Spatio-temporal Evaluation of Multi-scale Cultivated Land System Resilience in Black Soil Region from 2000 to 2019:A Case Study of Liaoning Province,Northeast China

It is of great significance to systematically analyze the cultivated land system resilience(CLSR) for the black soil protection and national food security.The CLSR is impacted by planting structure adjustment and cultivated land quality decline,posing major hidden dangers to food security.It is urgent to evaluate the CLSR at multiple spatio-temporal scales.This study took Liaoning Province in the black soil region of Northeast China as an example.Based on the resilience theory,this study constructed the CLSR evaluation system from the input-feedback perspective at the provincial-scale and the city-scale,and used the rank-sum ratio comprehensive evaluation method(RSR) to analyze the key influencing factors of CLSR in Liaoning Province and its 14 cities from 2000 to 2019.The results showed that:1) the time series changes of CLSR at the provincial-scale and the city-scale in Liaoning Province were similar,both showing an increasing trend.2) The CLSR in Liaoning Province presented a spatial pattern of ‘high in the west and low in the east’ at the city-scale.3) There were seven and six main influencing factors of CLSR at the provincial-scale and the city-scale,respectively.In addition to the net income per capita of rural households,other influencing factors of CLSR were different at the provincial-scale and the city-scale.The feedback factors were dominant at the provincial-scale,and the input factors and feedback factors were dominant at the city-scale.The results could provide a reference for the utilization of black soil and draw on the experience of regional agricultural planning and adjustment.

Trade-off and Synergy of Rural Functions Under County Depopulation in the Typical Black Soil Region of Northeast China

As the population continues to shrink in the black soil region of Northeast China since 2000,it is critical to master the impact of population shrinkage on rural functions to realize rural revitalization and sustainable development.In this study,we focused on the impacts of depopulation on the evolution and interrelationship of rural subfunctions.Based on the rural function indexes system,the TOPSIS(Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution)method,spatial analysis method,and mathematical statistics analysis method were used to summarize the spatial and temporal characteristics of rural function development,as well as the effect of population shrinkage in the typical black soil region of Northeast China.The results showed that depopulation varied in the extent and duration between the forested region and plain areas,which both impacted the trajectories of rural subfunctions evolution.For the economic development function and ecological conservation function,the effect of continuous slight depopulation was beneficial,while the effect of rapid depopulation was adverse,which was exactly opposite to the agricultural production function.All forms of population shrinkage were conducive to the development of the social security function.With the deepening population shrinkage,depopulation mainly promoted the collaborative development between subfunctions in this study,except the relationship between agricultural production and social security function.But effects of depopulation on the interrelationship of rural subfunctions varied between the forested region and plain areas in some cases.The results provided evidence for the cognition that population shrinkage had complicated effects on rural subfunctions.

Evaluation and Driving Force Analysis of Cultivated Land Quality in Black Soil Region of Northeast China

Cultivated land is an important natural resource to ensure food,ecological and economic security.The cultivated land quality evaluation(CQE)is greatly significant for protecting and managing cultivated land.In this study,320 counties in the black soil region of Northeast China(BSRNC)represent the research units used to construct the CQE system measuring the soil properties(SP),cultivated land productivity(CLP),ecological environment(EE)and social economy(SE).The total of 19 factors were selected to calculate the integrated fertility index(IFI)and divided into grades.Simultaneously,we used the coupling coordination degree model to comprehensively analyze the spatial pattern of the cultivated land quality(CLQ)in the BSRNC,and use the structural equation model(SEM)to analyze the driving mechanism.The results show the following:1)The CLQ of 262 counties in the BSRNC is in a state of coupling and coordination,and the coupling and coordination degree presents a spatial distribution pattern of‘high in the southwest and northeast,low in the northwest and southeast’.The coordinated development degree of 271 counties is between 0.4 and 0.6,which is in a transitional state between coordination and disorder.2)The CLQ in the BSRNC is generally good,with an average grade of 3.High-quality cultivated land accounts for 58.45%of all counties,middle-and upper-quality cultivated land accounts for 27.05%,and poor-quality cultivated land accounts for 14.49%.3)The SEM analysis shows that the SP,CLP,EE,and SE all influence the CLQ.Among them,the SP has the largest driving force on the CLQ,while the SE has the smallest driving force on it.The results confirm that the main factors affecting the evaluation results are crop productivity level,normalized difference vegetation index,ratio vegetation index,difference vegetation index,and organic carbon content.When implementing protection measures in counties with a low CLQ,considering a balanced coordination of multiple systems and reasonably controlling the quality degradation are important.This study provides the current situation and driving factors of the CLQ in the BSRNC and will play an important role in black soil governance and utilization.

