major genes and polygene was 92.34% and 4.7%, respectively. This study could provide a theoretical basis for bitter gourd breeding.

Exploring the mechanism of action bitter melon in the treatment ofbreast cancer by network pharmacology

BACKGROUND Bitter melon has been used to stop the growth of breast cancer(BRCA)cells.However,the underlying mechanism is still unclear.AIM To predict the therapeutic effect of bitter melon against BRCA using network pharmacology and to explore the underlying pharmacological mechanisms.METHODS The active ingredients of bitter melon and the related protein targets were taken from the Indian Medicinal Plants,Phytochemistry and Therapeutics and SuperPred databases,respectively.The GeneCards database has been searched for BRCA-related targets.Through an intersection of the drug’s targets and the disease’s objectives,prospective bitter melon anti-BRCA targets were discovered.Gene ontology and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes enrichment analyses were carried out to comprehend the biological roles of the target proteins.The binding relationship between bitter melon’s active ingredients and the suggested target proteins was verified using molecular docking techniques.RESULTS Three key substances,momordicoside K,kaempferol,and quercetin,were identified as being important in mediating the putative anti-BRCA effects of bitter melon through the active ingredient-anti-BRCA target network study.Heat shock protein 90 AA,proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase,and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 were found to be the top three proteins in the proteinprotein interaction network study.The several pathways implicated in the anti-BRCA strategy for an active component include phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling,transcriptional dysregulation,axon guidance,calcium signaling,focal adhesion,janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling,cyclic adenosine monophosphate signaling,mammalian CONCLUSION Overall,the integration of network pharmacology,molecular docking,and functional enrichment analyses shed light on potential mechanisms underlying bitter melon’s ability to fight BRCA,implicating active ingredients and protein targets,as well as highlighting the major signaling pathways that may be altered by this natural product for therapeutic benefit.

水杨酸对盐胁迫下苦瓜种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为探究水杨酸(SA)对苦瓜盐害的缓解作用,以苦瓜品种良苦1号为试材,采用拌种和叶面喷施的方法,研究不同浓度(0.001、0.01、0.1、1.0 mmol·L^(-1))SA处理对150 mmol·L^(-1) NaCl胁迫下苦瓜种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,0.01 mmol·L^(-1) SA处理显著提高了盐胁迫下苦瓜种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数及幼苗的株高、叶面积、根长、鲜质量、干质量。0.1 mmol·L^(-1)SA处理显著提高了苦瓜种子的发芽率、发芽势及幼苗的叶面积、鲜质量、干质量,对种子的发芽指数、活力指数及幼苗的株高、根长无显著影响。0.01 mmol·L^(-1) SA处理显著提高了苦瓜幼苗抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT)的活性及脯氨酸、可溶性糖的含量,显著降低了丙二醛的含量。0.1 mmol·L^(-1)SA处理显著提高了苦瓜幼苗POD的活性及脯氨酸、可溶性糖的含量,对SOD、CAT的活性及丙二醛的含量无显著影响。综上,施用一定浓度外源SA对苦瓜盐害具有缓解作用,0.01 mmol·L^(-1)SA处理是缓解苦瓜盐害的最佳方案。

