The Emergence of Time from Quantum Information Dynamics

This paper presents a novel framework for understanding time as an emergent phenomenon arising from quantum information dynamics. We propose that the flow of time and its directional arrow are intrinsically linked to the growth of quantum complexity and the evolution of entanglement entropy in physical systems. By integrating principles from quantum mechanics, information theory, and holography, we develop a comprehensive theory that explains how time can emerge from timeless quantum processes. Our approach unifies concepts from quantum mechanics, general relativity, and thermodynamics, providing new perspectives on longstanding puzzles such as the black hole information paradox and the arrow of time. We derive modified Friedmann equations that incorporate quantum information measures, offering novel insights into cosmic evolution and the nature of dark energy. The paper presents a series of experimental proposals to test key aspects of this theory, ranging from quantum simulations to cosmological observations. Our framework suggests a deeply information-theoretic view of the universe, challenging our understanding of the nature of reality and opening new avenues for technological applications in quantum computing and sensing. This work contributes to the ongoing quest for a unified theory of quantum gravity and information, potentially with far-reaching implications for our understanding of space, time, and the fundamental structure of the cosmos.

Effect of Measurement Time on Emission Flux of CO_2 and N_2O in Black Soil Region

[Objective] The aim was to investigate and reveal effect of measurement time on emission flux of CO2 and N2O to ensure the optimum time of emission flux, in order to provide scientific reference for emission reduction of greenhouse gas in black soil region. [Method] Based on experiment of long-term fertilizer location in black soil region, the paper studied on daily dynamic variation of CO2 and N2O discharge in 3 key growth periods （booting stage, grain-filling stage and mature stage） to reveal differences of CO2 and N2O emission flux in different times. [Result] Daily variations of CO2 and N2O emission flux were large, from 205 mg/（m2·h） to 552 mg/（m2·h） for CO2 and from 51 h to 295 μg/（m2·h） for N2O. Trend of CO2 discharge in different growth times showed a unimodal curve, and the peak was at noon of 12：00 and the peak valley was at 3：00 am; discharge of N2O was small in day time at booting stage and large at night. Regardless of rice growth period effect on CO2 and N2O emission flux, representative time of CO2 discharge was 6：00-8：00 or 16：00-21：00; and time of N2O was 8：00-10：00 or 16：00-21：00; if CO2 and N2O emission fluxes were measured simultaneously, the optimum time was 16：00-18：00; if the measurement was started during 9：00-12：00, correction coefficients of CO2 and N2O were 0.81 and 0.90, respectively. [Conclusion] The result provided scientific reference for reduction of greenhouse gas emission in black soil region.

Time-like geodesic structure of a spherically symmetric black hole in the brane-world

Recently Malihe Heydari-Fard obtained a spherically symmetric exterior black hole solution in the brane-world scenario, which can be used to explain the galaxy rotation curves without postulating dark matter. By analysing the particle effective potential, we have investigated the time-like geodesic structure of the spherically symmetric black hole in the brane-world. We mainly take account of how the cosmological constant α and the stellar pressure β affect the time-like geodesic structure of the black hole. We find that the radial particle falls to the singularity from a finite distance or plunges into the singularity, depending on its initial conditions. But the non-radial time-like geodesic structure is more complex than the radial case. We find that the particle moves on the bound orbit or stable （unstable） circle orbit or plunges into the singularity, or reflects to infinity, depending on its energy and initial conditions. By comparing the particle effective potential curves for different values of the stellar pressureβ and the cosmological constant α, we find that the stellar pressure parameter β does not affect the time-like geodesic structure of the black hole, but the cosmological constant a has an impact on its time-like geodesic structure.