Changes of spring wind erosion based on wind erosion climate factor in the black soil region of Northeast China

The dry and windy climate and low ground cover in spring in the black soil region of Northeast China make the soil strongly affected by wind erosion,which seriously threatens the food security and ecological security of this region.In this paper,based on the daily observation data of 124 meteorological stations in study area from 1961 to 2020,seasonal and monthly wind erosion climate factor(C)in spring(March to May)were calculated by using the method proposed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO),the wind erosion characterization in spring were systematically analyzed based on C by various statistical analysis methods.The results showed that in the past 60 years,spring wind erosion climate factor(CSp)and monthly C of the whole region and each province(region)all showed highly significant decreasing trend,but they began to show rebounded trend in the middle or late 2000s.CSp of the study area showed a significant upward trend since 2008 with an increase of 4.59(10a)^(-1).The main contributors to this upward trend are the changes of C in March and in April.For the four provinces(regions),CSp in Heilongjiang,Jilin,Liaoning and eastern Inner Mongolia all showed rebounded since 2008,2011,2008 and 2009,respectively.The rebounded trend of CSp in eastern Inner Mongolia was the most obvious with a tendency rate of 11.27(10a)^(-1),and its mutation occurred after 1984.The rebound trend of CSp in Heilongjiang Province takes the second place,with a trend rate of 4.72(10a)^(-1),but there’s no obvious time mutation characteristics.The spatial characteristics of CSpand monthly C are similar,showing decreasing characteristics centered on the typical black soil belt of Northeast China.Compared with 1961-1990,in the period from 1991 to 2020,the proportion of high value areas(CSp>35,monthly C>10)has decreased to varying degrees,while the proportion of low value areas(CSp≤10,monthly C≤4)has increased.The trends of seasonal and monthly C in 82.2%~87.7%of the stations show significant decreases at 95%confidence level.CSp is closely related to wind speed at 2m height,temperature difference,minimum temperature and precipitation in the same period,of which the correlation between CSp and wind speed is the strongest,indicating that the main control factor for CSp in the study area is wind speed,but the impact of the change of temperature and precipitation on CSp cannot be ignored.

Gully Erosion Regionalization of Black Soil Area in Northeastern China

Gully erosion is the frequent and main form of soil erosion in the black soil area of the northeastern China, which is one of the most important commodity grain production bases in China. It is encroaching upon the fertile farmland there. Regionalization of gully erosion can reveal the spatial distribution and regularity of the development of gully erosion. Based on the eco-geographical regional background features of the black soil area, this study combined the regionalization with influencing factors of the development of gully erosion. GIS spatial analysis, geostatistical analysis, spatial statistics, reclassification, debris polygon processing and map algebra methods were employed. As a result, the black soil area was divided into 12 subregions. The field survey data on type, length, volume and other characteristics indicators of gully erosion were used to calibrate the results. Then the features of every subregion, such as where the gully erosion is, how serious it is, and why it happens and develops, were expounded. The result is not only an essential prerequisite for gully erosion surveys and monitoring, but also an important basis for gully erosion prevention.

Study on the Method of Soil Productivity Assessment in Black Soil Region of Northeast China

The objective of this paper is to investigate a simple and practical method for soil productivity assessment in the black soil region of Northeast China. Firstly, eight kinds of physicochemical properties for each of 120 soil samples collected from 25 black soil profiles were analyzed using cluster and correlation analysis. Subsequently, parameter indices were calculated using physicochemical properties. Finally, a modified productivity index （MPI） model were developed and validated. The results showed that the suitable parameters for soil productivity assessment in black soil region of Northeast China were soil available water, soil pH, clay content, and organic matter content. Compared with original productivity index （PI） model, MPI model added clay content and organic matter content in parameters while omitted bulk density. Simulation results of original PI model and MPI model were compared using crop yield of land block where investigated soil profiles were located. MPI model was proven to perform better with a higher significant correlation with maize yield. The correlation equation between MPI and yield was： Y= 3.2002Ln（MP/）＋ 10.056, R^2 = 0.7564. The results showed that MPI model was an effective and practical method to assess soil productivity in the research area.