稻秸-紫云英联合还田对水稻光合特性及产量品质的影响

为评价稻秸-紫云英联合还田对水稻光合特性、产量及稻米品质的影响,采用田间随机试验,以不施氮肥为对照(CK),设置常规氮肥(N)、稻秸还田+常规氮肥(RN)、紫云英还田+常规氮肥(MN)、稻秸还田+紫云英还田+常规氮肥(MRN)、稻秸还田+紫云英还田+60%氮肥(MRN60%),共计6个处理。对不同处理下的叶绿素含量(SPAD值)、净光合速率(net photosynthetic rate,Pn)、气孔导度(stomatal conductance,Gs)、胞间CO_(2)浓度(intercellular CO_(2)concentration,Ci)、蒸腾速率(transpiration rate,Tr)和干物质积累量、产量及稻米品质进行比较。结果表明,与CK相比,N、RN、MN、MRN和MRN60%处理均可显著提高水稻剑叶的SPAD值、Pn、Gs、稻谷产量及稻米糙米率、整精米率和蛋白含量,并显著降低直链淀粉含量。与N处理相比,在光合特性方面,MRN处理剑叶的SPAD值、净光合速率、气孔导度分别显著提高2.36%、5.95%、7.80%;在干物质积累量方面,MRN处理分蘖期、孕穗期、乳熟期的干物质积累量分别显著提高14.77%、3.52%、4.95%;在产量及构成因素方面,MRN处理的有效穗数、穗粒数、稻谷产量分别显著提高7.38%、3.08%、15.96%;在稻米品质方面,MRN处理的整精米率显著提高4.63%,直链淀粉含量显著降低6.54%。与N处理相比,MN处理仅净光合速率显著提高4.75%;MRN60%处理仅直链淀粉含量显著降低7.00%。相关分析结果表明,剑叶SPAD值、Pn和Gs均与有效穗数、穗粒数、产量、糙米率、整精米率呈极显著正相关,与直链淀粉含量呈极显著负相关;SPAD值和Pn与蛋白含量呈极显著正相关;Gs与蛋白含量呈显著正相关。综上,在常规施氮下,稻秸-紫云英联合还田可显著提高水稻剑叶的SPAD值、Pn、Gs等光合指标及水稻产量和蒸煮品质;在60%氮肥施用下,稻秸-紫云英联合还田有利于稳定水稻剑叶光合特性,保持水稻增产和品质特征,可应用于优质水稻生产。

大棚苦瓜新品种比较试验

为满足种植者对苦瓜新品种的需求与苦瓜产业的可持续发展,以本课题组选育的2104、2105、2106等13个苦瓜新品种为试验材料,以福建省主栽品种如玉33号为对照(CK),开展大棚苦瓜新品种的比较试验,对苦瓜的长势、抗病性、产量等方面进行调查与研究,筛选出高产优质、抗病性强且商品性好的2114、2117与2105共3个苦瓜新品种,具有早中熟,瓜条长圆锥形或长棒状,瓜色油绿、绿白或浅绿,(短)纵条间钝瘤,抗病性较强的特点,产量均较如玉33号高,增产21.2%~38.7%,可作为苦瓜新品种在闽东南地区进行示范推广种植。

长期紫云英配施减量化肥对土壤铵态氮吸附解吸特征的影响

为明确长期紫云英配施减量化肥对土壤铵态氮吸附解吸特征的影响,以13年长期定位试验为平台,设不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(CF)、22500 kg/hm^(2)紫云英+80%化肥(G+0.8CF)、22500 kg/hm^(2)紫云英+60%化肥(G+0.6CF)、22500 kg/hm^(2)紫云英+40%化肥(G+0.4CF)共5个处理,研究了不同施肥处理对土壤铵态氮吸附解吸特征的影响,并分析了土壤吸附解吸特征参数与土壤理化性质的关系。结果显示,Langmuir等温吸附方程能较好地拟合土壤铵态氮的吸附特征(R^(2)为0.9969~0.9979,P<0.01)。与CK相比,紫云英配施减量化肥处理土壤铵态氮的最大吸附量、最大缓冲容量分别降低了4.85%~13.46%、4.55%~7.36%;土壤铵态氮的平均解吸量和解吸率为G+0.8CF>G+0.6CF>G+0.4CF>CF>CK。与CK相比,紫云英配施减量化肥处理土壤全氮和速效氮含量分别增加了19.42%~46.60%、15.24%~25.88%。相关性分析结果显示,解吸率与土壤全氮、土壤速效氮呈显著正相关,与土壤pH呈显著负相关;冗余分析结果显示,pH和速效氮是造成土壤铵态氮吸附解吸特征参数差异的主要因素,分别解释了全部变异的56.7%和39.1%(P<0.05)。综上所述,长期紫云英配施减量化肥降低土壤对铵态氮的吸附,增加土壤对铵态氮的解吸,减少了土壤对氮的固持,提高氮的有效性。综合考虑土壤铵态氮的吸附解吸特性及土壤养分含量,以减量20%~40%化肥配施22500kg/hm^(2)紫云英处理效果较好。

