Activities of Urease and Phosphatase in Integrated Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland and Purification Effect of Black and Malodorous River

[Objective]The activities of urease and phosphatase in integrated vertical flow constructed wetland and purification effect of black and malodorous river were studied.[Method]Honeycomb stone and soft filler were used as matrix,the biological grid integrated vertical flow constructed wetland system was built to strengthen treatment for black and malodorous river,and the activities of urease and phosphatase of two fillers in different functional areas of constructed wetland were tested to study the film formation property of two fillers in different functional areas.[Result]Both urease and phosphatase activities on biofilm of soft filler were significantly higher than on biofilm of honeycomb stone filler;indicating that choosing soft filler was more advantageous to the growth of biofilm;and urease activity had significant correlation with total nitrogen removal rate,while phosphatase activity had no significant correlation with total phosphorus removal rate.[Conclusion]This study provided evidences for utilizing the activities of urease and phosphatase to evaluate the purification effect of black and malodorous river and choose appropriate filler.

An Explanation of the Black Color of River Nyong Water’s and Associated Alluviums (Cameroon)

The River Nyong is situated in Akonolinga (central-south of Cameroon). In order to search for raw materials in ceramic use, samples of alluvium obtained from the deposits in the Nyong River clays have been studied. The results obtained show that, the samples contain important quantity of organic matter and the soil is acidic .These two parameters are necessary to understand the origin of the characteristic color of alluvium and water of the River Nyong.

Rivers and Hughes's Construction of Black Culture in White Americ——Textual Analysis of “The Negro Speaks of Rivers”

Langston Hughes's central purpose in writing is "to explain and illuminate the Negro condition in America".By means of textual analysis,this thesis is to discover how the images of rivers in "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" construct the black culture,to find Hughes's identity inAmerica.

Rapid Elimination of Black Odor in Rivers by Oxygen Aeration

Laboratory research and engineering applications demonstrated that oxygen aeration can rapidly increase the level of dissolved oxygen in the water of severely polluted rivers. This method was capable of eliminating the odorous substances from black odorous water and reducing the color shade of water, but could not remove the NH3-N, COD, TP or other common pollutants. Therefore, oxygen aeration can be implemented to rapidly eliminate black odorous from rivers, lakes and reservoirs, but cannot be used as a permanent method for treating pollution of rivers.

Generalized Additive Mixed Modelling of River Discharge in the Black Volta River

River discharge data offer a rich source of information for reservoir management and flood control, if modelling can separate out the effects of rainfall, land use, soil type, relief, and weather conditions. In this paper, we model river discharge data from the Black Volta River, using Generalised Additive Mixed Models (GAMMs) with a space-time interaction represented via a tensor product of continuous time and discrete space. River discharge data from January 2000 to December 2009 for the four gauge stations along the Black Volta River namely, Lawra, Chache, Bui and Bamboi were obtained from the hydrological services department of Ghana and used for model fitting. Four GAMMs were explored, two with space-time interactions and two without space-time interactions. The comparison of the performance of the models with space-time interactions and those without space-time interactions based on Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) suggests that in this application, the former is better overall and in particular for modelling local variations. Further, a model with space and time main effects performed better compared with one without space and time main effects. After model selection, checking and validation, there is evidence for increasing river discharge from the most upstream gauge station to the most downstream gauge station for the study period.

Population dynamics and habitat use of the Black-necked Crane (Grus nigricollis) in the Yarlung Tsangpo River basin, Tibet, China

