Correlation Between Antioxidation and the Content of Total Phenolics and Anthocyanin in Black Soybean Accessions

The objective of this study was to investigate the correlations between antioxidations and the contents of the total phenolics and anthocyanin in 127 accessions of black soybean. A T-test, a fast clustering procedure, and a correlation coefficient analysis were used for experimentation. The variation ranges of the total antioxidant capacity （TAC）, the total phenolics, and anthocyanin contents in 127 black soybean accessions were 0.44-3.56, 7.05-74.82, and 0.22-1.87 mg g-l, respectively, displaying significant genotype differences. The major differences in TAC, the total phenolics, and the anthocyanin contents existed among various types of accessions from geographical regions. The differences between the accessions from black and yellow soybeans, spring and autumn, summer and autumn, Dongbeichun and Nanfangchun, Dongbeichun and Nanfangxia, Beifangchun and Nanfangchun, and Beifangchun and Nanfangxia were significant at 0.01 or 0.05 levels, respectively. The general tendency was that the TAC, the total phenolics, and the anthocyanin contents of Beifangchun accessions were higher than that of Dongbeichun ones, while that of Nanfangchun accessions were the worst. 127 black soybean accessions could be clustered into 6 clusters, which consisted of 3, 24, 20, 31, 37, and 12 accessions, respectively. The most significant （P 〈 0.01） correlations existed respectively between the TAC and the total showed that the total substances phenolics content, and the TAC and the anthocyanin content of black soybean. The results phenolics and anthocyanin in black soybean seed coat were the important antioxidation

Comparison of Antioxidant Activities in Black Soybean Preparations Fermented with Various Microorganisms

Black soybeans [Glycine max（L.） Merrill] were fermented with various GRAS（generally recognized as safe） microorganisms,including Aspergillus sp.,Bacillus sp.and yeast（Issatchenkia orientalis） at 30°C for 3 d.The antioxidant contents,including total phenolics and total flavonoids,and the antioxidant activities of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazine（DPPH）,ferric reducing antioxidant power（FRAP） and HO.scavenging were analyzed in preparations of fermented black soybeans.Fermented cultures proved to yield significant levels of antioxidants compared with non-fermented cultures（P 〈 0.05）.Fermented black soybean preparations possessed antioxidant activities could be attributed to the total phenolics and flavonoids present.

Breeding and High-yield Cultivation Technology of Wuqing No.1, a New Cultivar of Black Soybeans

The research introduced selection and breeding process, characteristics and high-yield cultivation technology of Wuqing No.l. Wuqing No.l, also named Gaoyou black soybean, is bred based on Danbo black soybean introduced from Japan in 1996 by Gaoyou Vegetable Cultivation Technology Station and Yangzhou Agricultural Technology Promotion Station. It was named in 2014 by Jinagsu Crop Cultivar Approvement Committee. The cultivar is high-yielding with high quality, big seeds, high resistance to stress, as well as high health-care value.

Monascus pilosus-fermented black soybean inhibits lipid accumulation in adipocytes and in high-fat diet-induced obese mice

Objective:To explore the anti-obesity effects and the mechanism of action of Monascus pilosus(M.pilosus)-fermented black soybean(MFBS)extracts(MFBSE)and MFBS powders(MFBSP)in adipocytes and high-fat diet(HFD)-induced obese mice,respectively.Methods:Black soybean was fermented with M.pilosus,and the main constituents in MFBS were analyzed by HPLC analysis.In vitro,MFBSE were examined for anti-adipogenic effects using Oil-Red O staining.In vivo,mice were fed a normal-fat diet(NFD)control,HFD control or HFD containing 1 g/kg MFBSP for 12 weeks,and then body weight gain and tissues weight measured.Real-time PCR and western blot assay were used to determine the mechanism of anti-adipogenic effects.Results:MFBSE inhibited lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes without exerting cell cytotoxicity.MFBSP treatment in HFD-fed mice significantly decreased the body weight gain compared with the HFD control mice.MFBSE and MFBSP treatment resulted in significantly lower mRNA levels of adipogenesis-related genes,such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorγ(PPARγ),fatty acid-binding protein 4(FABP4),and fatty acid synthase(FAS),in adipocytes and in white adipose tissue(WAT)of HFD-induced obese mice.Conclusions:These results suggest that the anti-obesity effects of MFBS are elicited by regulating the expression of adipogenesis-related genes in adipocytes and WAT of HFDinduced obese mice.