Blossoming Characteristics in Black Cumin Genotypes in Relation Seed Yield Influenced by Sowing Time

Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.;Family-Ranunculaceae) is an important spice crop. Mature seeds are consumed for edible and medical purposes and also used as a food additive and flavour. Seed of black cumin has great potentiality as spice crop due to nutritive and medicinal values. The experiments were carried out at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur during 2011 to 2012 to determine optimum planting time for seed production of black cumin. The experiment was two factorials. Factor A: 4 genotypes were V1: Exotic, Iran;V2: BARI kalozira-1;V3: Local, Faridpur and V4: Local, Natore. Factor B: sowing date: D1: 16 October;D2: 1 November;D3: 16 November and D4: 1 December. Therefore, treatment combinations were 16 in total. So, in 3 replications total plot was 48. Result revealed that significantly the highest 2.37 t/ha in V1, followed by V2 (1.96 t/ha). V2 and V3 (1.97 t/ha) were statistically similar and maximum yield was obtained from D2 (2.65 t/ha). In combined effect, maximum yield 3.00 t/ha was obtained in V1D2.. Investigation on time of sowing revealed that performance of black cumin was better in earlier sowings (16 October, 1 November) than later ones. The highest yield (4g plant-1;2.65 tha-1) was obtained when the crop was sown on 1 November. Among the genotypes, the exotic one with sowing in 1 November gave the highest seed yield (4.54 g·plant-1;3.00 t·ha-1).

Thermodynamics of DBI Black Holes in Anti-de Sitter Spacetime

Through the gauge field theory, we obtain the solution of the DBI-AdS black hole, In the meantime, according to the relations between the action and the grand partition function, we obtain the grand partition function in the DBI-AdS black hole. The temperature and the potential of the DBI-AdS black hole are gained from differential of the grand partition function. With the thermodynamic relations, other thermodynamics are also obtained. The solution and the thermodynamics of the DBI-AdS black hole are turned out that they can reduce to the case of a charged black hole in four-dimensional spacetimes.

A Frequency-Equivalent Scale-Free Derivation of the Neutron, Hydrogen Quanta, Planck Time, and a Black Hole from 2 and π;and Harmonic Fraction Power Laws

We find that π represents dual attributes. One is within the purely mathematical domain and can be derived for example, from infinite series, among several other methods. The other is within a 2D geometric-physical domain. This paper analyzes several physical constants from an analogous perspective where they are defined solely by mathematical and 2D geometric properties independent of any actual physical scaling data. The constants are evaluated as natural unit frequency equivalents of the neutron, electron, Bohr radius, Rydberg constant, Planck’s constant, Planck time, a Black hole with a Schwarzschild radius, the distance light travels in one time unit;and the fine structure constant. These constants are defined within two inter-related harmonic domains. In the linear domain, the ratios of the frequency equivalents of the Rydberg constant, Bohr radius, electron;and the fine structure constant are related to products of 2 and π. In the power law domain, their partial harmonic fraction powers, and the integer fraction powers of the fundamental frequency for Planck time are known. All of the constants are then derived at the point where a single fundamental frequency simultaneously fulfills both domains independent of any direct physical scale data. The derived values relative errors from the known values range from 10-3 to 10-1 supporting the concept and method.

The Relativity of Cosmic Time: The Universe Is a Black Hole

Up to now, cosmology metrics have been based on Einstein relativity, established in 1905. Hubble has discovered the correlation between redshift and distance. Cosmology interprets the redshift as an expansion effect a(t) through the ΛCDM model. We have proposed a new theory to explain Hubble law. The theory has been validated against observation data. It proposes a new approach of time which introduces the cosmic time tc. Cosmic time is an absolute reference to universe. It is zero at the edge with tc = 0, tc = T at the observer position and tc = s for any source between the edge and the observer, with T > s > 0. This theory acts like the relativity of space-time. The redshift is interpreted as a perspective parameter p(tc) = tc/T. Using gravitation, it is the Einstein effect applied to the uni-verse. This paper comments and interprets further consequences of this new theory. We emphasize the difference between duration (as usually used in classical cosmologic metrics) and the cosmic time tc as a notion of date. It induces two related effects: relativity of speed of light and time stretching. We explain why the cosmological standard model is not well suited to describe the Hubble law, to describe the universe. We also explain why gravitation and temperature increase when going from the center to the edge of the universe, when going from present to birth. The model has no use of black energy. As a consequence, the universe is seen as a black hole created by the cosmic time shock wave when tc = 0.