Effect of farmland shelterbelts on gully erosion in the black soil region of Northeast China

The black soil region of northeast China is one of the most important grain-producing areas in China. Increasingly severe gully erosion in this region has destroyed much farmland and reduced grain production. We analyzed SPOT5 imagery from 2007 and TM imagery from 2008 to describe the distributions of gullies and farmland shelterbelts in Kedong County and to assess the effect of farmland shelterbelts on gully erosion. The ima- gery revealed 2311 gullies with average density of 418.51 m km-2, indicating very serious gully erosion. With increasing slope gradient there was an inverse trend between gully density and shelterbelt density, indicating that farmland shelterbelts can prevent gully erosion. The defense effect of farmland shelterbelts against gullyerosion varied with distance： for distances 〈120 m, the defense effect was consistent and very strong; for distances of 120-240 m, a weak linear decrease was found in the defense effect; and for distances 〉240 m, the defense effect of the shelterbelts was significantly weaker. We recommend an optimal planting density of farmland shel- terbelts for the prevention of gully erosion at 1100-1300 m km-2.

Soil Degradation and Food Security Coupled with Global Climate Change in Northeastern China

The northeastern China is an important commodity grain region in China,as well as a notable corn belt and major soybean producing area.It thus plays a significant role in the national food security system.However,large-scale land reclamation and non-optimum farming practices give rise to soil degradation in the region.This study analyzed the food security issues coupled with global climate change in the northeastern China during 1980–2000,which is the period of modern agriculture.The results of statistical data show that the arable land area shrank markedly in 1992,and then increased slowly,while food production generally continually increased.The stable grain yield was due to the increase of applied fertilizer and irrigated areas.Soil degradation in the northeastern China includes severe soil erosion,reduced soil nutrients,a thinner black soil layer,and deterioration of soil physical properties.The sustainable development of the northeastern China is influenced by natural-artificial binary disturbance factors which consist of meteorological conditions,climate changes,and terrain factors as well as soil physical and chemical properties.Interactions between the increasing temperature and decreasing precipitation in the region led to reduced accumulation of soil organic matter,which results in poor soil fertility.Human-induced factors,such as large-scale land reclamation and non-optimum farming practices,unsuitable cultivation systems,dredging,road building,illegal land occupation,and extensive use of fertilizers and pesticides,have led to increasingly severe soil erosion and destruction.Solutions to several problems of soil degradation in this region requiring urgent settlement are proposed.A need for clear and systematic recognition and recording of land use changes,land degradation,food production and climate change conditions is suggested,which would provide a reference for food security studies in the northeastern China.

Current Situations,Evolution Trend,and Improvement Measures of Soil Organic Matter in Cultivated Land of Northeast China

The data of cultivated land quality monitoring sites,and the current situations and evolution trend of soil organic matter in cultivated land in Northeast China were analyzed.Then,the causes for low organic matter content were discussed.Finally,it came up with pertinent soil improvement recommendations,including actively promoting the quality protection technology model of cultivated land such as straw returning in accordance with local conditions,expanding organic fertilizer sources and increasing application of organic fertilizers,implementing reasonable crop rotation,planting green manure crops such as legumes,and realizing the combination of land use and land cultivation,establishing a reasonable fertilization system,combining organic and inorganic fertilizers with scientific fertilization,increasing fertilizer efficiency and reducing the application of chemical fertilizers,increasing financial investment and promoting the integration of funds related to cultivated land protection.