Evaluations and Selections for High Isoflavone Black Soybean Mutants Induced by NaN₃Treatment

Sodium azide (NaN3) (2 mM) was used to induce mutation in black soybean variety CRWD for improvement of isoflavone content. The individual selections were made in M6, M7 and M8 generations, respectively. Both high levels of isoflavones and medium seed size traits were used as selection criteria. Across three growth seasons, the selected five NaN3-induced mutants accumulated more total isoflavones (average increases of 5% to 25%) than their wild type variety CRWD. Four mutants yielded more (average increases of 17% to 25%) than CRWD. Both mutants SA-M-03 (yellow cotyledon) and SA-M-05 (green cotyledon) are rich in isoflavones and may be useful in food and other applications.

Analysis of Low Melting Point Fat Constituents of Black Soybeans by HS-SPME-GC-MS

[Objectives] To analyze the low melting point fat constituents in the black soybeans with green and yellow heart and their relative content,and compare the differences in the low melting point fat constituents between different kinds of black soybeans. [Methods] Using HS-SPME-GC-MS,the qualitative analysis was performed on the low melting point fat constituents of black soybeans; using peak area normalization method,the relative content of constituents was calculated. [Results]A total of 42 peaks were identified from the low melting point fat constituents of the black soybeans with yellow heart,and 18 kinds of chemical constituents were identified,accounting for 81.39% of total relative content of low melting point fat constituents; a total of 37 peaks were identified from the low melting point fat constituents of the black soybeans with green heart,and 15 kinds of chemical constituents were identified,accounting for 83.24% of total relative content of low melting point fat constituents. There were 9 kinds of common chemical constituents for the two kinds of black soybeans,and 5-allylguaiacol had the highest relative content,followed by hexanol. [Conclusions] There was no significant difference in the low melting point fat constituents between two kinds of black soybeans.

Effects of Black Soybean on Atherogenic Prevention in Hypercholesterolemic Rabbits and on Adhesion Molecular Expression in Cultured HAECs

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of black soybean (BS) on the susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in hypercholesterolemic New Zealand white rabbits. Effects of the BS extract (BSE) and its components on monocyte adhesion of human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs), and adhesion molecule were investigated. Rabbits were divided into four groups, including control, 0.5% cholesterol with 20% casein (either with or without 0.5% vitamin E), and BS groups, all fed for 8 weeks. LDL was treated with 10 μM Cu2+ in vitro to determine the LDL lag time, and the vitamin E content of LDL was determined. The thickness of the tunica intima was measured on paraffin sections of thoracic aortas and aortic arches stained with Movat’s pentachrome. HAECs were pretreated with 100 μg/ml of BSE, and 10 μM of genistein, daidzein, cyanidin, and aspirin for 18 h, followed by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (2 ng/ml) for 6 h, after which U937 cell adhesion was determined. Adhesion molecule expression was examined using ELISAs. The LDL lag time in the BS group was similar to that in the vitamin E group, while its lag time was significantly longer than those in the control and casein groups. The ratio of the intimal area/medial area of the aortic arch of the casein group was significantly higher than those in the control, BS, and vitamin E groups. The vitamin E group had the lowest value, and was closest to the control group. The BS group exhibited a significantly decreased atheroma region in the aortic arch compared to the casein group. Pre-incubation with BSE, genistein, daidzein, cyanidin, and aspirin significantly decreased adhesion by U937 monocytic cells to TNF-α stimulated HAECs. Genistein, daidzein, cyanidin, and aspirin significantly suppressed the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1. Only genistein and aspirin significantly decreased intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 expression compared to TNF-α treatment, while no treatments had any effect on E-selectin expression. BS significantly prolonged the LDL lag time and decreased the atheroma region of the aortic arch in hypercholesterolemic rabbits, thereby exerting an antiatherosclerotic effect. Presumably, the BSE downregulate intracellular redox-dependent signaling pathways in HAECs upon TNF-α stimulation through regulating NF-κB, thereby attenuating the inflammatory response in atherosclerosis. The antiatherogenic and anti-inflammatory effects of BS can be used as a nutraceutical for atherogenesis prevention.