Background:The Black-necked Crane (Grus nigricollis)is an internationally threatened crane living on the plateau, mainly in winter, in the Yarlung Tsangpo River basin in Tibet,western China. In the past five years,some economic development projects have been conducted in this area,posing potential threats to the wintering populations of the cranes and their habitats. Therefore, the current population dynamics of wintering Black-necked Cranes and habitat suitability in the Yarlung Tsangpo River basin were investigated. Methods: Twenty counties were surveyed using the line transect method in December 2017 and January 2018, and we recorded the location,flock size,number of individuals,habitat types and presence of human disturbance in which they occurred.We compared the results from the middle wintering period in this survey with those from 2014. Results: The highest number of cranes recorded was 8291,and the results showed that the cranes were mainly distributed in Lhaze, Namling, Samzhubze, and Lhunzub.A total of 577 and 495 flocks were recorded in the early and middle wintering periods, respectively. In the early wintering period,there were signi ficant differences in the number of individuals across the di fferent habitats,with crop stubble land and plowed land representing more than 30% of the total habitat utilization.In the middle wintering period, there were also signi ficant differences in the number of individuals, and the utilization of crop stubble land represented over 60% of the total. Conclusions: Wintering Black-necked Cranes mainly fed on spilled grains in stubble habitat after harvest. In the middle wintering period, some of the farmlands were plowed and irrigated,which resulted in food shortages in these areas,and the cranes tended to gather in mixed flocks of large size instead of as a single family.There were still considerable regional wintering populations decreases in Quxu,Nedong,and Sakya in 2018 compared with 2014,and these decreases were mainly due to some recently emerging threats,including farmlands being converted into areas of greenhouse cultivation,highway and railway construction, river dredging,the rapid development of the manufacturing and mining industries,and the lack of protection of important wintering sites.

Substrate colonization and relative abundance of immature forms of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in river Mada, Nasarawa State Nigeria

Black flies, vectors of Onchocercavolvulus, are known to colonize fast flowing sections of rivers.A study on aspects of ecology of immature forms of black flies was conducted at River Mada. Larvae and Pupae of the Genus: Simulium were prospected on natural substrates found at various water currents along the course of the river over a 12-month period. Larvae of six speciesand pupae of three species were identified colonizing different substrates in the river. A total of 443 larvae and 142 pupae were collected, and thepeak month of collection was April. 405 (91.4%) larvae were identified as S.damnosum sl while 38 (8.6%) comprised S. adersi, S.hargreavesi, S.cervicornotum, S. bovisand S.vorax. 110 (77.5%) of the pupae collected were S.damnosumsl while 32 (22.5%) were S.adersi, and S.hargreavesi. The larvae unlike pupae appeared to be non discriminatory in substrate colonization and current preference. Paucity of the population of immature forms is observed and attributed primarily to scarcity of suitable substrates and other factors also discussed herein.

Ecological Restoration Planning and Design of Campus River:a Case study of the Qiusuo Brook in China Three Gorges University

In view of the seriously-polluted water and broken eco-waterscapes in the Qiusuo Brook on campus of China Three Gorges University,this paper proposed the ecological restoration concept and mode of campus river according to field investigation and monitoring results,i.e. "reduce exogenous pollution—restore sediment microorganism—build intensified plant filter strip—build river water ecosystem and optimize landscapes—maintain ecological river course".In addition to introducing the design concept and principle of this mode,this paper specified the concrete projects such as sewage interception and water supplement,restoration of sediment microorganism,restoration of water plants,ecological restoration of embankment etc.,and also gave planar layouts and sketches of some projects,in order to provide references for the researches and practices of campus river ecological restoration in China Three Gorges University and other similar projects.

黑臭水体沉积物中新型溴代阻燃剂的污染特征

测定了中国74个城市的173条黑臭水体沉积物中6种新型溴代阻燃剂(NBFRs)的污染现状.结果表明,十溴二苯乙烷(DBDPE)是沉积物中主要的NBFRs,其浓度范围为未检出~603.76ng/g干重,平均浓度占比高达(99.49±0.82)%;六溴苯(HBB)和五溴甲苯(PBT)占比较低.NBFRs的组成符合其在中国的生产和使用情况.尽管DBDPE、HBB和PBT均在不同城市间具有显著的浓度差异,但是总体呈现东部高(华南、华东和东北地区)、西部低(西北和西南地区)的分布格局,各地区的产业结构和城市化率是控制其空间分布的重要因素.DBDPE作为多溴联苯醚十溴工业品(BDE209)的替代品,其在沉积物中的浓度仍普遍低于BDE209,且DBDPE/BDE209比值与各城市的生产总值和工业产值呈显著的负相关关系.生态风险评价表明黑臭水体沉积物中DBDPE、HBB和PBT均不足以对水生生物造成暴露风险.