P-V Criticality of a Modified BTZ Black Hole in 2 + 1 Dimensional Intrinsic Time Quantum Gravity

Intrinsic time quantum geometrodynamics is a formulation of quantum gravity naturally adapted to 3 + 1 dimensions. In this paper we construct its analogous 2 + 1 formulation, taking note of the mathematical structures which are preserved. We apply the resulting construction to convert the BTZ black hole metric to ITQG framework. We then modify the BTZ black hole in order to investigate the existence of the P-V criticality in ITQG theory.

How Kieffer Density Matrix Formalism Aids Different Initial Time Steps, Leading to Lorentz Violations, and Breakup of Primordial Black Holes for GW Generation

A result from Kieffer, as outlined at the beginning of the article identifies two different candidates for initial time steps, delta t. We assert that this difference in time steps may be related to a specific early universe Lorentz Violation. The author asserts that the existence of early universe Lorentz violation in turn is assisting in a breakup of primordial black holes. And that also has a tie into Kieffer different time steps as outlined. And the wrap up is given in the final part of this document.

Gravitation in Flat Space-Time and Black Holes

Static, spherically symmetric bodies are studied by the use of flat space-time theory of gravitation. In empty space a singularity at a Euclidean distance from the centre can exist. But the radius of this singular sphere is smaller than the radius of the body. Hence, there is no event horizon, i.e. black holes do not exist. Escape of energy and information is possible. Flat space-time theory of gravitation and quantum mechanics do not contradict to one another.

面向游戏与动漫的黑白漫画风格非真实感实时渲染方法

针对一般黑白漫画风格的非真实感渲染方法资源开销高和实时性差的问题,提出一种面向游戏与动漫的黑白漫画风格非真实感实时渲染方法。设计特化光照模型,通过分析光照模型效果,设计主体突出的环境光项和灰度分级的漫反射项,合并光照模型各项,实现基于特化光照模型的场景预处理;提出屏幕空间三相边缘检测方法,将预处理得到的场景光照结果依次进行深度边缘检测、法线边缘检测、颜色边缘检测,合并边缘检测结果;对场景光照结果进行屏幕空间分区域渲染,依据光照结果灰度值大小,分别采用网点着色和线条着色方式处理,并采用插值方法处理着色交界;合并结果,依据光照模型结果灰度值设计分段函数,合并屏幕空间三相边缘检测结果与屏幕空间分区域渲染结果,得到最终渲染结果。实验表明,该方法能够以较低的资源开销和较快的渲染速度实现黑白漫画风格非真实感渲染,在有限的资源下提高渲染的效果,具有显著的黑白漫画风格。

保加利亚乳杆菌预处理制备液态黑蒜技术研究

文章研究了保加利亚乳杆菌预处理制备液态发酵黑蒜技术。以新鲜大蒜为原料,在180℃高温下分别对大蒜瓣进行9,10 min蒜氨酸酶灭活,将灭活后的蒜瓣处理成粒径为4 mm的颗粒,加水至液料比为4∶1,添加保加利亚乳杆菌比例为4%、5%、6%,室温下共存16,24,32 h,于恒温80℃发酵制备液态黑蒜,以未添加保加利亚乳杆菌的大蒜制备的液态黑蒜为参照(简称未处理),考察共存时间、保加利亚乳杆菌比例和灭酶时间对液态黑蒜品质的影响。液态黑蒜制备的最优条件为高温180℃、蒜氨酸酶灭活10 min、保加利亚乳杆菌比例6%、共存时间32 h、发酵时间18 d,此时总酸含量为48.48 g/kg,氨基酸态氮含量为7.79 g/100 g,还原糖含量为44.61 g/100 g,褐变值为62.49,总酚含量为8.779 mg/g,DPPH·、·OH清除率分别为66.92%、45.97%,相比于未处理的液态黑蒜,总酸含量是其3.88倍,氨基酸态氮含量是其1.41倍,还原糖含量是其2.23倍,褐变度是其1.31倍,总酚含量是其1.48倍,DPPH·、·OH清除率分别是其1.40倍和1.15倍。保加利亚乳杆菌预处理制备液态黑蒜技术可以提升黑蒜的品质,缩短黑蒜的发酵时间,具有较广阔的应用前景。