稻草和紫云英协同还田下钾肥施用量对水稻产量及土壤供钾能力的影响

[目的]水稻生产对钾素的需求量大,研究稻草和紫云英协同还田条件下不同施肥处理对水稻产量和土壤钾素形态变化的影响,旨在保障我国南方水稻的高产和土壤钾素高效利用。[方法]不同轮作模式钾肥定位试验位于中国农业科学院红壤实验站内(始于2016年)。试验处理包括不施肥和冬闲(CK)、氮磷钾肥和冬闲(F)、氮磷钾肥和冬种紫云英(CM)、氮磷钾肥配合稻草还田和冬种紫云英(RCM)、氮磷减钾50%配合稻草还田和冬种紫云英(50%KRCM)。在试验第3年(2019年)于水稻收获后调查分析水稻产量和钾素含量,以及耕层土壤中速效钾和缓效钾含量,计算水稻钾素吸收量、钾素生理效率和钾素表观平衡,并进一步探讨水稻产量和钾素各指标之间的相关性。[结果]与CK处理相比,紫云英轮作显著提高水稻年产量,增幅以RCM、50%KRCM较高,分别为59.4%和59.7%。两者协同还田和紫云英单独还田均可显著提高有效穗数,相比化肥冬闲处理(F),增幅为53.1%~63.3%,在稻草和紫云英协同还田下,减钾对水稻产量构成因素的影响不明显。和F处理相比,RCM、50%KRCM处理显著提高了土壤速效钾和缓效钾含量,增幅分别为87.6%、41.1%和14.0%、12.1%,紫云英单独还田(CM)可显著提高土壤速效钾含量,对缓效钾含量的影响不显著。与RCM处理相比,50%KRCM处理的土壤速效钾含量显著降低了24.8%,缓效钾含量没有显著变化。和CK处理相比,RCM处理显著提高了稻谷含钾量,增幅为6.7%,4个施肥处理均显著提高了稻草和稻谷吸钾量,钾素表观平衡均表现为盈余,RCM和50%KRCM处理的钾素盈余量高于CM处理,但50%KRCM处理的钾素盈余量比RCM处理降低了119.7 kg/(hm^(2)·a)。钾素盈余量与土壤速效钾含量变化呈显著正相关,钾素盈余量每增加1 kg/(hm^(2)·a),土壤速效钾含量提高0.25 mg/kg。施肥降低了钾素生理效率,CM、RCM和F处理的钾素生理效率比CK降低了10.3%~15.5%。土壤速效钾含量、植株总吸钾量、钾素表观平衡和水稻产量之间均显著正相关,植株总吸钾量每增加1 kg/hm^(2),水稻产量提高30.5 kg/hm^(2),钾素表观平衡每增加1 kg/(hm^(2)·a),水稻产量提高9.5 kg/hm^(2)。[结论]稻草和紫云英协同还田可增加水稻有效穗数进而提高稻谷产量,增加钾素盈余量可提高土壤速效钾和缓效钾含量,两者协同还田提升水稻产量和土壤供钾能力的作用优于紫云英单独还田。稻草和紫云英协同还田条件下减少钾肥施用量,显著降低钾素盈余量,但没有降低土壤钾素的供应能力,因此,可适当减少钾肥的施用量。

