Seeking Self-Emancipation Through Communal Redemption in Toni Morrison＇s Beloved

Toni Morrison, as an African-American woman writer, attracts the greatest attention in recent years. Being the winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1993, she has been hailed as a stand of the Black Women＇s Literature in the 20th century. She is deeply concerned about the spiritual world of black women. Morrison has always put stress on the relationship between individual and community; her idea that what affects the black community can have an influence on individuals is an important part in her books that cannot be neglected. By way of the approach of text analysis, this paper tries to elaborate Morrison＇s important idea that estrangement from the community inevitably means a lack of communal support and understanding, which is harmful to the healthy formation of individual identity in one of her important works Beloved （1987）.

Impacts of methamidophos,copper,and their combinations on bacterial community structure and function in black soil

The potential ecotoxicologial risks of methamidophos,copper,and their combinations on microbial community of black soil ecosystem in the Northeast China were assessed in species richness and structures by using 16S rDNA-PCR-DGGE analysis approach,and functional characteristics at community levels by using BIOLOG^(GN) system analysis method as well as two conventional methods(DHA and SIR).All results of DGGE banding fingerprint patterns(amplified by bacterial specific 16S rDNA V_(3) high variable region universal primer)indicated that the species richness of bacterial community in tested soil was significantly decreased to different extents by using different concentrations of single methamidophos,copper,especially some of their combinations had worse effects than their corresponding single factors.In addition,the structures of soil bacterial community had been disturbed under all stresses applied in this study because of the enrichment of some species and the disappearance of other species from the bacterial community.The effects of the single factors with lower concentrations on the communiy structure were weaker than those with higher concentrations.Moreover,the bacterial community structures under the combined stresses of methamidophos and copper were significantly different from those of control and their corresponding single factors.The change of DHA and carbon source substrate utilizing fingerprint patterns based on BIOLOG^(GN)system were two relatively sensitive directors corresponding to the stress presented in this study.Between methamodophos and copper,there happened the significant joint-toxic actions when they were used in combination on DHA and carbon source substrate utilizing fingerprint patterns of soil bacterial communities.The DHA of soil under the combined stresses was lower than that of the control and that under the single factors,and the BIOLOG^(GN) substrate utilizing patterns of soil treated by combinations were distinctively differentiated from the control and their corresponding single factors.From all of above,the methamidophos,copper,especially their combinations had the clearly potential ecotoxicological risks to influence the natural soil microbial ecological system by changing the structure,richness,and the functional characteristics of microbial community.