Antioxidant and free radical-scavenging activities of black soybean peptides (BSP)

The antioxidant and free radical-scavenging activities of black soybean peptides(BSP)fractions(Fra-Ⅰ,Fra-Ⅱ,Fra-Ⅲ)were investigated using reducing power and DPPH·/superoxide/hydroxyl radical-scavenging assay.The reducing power activity of Fra-Ⅲwas closer to that of BHT but lower than that of ascorbic acid.Fra-Ⅲshowed the strongest scavenging activity against free radicals.The radical-scavenging effect was in a dose-dependent manner and the IC50 values for DPPH·,superoxide and hydroxyl radicals were found to be 1.873,1.684 and 1.735 mg/mL,respectively.Amino acid analysis showed that Fra-Ⅲhad high hydrophobic amino acids(HAA)content and hydrophobicity.The molecular weight distribution of Fra-Ⅲwas found to vary from 100 to 1,000 Da mainly.The antioxidant activity of Fra-Ⅲis clearly related to the amino acid composition,the content of HAA and the molecular mass.The present study suggests that BSP with low molecular weight are useful nutritional antioxidant and potential functional factor for anti-aging.

富钼专用保水剂对东北典型土壤保墒性能及大豆幼苗生长的影响

在东北集约化种植体系中,苗期水肥供应强度直接影响作物生长状况,并最终导致产量变异。富钼大豆专用保水剂是基于高分子材料合成与钼肥技术的耦合。针对东北2种典型土壤类型开展温室盆栽试验,通过二因子五水平的试验设计,研究土壤类型、保水剂类型及施用量对大豆苗期土壤水分利用效率及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:1)施用不同剂量普通保水剂(H 2020)和富钼专用保水剂(GH 2021)均可在不同程度上提高土壤保水性能,并促进苗期大豆生长及地上部植株干质量;2)土壤含水率和大豆幼苗株高均随用量的增大而增加,且用量为0.5%的GH 2021显著促进大豆幼苗的生长,在黑土和风沙土条件下增幅分别可达68.0%和44.9%;3)0.5%剂量的GH 2021使风沙土土壤含水率提高343.1%,相较于施用H 2020保水性能提升33.6%;4)与H 2020相比,施用量为0.5%的GH 2021使风沙土条件下苗期大豆株高和地上部干质量分别提高16.3%和34.0%。综上,富钼专用保水剂在东北大豆种植区最佳应用范围为:2种土壤条件下,保水剂理论田间推荐用量为0.5%,其对风沙土的保墒性能优于黑土。该保水剂可用于提升干旱区土壤保水性能,改善苗期大豆生长环境和营养状况,最大限度激发东北大豆的增产潜力。

黑豆(大豆属)降血糖活性成分及其作用机制研究进展

糖尿病以持续高血糖为特征,是一种多种病因的异质性疾病,在多器官水平上影响人体.黑豆在我国有悠久的药食同源史,用于治疗高血压、血液循环不良等疾病.许多研究表明黑豆还具有一定的抗糖尿病特性,并已在临床试验中得到证实.对黑豆中的蛋白质、黄酮类化合物、多糖、多酚以及多种无机微量元素和维生素等生物活性物质及其降血糖活性机制进行概述.这些生物活性物质通过抑制肠道α-葡萄糖苷酶活性、保护胰腺细胞、降低胰岛素抵抗、调节肠道微生物群等机制有效调节血糖水平,为糖尿病的治疗提供了新的研究思路,也为其他植物药材治疗糖尿病提供了参考.

基于UPLC-ESI-MS/MS技术黑豆种皮的化学成分分析

采用超高效液相色谱-电喷雾-串联质谱(UPLC-ESI-MS/MS)技术对黑豆种皮体积分数70%乙醇提取物中的化合物进行分析。结果表明:黑豆种皮体积分数70%乙醇提取物中32个化合物主要为多酚类,其中,酚酸类化合物的相对含量为13.38%,黄酮类化合物的相对含量为39.59%。儿茶素的相对含量最高(10.15%),反式阿魏酸的相对含量次之(7.86%),二氢黄豆苷元和原花青素B 1的相对含量也较高(分别为5.52%和5.36%)。黑豆种皮中主要的多酚类物质为酚酸类和黄酮类化合物,具有进一步开发利用的价值。

黑豆-乳清双蛋白膳食对大鼠体内免疫的调节作用

黑豆蛋白和乳清蛋白分别是两种优质的植物源和动物源蛋白质原料,食用后均可改善机体的免疫特性,但双蛋白对机体免疫调节作用的研究相对较少。本试验利用标准膳食(CP)、乳清蛋白膳食(WP)、黑豆蛋白膳食(BSP)和黑豆-乳清双蛋白膳食(BS-WP)对4组大鼠进行为期60 d的喂养,喂养周期结束后对各组大鼠的血清生化指标、免疫球蛋白(Immunoglobulin,Ig)IgM、IgA和IgG质量浓度、脾淋巴细胞增殖指数、自然杀伤细胞活力、脾脏指数和胸腺指数进行测定,探究黑豆乳清双蛋白对大鼠体内免疫的调节作用。结果表明,与单一蛋白源相比,BS-WP组大鼠的血清免疫生化指标总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白、尿素氮、和谷丙转氨酶显著提升(P<0.05);IgG、IgA和IgM的质量浓度均有显著增加(P<0.05),且IgG增加最为显著,与单一WP组和BSP组相比,BS-WP组大鼠的IgG分别增加了38.23%和41.02%,此外,脾脏和胸腺指数也均有显著增加(P<0.05),脾脏指数分别增加了35.33%和35.91%,胸腺指数分别增加了31.51%和34.26%。由此可知,黑豆-乳清双蛋白膳食可显著提升机体免疫能力。