嗜热链球菌对液态发酵黑蒜品质的影响

目的:以新鲜大蒜为原料制备液态黑蒜,研究嗜热链球菌对液态黑蒜品质的影响。方法:新鲜大蒜于180℃高温下进行蒜氨酸酶灭活,而后破碎加入嗜热链球菌,以未添加嗜热链球菌的灭酶破碎大蒜(空白)为参照,研究嗜热链球菌比例、不同蒜氨酸酶灭活时间及二者共存时间对制备液态黑蒜品质的影响。结果:大蒜高温以灭活蒜氨酸酶的时间最优为9 min,加入嗜热链球菌比例最佳为5%,嗜热链球菌与灭酶破碎大蒜共存时间最优为32 h,80℃恒温恒湿发酵箱中发酵所需时间为15 d,各品质指标达到黑蒜发酵标准,相比于空白,此时液态黑蒜总酚含量是其2倍、总酸含量是其1.9倍、还原糖含量是其1.3倍、DPPH·清除率和·OH清除率分别是其1.5倍和1.46倍。结论:嗜热链球菌可促进黑蒜发酵,提升黑蒜品质指标,缩短发酵时间,具有较大应用前景。

计及新能源场站黑启动时空支撑能力的分区目标网架优化

为提升新型电力系统的非常规安全防御能力,提出了计及新能源场站黑启动时空支撑能力的分区目标网架优化方法。首先,基于新能源场站黑启动时空支撑能力定义了扩展黑启动电源;其次,以最小化分区内电气距离之和和分区间联络线数目为优化目标,将扩展黑启动电源转化为分区数量约束,并同时计及功率平衡、分区连通性、灵活性资源等约束,建立了计及扩展黑启动电源的分区目标网架整数线性规划模型;最后通过仿真系统验证了所提方法有助于新能源场站黑启动分区恢复决策。

脉冲星与脉冲星计时阵

文章简要介绍脉冲星研究的历史以及利用脉冲星计时阵探测纳赫兹引力波的基本原理。人类正接近打开纳赫兹引力波的天文窗口,有望窥探伴随着星系形成的黑洞并合历史,甚至测量宇宙早期各种相变过程残留至今的引力波。

基于black phosphorus纳米棒耦合的等离激元诱导透明

提出了基于black phosphorus(BP)纳米棒耦合的多频段等离激元诱导透明(PIT)电磁模型,通过FDTD和辐射双振荡器(RTO)模型从数值计算和理论研究两方面分析了模型的电磁特性.结果表明:由于不同长度的BP纳米棒之间的明-明耦合,可以在实现单频段PIT效应的基础之上,进一步产生双频段和三频段的PIT效应.其次,通过改变BP的弛豫速率ns,可以在单频段、双频段、三频段PIT模型中同时实现透明窗谐振频率的可调性.当ns增大时,各频段PIT窗口的谐振频率将会逐渐增大,发生蓝移.进一步研究了单频段PIT模型的传感特性,该模型随背景材料折射率变化的灵敏度(sensitivity)达到了6110.6 (nm/RIU),优值系数(FOM)达到了7.39 (1/RIU)这为多频带滤波、超灵敏传感器的设计提供了理论参考.