小麦根系分泌物对苦瓜幼苗生长及土壤生物学环境的影响

为解决苦瓜生产上遇到的连作障碍问题,利用具有化感促进作用的小麦根系分泌物对苦瓜幼苗进行处理,以未经处理的为对照,分析苦瓜幼苗生长及其根际土壤酶活性和微生物多样性的变化。结果表明,3个苦瓜材料经小麦根系分泌物处理后的株高、茎粗、根长、生物量均较对照有所增加,处理组与对照组之间差异达到显著或极显著水平,株高和茎粗均随着生长天数的推迟呈增加趋势。在第5、10、15天时,处理组株高较对照组分别增加7.32%、14.67%、19.98%,茎粗较对照组分别增加7.98%、8.24%、10.89%;处理组根长、地上鲜重、地上干重、地下鲜重、地下干重较对照分别增加16.29%、18.08%、31.70%、33.74%、27.21%;处理组苦瓜幼苗根际土壤脲酶、多酚氧化酶、转移酶及过氧化氢酶活性分别提高84.88%、35.68%、443.73%、54.39%,并且差异达到显著或极显著水平。经小麦根系分泌物处理后,提高了苦瓜根际土壤中的细菌和放线菌数量和丰富度,降低了真菌数量及丰富度,主要降低了有致病潜力的镰刀菌属的相对丰度。综上所述,小麦根系分泌物可以提高土壤中酶活性,改善土壤生物学环境,促进苦瓜植株的生长,从而改变苦瓜连作产生的不良生态影响。

淹水培养下紫云英对紫潮泥锌有效性及形态转化的影响

采用90d的紫云英室内培养试验,探究了石灰性水稻土紫潮泥锌(Zn)有效性及形态转化对不同紫云英添加量的响应。结果表明:添加紫云英促进了紫潮泥中难以被植物吸收利用的矿物残渣态锌(Min-Zn)和氧化锰结合态锌(OxMn-Zn)、潜在有效的碳酸盐结合态锌(Carb-Zn)向易被植物吸收利用的松结有机态锌(Wbo-Zn)和交换态锌(Ex-Zn)转化,从而提高紫潮泥Zn的生物有效性。在整个研究期间,紫潮泥Zn平均转化比率T1处理(添加1.50t/hm^(2)紫云英)最低(-116.40%),T2处理(添加2.25t/hm^(2)紫云英)最高(-19.57%)。到试验结束,添加紫云英处理均提高了紫潮泥Zn转移因子,T2处理最高(1.56%);降低了Zn分配指数,T2处理最低(96.9%);表明紫潮泥土壤Zn向有效态组分发生了转化。不同紫云英添加量处理中,紫潮泥Zn有效性和形态转化之间存在差异,2.25t/hm^(2)紫云英添加量最有利于紫潮泥Zn有效性的提高。研究结果将为以种植紫云英绿肥为手段提高紫潮泥Zn的有效性提供科学依据。