“乳清-黑豆”双蛋白运动营养粉的配方优化

蛋白质是人体生长发育所必需的重要营养物质,具有促进新陈代谢、增强免疫力、促进肌肉生长等功效。近年来,健身爱好者在注重锻炼的同时也更加重视对蛋白质的补充。文章以乳清蛋白和黑龙江省优势黑豆蛋白“黑青二号”为主要原料,以产品感官品质为评价指标,在单因素试验结果的基础上,通过响应面分析,确定双蛋白运动营养粉中黄原胶、三氯蔗糖和柠檬香精3个因素的最优添加量和对感官评定的影响程度。结果表明,双蛋白运动营养粉中,黄原胶、三氯蔗糖和柠檬香精的最优添加量分别为0.73%、0.38%和0.55%,此时产品的最佳感官评分为19.24分,产品溶解度为84.26%±0.94%。

黑豆皮花青素微胶囊制备工艺优化及其特性

为获得包埋率高、稳定性好的黑豆皮花青素微胶囊,以大豆分离蛋白和麦芽糊精复配作为复合壁材,采用喷雾干燥法制备黑豆皮花青素微胶囊。通过单因素试验和响应面法优化制备工艺,分析其理化特性与体外消化特性。研究表明黑豆皮花青素微胶囊的最佳制备工艺为壁材质量比1.8∶5、喷雾干燥进风温度180℃、芯壁质量比2.1∶5;在此条件下花青素包埋率为83.28%,黑豆皮微胶囊整体完整,大小分布均匀,表面光滑细腻连续性好;黑豆皮花青素微胶囊具有良好的缓释作用,体外消化模拟胃液中消化2h,其释放率为74.36%。同时,微胶囊化提高了花青素的pH值稳定性。

不同株行距配置对黑大豆乌青1号主要农艺性状和群体产量的影响

为提高黑大豆单产与品质,助力高邮市黑大豆产业发展,文章通过研究黑大豆-玉米带状复种模式下不同株行距配置对黑大豆乌青1号主要农艺性状和群体产量的影响,筛选适宜高邮市黑大豆生产的株行距配置。结果表明,黑大豆-玉米带状复合种植模式下,处理2的主要农艺性状及产量优于其他处理,为适宜高邮市黑大豆生产的株行距配置,即种植密度49380株/hm^(2)条件下,黑大豆3行,行距45 cm、株距22.5 cm,每穴1株。此群体结构和株行距配置有利于形成合理产量结构,提升带状复合种植模式下黑大豆产量。

秸秆覆盖对黑土区土壤微生物量、酶活性及大豆产量的影响

为了探究秸秆覆盖量对黑土区土壤微生物量、酶活性及大豆产量的影响,以垦丰16为试验材料,分别设置无秸秆覆盖(CK)、0.5 kg/m2秸秆还田覆盖(T1)、1.0 kg/m^(2)秸秆还田覆盖(T2)、1.5 kg/m^(2)秸秆还田覆盖(T3)4种处理,测定大豆生育期内耕作层土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌数量以及脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性和大豆产量,对比分析不同秸秆覆盖量对土壤微生物量、酶活性及大豆产量的影响。结果表明,大豆全生育期内土壤细菌数量呈先升高后降低的趋势,其中T2处理细菌总数量最大,分别较T1、T3、CK处理提高33.08%、9.30%、65.38%;真菌数量呈先升高后降低、再升高再降低的趋势,其中T2处理真菌总数量最大;放线菌数量整体上呈先升高后降低的趋势,随着秸秆覆盖量的增加而增加。各处理脲酶活性表现为T1>T2>T3>CK,且秸秆覆盖处理分别较CK处理提高32.64%、29.42%、18.23%;过氧化氢酶活性表现为T2>T3>T1>CK,不同处理酶活性均在开花期达到最高。秸秆覆盖处理大豆产量显著高于CK,秸秆覆盖量对大豆产量的影响并未随着秸秆覆盖量的增加而持续增加,T2处理产量最高。大豆产量与脲酶活性、细菌数量呈极显著正相关关系,与真菌数量呈显著正相关关系;过氧化氢酶活性与脲酶活性、真菌数量呈显著正相关关系。综上,1.0 kg/m2秸秆覆盖是黑土区最优秸秆覆盖量。