保存时间对黑水虻幼虫体重和营养物质的影响

试验旨在阐明不同日龄黑水虻幼虫活体保存期间体重和营养物质的变化规律。试验选取10日龄、12日龄、14日龄幼虫各6 kg,每个龄期为1个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复1 kg,其中3个重复每天中午称量幼虫重量,用于测定体重损失;另外3个重复的幼虫在同样环境下存放,分别于第5、10、15、20天,每个重复取50 g幼虫称重,烘干后测定营养物质含量。结果显示:12日龄和14日龄幼虫鲜重第20天绝对损失均在50%左右。黑水虻幼虫活体保存15 d幼虫干物质含量显著高于保存5 d和10 d幼虫干物质含量(P<0.05);12日龄、14日龄黑水虻幼虫第10天和第20天粗蛋白含量高于第5天和初始幼虫粗蛋白含量(P<0.05),在保存第15天粗蛋白含量最高;14日龄幼虫初始粗脂肪含量显著高于其他阶段。保存时间与日龄具有交互作用,保存时间×日龄能显著影响黑水虻幼虫的粗脂肪、干物质含量(P<0.05)。本研究揭示了黑水虻活体保存期间幼虫体内营养物质变化规律和消耗程度,本试验条件下,10日龄黑水虻幼虫进行运输和鲜活保存,且保存时间10 d内能获得较高的营养物质。

黑芝麻花水提液抗氧化活性及其黄酮类化合物分析

目的探究不同固液比的黑芝麻花水提液的抗氧化能力和黄酮含量,鉴定黑芝麻花中所含的黄酮种类。方法以黑芝麻花为原料,分别测定不同固液比的黑芝麻花水提液的黄酮含量、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由基清除率和2,2’-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二铵盐[2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)ammonium salt,ABTS]阳离子自由基清除率,并对其抗氧化能力和黄酮含量进行相关性分析。同时采用超高效液相色谱-四级杆飞行时间串联质谱法(ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry,UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS)对黑芝麻花的黄酮类物质组成进行定性分析。结果随着固液比的增大,黑芝麻花水提液的DPPH自由基清除率和ABTS阳离子自由基清除率逐渐上升,黄酮含量也不断增高。当固液比由1:250增大到1:100时,DPPH自由基清除率从27.20%上升到61.68%,ABTS阳离子自由基清除率从28.98%上升到68.31%,黄酮含量从0.287 mg芦丁/g增加到0.631 mg芦丁/g。DPPH自由基清除率和ABTS阳离子自由基清除率呈显著正相关(P<0.01),黄酮含量与DPPH自由基清除率、ABTS阳离子自由基清除率呈显著正相关(P<0.01);并在黑芝麻花中鉴定出了8种黄酮类化合物,分别为异鼠李素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、芦丁、毛蕊花糖苷、漆黄素、山柰酚-3-O-葡萄糖醛酸苷、pratensein-7-O-glucoside、芹菜素、黄芩苷。结论黑芝麻花水提液具有良好的抗氧化活性,不同固液比的水提液表现出不同的黄酮含量和抗氧化能力。黄酮作为黑芝麻花的生理活性成分之一,具有一定的应用价值和开发前景,本研究在黑芝麻花中鉴定到了8种黄酮类化合物,不仅丰富了芝麻花中黄酮类化合物种类,还为黑芝麻花的功能评价和开发利用提供参考。

Time evolutions of scalar field perturbation in Schwarzschild de-Sitter black hole from Einstein-scalar–Gauss–Bonnet theory

The scalar-free black hole could be unstable against the scalar field perturbation when it is coupled to a Gauss–Bonnet(GB)invariant in a special form.It is known that the tachyonic instability in this scenario is triggered by the sufficiently strong GB coupling.In this paper,we focus on the time domain analysis of massive scalar field perturbation around the Schwarzschild de-Sitter black hole in Einstein-scalar–Gauss–Bonnet gravity.By analyzing the scalar field propagation,we find that the scalar field will finally grow when the GB coupling is large enough.This could lead to the instability of the background black hole.Furthermore,we demonstrate how the mass of the scalar field and the GB coupling strength affect the onset of tachyonic instability.

变系数Black-Scholes模型有红利支付下的欧式期权定价估计

主要研究变系数Black-Scholes模型有红利支付下的欧式期权定价的估计问题.首先,构造了波动率函数的估计量,并讨论了所得估计的强收敛性、渐近正态性和收敛速度.然后,基于波动率函数的估计,利用期权定价公式得到了变系数Black-Scholes模型有红利支付下的欧式期权价格的估计.最后,证明了所得估计量是期权价格的强相合估计.