绿肥部分替代化肥对玉米干物质积累与产量形成的影响

【目的】豆科绿肥部分替代化学氮肥是实现化肥减施的一项重要技术措施。通过探讨华北冬小麦季节性休耕区冬闲田种植翻压毛叶苕子和减量施氮对玉米干物质积累与转运、产量形成及花后叶片衰老特征的影响,以期为豆科冬绿肥的氮肥替代及玉米氮素资源的优化管理提供科学依据。【方法】于2020—2022年在河北省农林科学院旱作农业研究所深州试验站开展二因素裂区田间试验,主处理为冬闲田(FF)、冬闲田种植并全量还田毛叶苕子(HV)2种模式,副处理为玉米施氮,设不施氮(0 N)、67.5 kg·hm^(-2)(25%N)、135.0 kg·hm^(-2)(50%N)、202.5 kg·hm^(-2)(75%N)、270.0 kg·hm^(-2)(100%N,常规施氮水平)5个氮肥用量,研究毛叶苕子还田和减量施氮对玉米产量与产量构成、穗部性状、干物质积累与转运、叶片衰老特性及土壤养分、酶活性变化的影响,并进一步分析农田的氮素盈余。【结果】毛叶苕子还田显著提高玉米产量,可弥补氮肥减施造成的玉米减产。2021—2022年毛叶苕子还田显著提高玉米产量(8.15%—9.21%),可弥补氮肥减施25%—50%所造成的减产。毛叶苕子连续还田明显降低玉米穗部性状秃尖长,显著提高穗长、穗粗和产量构成因素穗行数、行粒数、百粒重。毛叶苕子还田后玉米花前、花后干物质积累量、花后干物质积累率、花后干物质对籽粒的贡献率分别显著增加10.21—12.32 g/plant、39.94—72.37 g/plant、4.67%—4.78%、3.31%—3.99%,能弥补氮肥减施25%—50%对玉米花前干物质积累及花后干物质对籽粒贡献率的负效应。毛叶苕子还田显著延缓玉米花后叶片衰老。2021、2022年HV处理玉米花后绿叶面积分别增加303.44—1115.10、266.23—837.62 cm2/plant,相对绿叶面积分别提高1.12%—13.84%、0.56%—9.13%,Vmax分别降低0.30%、0.05%,Tmax分别延迟6.01、3.56 d。毛叶苕子连续还田后土壤有机质含量、全氮含量、碱解氮含量及脲酶、蔗糖酶、淀粉酶、蛋白酶活性显著提高。2021、2022年毛叶苕子还田分别增加土壤氮投入量40.92、72.79 kg·hm^(-2),降低玉米最佳施氮量40.96、48.90 kg·hm^(-2),降低农田氮素盈余7.94、0.14 kg·hm^(-2),替代玉米最高产量施氮量15.71%、19.71%,替代常规施氮量15.71%、26.23%。【结论】毛叶苕子还田能激活土壤酶活性,增强土壤供氮能力,延缓玉米花后叶片衰老,提高花后干物质积累对籽粒的贡献率,改善穗性状,协调产量构成,有利于氮肥减施后玉米的增产稳产。毛叶苕子对土壤氮的输入是其部分替代氮肥、弥补氮肥减施后产量损失的基础。华北冬小麦季节性休耕区利用毛叶苕子替代部分化学氮肥是一种可持续性的减氮施肥措施。

苦瓜新品种赣苦瓜1937的选育

赣苦瓜1937是以早熟自交系BK0702-5为母本、晚熟自交系LK1402-6为父本杂交选育而成的中晚熟苦瓜新品种。该品种植株长势强,第1雌花节位16~24节,果实棒形、绿色,粒、条瘤相间,有光泽。瓜纵径30.0 cm左右、横径7.2 cm左右,果肉厚度1.2 cm,单瓜质量480 g左右,一般栽培667 m^(2)产量3000 kg左右。肉质爽脆、清香微苦,抗枯萎病,适合江西省及生态条件相似的地区栽培。2022年6月通过江西省农学会品种认定。

不同丝瓜砧木嫁接对苦瓜产量品质及抗病性的影响

针对多年连作导致苦瓜土传病害危害严重的问题,通过对17个丝瓜砧木品种与苦瓜接穗如玉178进行嫁接栽培试验,研究不同丝瓜砧木对接穗苦瓜亲和性、生长势、抗病性、产量及品质的影响。结果表明:不同丝瓜砧木嫁接均能明显降低苦瓜枯萎病发病率,其产量均显著优于自根苗,不同砧木嫁接对接穗苦瓜果实的水分、蛋白质、粗纤维、VC含量等有不同影响。通过对不同嫁接砧木处理农艺性状指标与苦瓜产量进行相关性分析,产量与茎粗、主蔓长、瓜长、瓜横径、单瓜质量存在极显著正相关。综合各性状分析结果,砧木-17、砧木-15在亲和性、产量、品质抗病性等方面表现良好,适宜作为苦瓜嫁接砧木进行示范推广。