黄豆和黑豆中大豆异黄酮甙元的分析

采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法对黄豆和黑豆中大豆异黄酮甙元进行分析测定.结果表明:在5.0~100.0μg·mL-1范围内,大豆异黄酮甙元与峰面积呈良好线性关系,回归方程A=9960.0C-6693.6,相关系数为0.9998,变异系数为1.11%,回收率为98.2%~103.6%.

黑土区免耕条件下减施氮肥对大豆光合特性和光合氮利用效率的影响

为探究黑土区减氮对大豆光合特性及光合氮利用效率的影响,以传统耕作配合常规施氮为对照处理,设置免耕常规施氮、免耕减氮15%、免耕减氮30%及免耕不施氮共5个处理,研究不同处理对大豆叶面积指数、光合特性、光合-光响应曲线及光合氮利用效率的影响。结果表明,各生育时期大豆净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、最大净光合速率(Pn_(max))、暗呼吸速率(R_(d))、表观量子速率(α)、叶绿素含量(SPAD)和叶面积指数(LAI)均随施氮量减少呈先升后降趋势,胞间CO_(2)浓度(Ci)随施氮量减少呈先降后升趋势。与对照处理相比,各生育时期免耕减氮15%处理可显著降低大豆Ci 8.03%~11.16%,提高大豆SPAD、LAI、Pn、Tr、Gs分别为3.21%~6.52%、9.60%~35.00%、14.13%~42.20%、12.93%~38.66%、18.62%~40.87%。免耕减氮15%处理大豆叶片光合-光响应实测曲线变化及光合响应参数显著优于其他处理。不同处理间,各生育时期大豆叶片光合氮利用效率随施氮量减少呈先升后降趋势,其中免耕条件下减氮15%处理较对照提高13.29%~25.43%;叶片光合氮利用效率与LAI、SPAD呈极显著正相关。

长期有机肥和化肥配施对黑土细菌群落特征和大豆产量的影响

有机物料还田是提高土壤微生物多样性和提升土壤质量的主要措施,但目前有机物料还田对黑土关键土壤微生物类群的影响及其与大豆产量间的关系尚未充分明确。本研究基于东北地区44年长期黑土定位试验,研究不同施肥措施与土壤理化性质、细菌群落和大豆产能间的关联特征。结果表明:与无肥(NoF)对比,单施有机肥(M)和化肥配施有机肥(CFM)处理显著增加了土壤养分含量、微生物量碳和微生物量氮含量。化肥配施秸秆(CFS)处理的土壤细菌丰富度和多样性低于单施秸秆(S),而化肥配施有机肥(CFM)处理的土壤细菌丰富度和多样性高于单施有机肥处理(M)。相比于NoF,施肥导致富营养型细菌类群(r策略)与寡营养型细菌类群(K策略)的比值增加。长期秸秆还田(S和CFS)和施用化肥(CF)增加了细菌网络复杂性,而长期添加有机肥(M和CFM)降低了网络复杂性。结构方程模型表明土壤铵态氮、碳氮比、细菌网络结构复杂性和关键类群[硝化螺旋菌属(Nitrospira)与芽单胞菌属(Gemmatimonas)]丰度与大豆产量呈显著正相关关系。有机肥配施化肥(CFM)有利于提高关键功能微生物类群丰度、群落多样性和大豆产量。

控释肥一次性基施对黑豆谷子带状复合种植产量及经济效益的影响

为选择带状复合种植中高效施肥模式,通过3年田间定位试验研究不同施肥模式对带状复合种植中黑豆和谷子产量及经济效益的影响。黑豆谷子各设置4个施肥模式,分别为不施氮肥设对照(CK),农户施肥习惯设常规施肥,控释肥设追肥处理,控释肥一次性基施,黑豆选用低氮控释肥,谷子选用高氮控释肥。结果表明,施用控释肥追肥及控释肥基施处理显著增加了带状复合种植中黑豆谷子产量及其构成因素,较常规施肥产量增加了11.77%~19.39%、9.77%~12.63%,控释氮肥一次性基施的效果与控释肥追肥处理无显著差异。控释肥一次性基施产投比最高为1.86,黑豆谷子带状复合种植中宜推广省工高效的控释肥一次性基施。