黑臭河流底泥原位修复生物-生态组合修复技术研究

目前常规的黑臭河流底泥原位修复方法忽略了水体的冲击效应,导致修复效果不佳。对此,提出黑臭河流底泥原位修复的生物-生态组合修复技术研究。采用微生物固定化技术抵抗水体的冲击效应,在河流中段安装生化床,并安装微生物菌群载体,并针对黑臭河流的污染类型,选取了四种水生植物进行种植,并对种植密度进行计算。通过在水生植物的种植平台下面安装微生物挂膜处理装置,从而构建出生态浮岛,并搭建出生物-生态修复体系。测试结果表明,采用提出的方法对黑臭河流进行治理时,污染物降解系数较高,具备较为理想的河流修复效果。

常州次级河流污染应急处理方式探讨——以安定河河道为例

孟河镇安定河是一条典型的黑臭水体,文章研究了该河道的水质情况,17个考核断面水质均不满足《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)Ⅳ类标准,主要污染因子为氨氮、总磷、总氮,超标率分别为100%、88%、100%。根据河道治理及排水需求,对河道进行应急处理,在河道两端及污染物汇入量较大处建设应急处理装置,处理工艺为反硝化(生物膜法)+活性污泥法+MBR(膜生物反应器)膜,出水直排河道;在河道沿线污水排入口设置截污井;河道污染严重区域设置河道曝气系统。结果表明,工程效果较好,化学需氧量(COD)去除率达90%以上,氨氮去除率达98%以上,河道水质由劣Ⅴ类提升到Ⅴ类、Ⅳ类。

污水处理厂尾水硝酸盐抑制水体黑臭反复的效果及机理研究

防治河道返黑返臭是城市河道生态环境改善的关键,研究考察了污水处理厂尾水硝酸盐(NO_(3)^(-))对水体返黑返臭的影响,探究了在污水处理厂尾水NO_(3)^(-)作用下氮形态、硫形态的变化,解析了污水处理厂尾水NO_(3)^(-)抑制水体返黑返臭的机理。结果表明:污水处理厂尾水NO_(3)^(-)作用下上覆水DO和ORP得到明显提升;在第90天NH_(3)-N降低至0.9 mg/L;底泥AVS减少了45.5%,水体黑臭的潜在风险降低。利用扩增子测序分析发现污水处理厂尾水NO_(3)^(-)作用下沉积物中硫氧化菌Thiobacillus、Bosea、Nitrobacter及Pseudomonas的丰度明显增加,硫酸盐还原菌Desulfobacterium、Syntrophus的丰度显著降低。Sterolibacterium、Denitratisoma及Silanimonas等反硝化菌丰度也有所提升。

基于3D打印和纳米黑卡技术提高缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层采收率

为有效改善塔河油田缝洞型油藏因注水注气开发而导致产量逐年降低的问题,通过3D打印技术制作3种等比例缩小的三维可视化缝洞储集体物理模型,包括风化壳、断控岩溶、暗河储集体模型。通过透射显微镜和原子力显微镜表征了片状纳米黑卡的微观结构,研究了纳米黑卡的油水界面吸附性、润湿反转性及在3种物理模型中的驱油效果,结合矿场实际情况选取两类典型结构单元井组开展井间驱替和单井替油矿场先导试验。结果表明,纳米黑卡的平均尺寸约为80×60×1.2(nm),比表面积大;具有良好的两亲性,可在油/水界面形成稳定的吸附层;具有良好的润湿反转性,可将石英片表面由油湿改变为水湿。在风化壳、暗河、断控岩溶三维模型中,纳米黑卡驱可在水驱基础上分别提高原油采收率11百分点、8百分点、7百分点,风化壳储集体受益效果最明显。15轮次矿场试验结果表明,纳米黑卡驱油不适用于3种岩溶储集空间的单井替油开采方式;风化壳暗河岩溶储集空间构成的井组具有良好的井间联通性和较高的受效程度,为最佳矿场应用选择区域。矿场受效率高达85.7%,且增油量显著,累计增油约5000吨。研究结果为塔河油田缝洞型油藏后续开展纳米黑卡驱油技术提供现场指导理论依据。

黑臭河道水质监测及综合治理措施研究

为了提高黑臭河道水体的治理效率,以某黑臭河道污水水样为研究对象,对其不同取样点以及不同取样时间段的水质进行了监测分析,并采用“微孔曝气+生物质吸附材料+微生物菌剂”的组合工艺措施对黑臭河道污水进行了综合治理,考察了不同因素对污水处理效果的影响。结果表明,目标黑臭河道4个取样点不同时间所取水样的平均透明度、溶解氧(DO)、氧化还原电位(ORP)和氨氮(NH_(3)-N)浓度均达到轻度黑臭水体的标准,河道水质存在严重的污染现象。在曝气强度为250L·h^(-1)、生物质吸附材料投加量为8g·L^(-1)、微生物菌剂投加量为0.035g·L^(-1)的条件下,经过“微孔曝气+生物质吸附材料+微生物菌剂”组合工艺处理后的河道污水水质指标显著改善,河道黑臭现象得到了消除,综合治理效果较好。

闽江福州段水质常态治理的研究与思考

通过对闽江福州段自来水厂原水水质、不同点位水质调查分析表明,闽江福州段水质仍受到生活污水、工业污水、农业污水的污染。生活污水收集率低、工业污水直排、海水养殖和畜禽养殖污水随意排放是主要原因。闽江福州段水质常态化治理,亟需完善水质保护监管机制,提升市民环保意识,实施分类水体治理技术,强化水体面源控制和推广岸带修复技术等,保障福州市生态环境和饮水安全。

城市河道黑臭水体污染治理策略研究

城市河道在城市化进程中担负着排水、提供清洁水源和美化景观等多重功能,对城市生态环境以及居民的生活品质造成了深远影响。在城市环境治理中,城市河道黑臭水体的污染问题逐渐成为关键议题。当前,如何精确控制城市河道的黑臭水体已经成为亟待解决的问题。基于此,本文从城市河道黑臭水体的污染现状入手,重点针对城市中黑臭水体污染的有效控制与治理措施进行深入研究,旨在提升城市水环境质量及居民的生活品质。

福州洋里溪黑臭水体综合整治方法分析

福州市洋里溪是典型的城区黑臭水体,河道情况复杂,并面临外源污染严重、内源污染累积、生态基流匮乏、生态系统退化等问题。通过对洋里溪基础数据的收集,包括河道及支流走向、勘查资料、流域现状调查、现有管网资料、污水量预测、排污口调查情况等,确定控制目标,制定黑臭水体“一河一策”整治方案。为此梳理、分析调研工作的内容及重要性,为类似黑臭水体综合整治的调研工作提供借鉴参考。

黑臭水体河底末端修复治理研究

分析黑臭水体的形成原因,从黑臭水体评价、水生动物修复、人工曝气、微生物强化修复几方面阐述黑臭水体河底末端修复治理技术,并结合相关案例,根据黑臭水体的修复治理需要,研究黑臭水体河底末端修复治理策略,解决水体污染问题,保证污染治理效果。

基于“一河一策”的黑臭水体治理方法思考

近年来,随着我国经济的快速发展和城市化进程的加快,水环境污染问题日益严重,尤其是对黑臭水体的治理成为亟待解决的环境难题。黑臭水体不仅严重影响城市形象,而且给人民群众的身体健康和生产生活带来极大困扰。因此,探索一种科学、有效的黑臭水体治理方法至关重要。本文以“一河一策”治理方法为例,对其在黑臭水体治理中的应用进行深入探讨。

景观格局对河流黑臭水体生态修复的影响研究

为取得理想的河流黑臭水体生态修复效果,展开景观格局对黑臭水体修复的影响研究。在汉江中游选取研究区域,在该区域内划分8个水质监测断面,明确断面污染程度以及采集水样的水质均值指标;在不同宽度的缓冲区内对总氮、溶解氧、氨氮、总磷以及化学需氧量5种水质参数展开测定,并使用景观格局指数对水质参数的响应展开分析。结果表明,不同宽度缓冲区内的景观结构变量对水体修复的影响作用大于景观组成变量;研究区域内农用地对黑臭水体的修复产生的消极影响最显著;不同缓冲区的斑块面积和斑块面积对黑臭水体的修复的效果不同。