典型黑土区不同保护性耕作方式对玉米生长发育及产量形成的影响

实施保护性耕作对保护东北黑土和保障国家粮食安全具有重要意义。为明确东北典型黑土区保护性耕作对玉米产量的影响及其关键因素,开展了连续3年大田定位试验,设常规垄作秸秆不还田(CK)、免耕秸秆全量粉碎覆盖(T1)、免耕留高茬全量秸秆覆盖(T2)、少耕秸秆全量条带覆盖(T3)共4个处理,分析了不同处理对土壤理化特性及玉米生长发育、产量及其构成因素的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,保护性耕作处理(T1、T2和T3)0~20 cm耕层土壤有机质含量呈增加趋势;保护性耕作显著提高了播种至出苗期耕层土壤含水量,T1、T2和T3处理分别提高7.8%~30.4%、9.0%~18.7%和17.3%~20.0%,但显著降低土壤温度,分别降低2.56~3.11℃、2.02~2.27℃、0.94~1.93℃;分别延迟玉米出苗时间5~7 d、4~6 d和2 d;T3处理3年平均出苗率较CK增加3.2%,T1和T2处理出苗率分别降低4.3%和4.7%;T1、T2和T3处理均降低了苗期株高整齐度和植株干物质积累,但T3处理降低幅度明显小于T1和T2处理,6叶期之后干物质积累降低幅度逐渐减小;T1和T2处理显著降低玉米产量,降幅分别为7.5%~15.6%和5.5%~12.9%,T3处理产量与CK差异不显著。结构方程模型(SEM)揭示,保护性耕作通过调节土壤含水量和温度,间接影响玉米出苗时间、出苗率、穗数和百粒重,进而影响产量,也可通过直接影响出苗质量和产量构成因素进而影响产量。在东北典型黑土区,少耕秸秆全量条带覆盖(T3)不仅有利于提高土壤有机质含量,而且还有利于平衡土壤水分和温度矛盾,缩短出苗时间、提高出苗质量、高产稳产,是该区域适宜的保护性耕作方式。

东北半干旱黑土区玉米秸秆还田方式对土壤水溶性有机碳含量及其组分的影响

为明确不同秸秆还田方式下土壤有机碳组分的变化特征,基于6 a秸秆还田长期定位试验,利用三维荧光光谱技术,对无秸秆还田(CK)、秸秆覆盖还田(FG)、秸秆翻埋还田(FM)处理下土壤有机碳(SOC)含量及水溶性有机碳(WSOC)含量及其结构特征进行分析。结果表明:(1)与CK相比,FM处理0~40 cm土层SOC含量提高7.87%~29.54%,FG处理0~30 cm土层SOC含量增加1.91%~18.61%,30~40 cm土层SOC含量降低7.67%;FM和FG处理0~40 cm土层土壤WSOC含量分别提升13.42%~39.42%和0.28%~26.34%。(2)通过WSOC三维荧光光谱发现,各土层CK(Ex/Em=300/34、Ex/Em=300/340、Ex/Em=240/340、Ex/Em=300/340)处理WSOC荧光特征峰为溶解性微生物代谢产物和类色氨酸蛋白质物质荧光峰;FM(Ex/Em=340/430、Ex/Em=340/430、Ex/Em=340/435、Ex/Em=340/435)和FG(Ex/Em=270/440、Ex/Em=270/435、Ex/Em=340/435、Ex/Em=340/430)处理为类腐殖酸类物质荧光特征峰,腐殖化程度较高,结构较为复杂;荧光区域积分表明,FM和FG处理类腐殖酸类物质(Ⅴ)和富里酸类物质(Ⅲ)的积分百分比分别较CK增加12.18%~27.39%、11.98%~30.72%和3.96%~5.73%、2.99%~5.40%。(3)土壤WSOC包含两个组分,C1(Ex/Em=340/435,270/435)组分为类腐殖酸类物质,C2(Ex/Em=290/345,240/345)组分为溶解性微生物代谢产物和类色氨酸蛋白质物质;F max值结果表明,0~40 cm土层的C1组分相对含量表现为FM>FG>CK,表明秸秆翻埋还田更有助于土壤中营养物质含量增加和形成更高分子量的有机物。综上,不同秸秆还田方式均可提升SOC和土壤WSOC含量,增加腐殖化程度,加强土壤的供肥能力,翻埋还田处理提升作用更为显著。

东北黑土区部分地域除草剂在不同作物类型土壤中残留及分布特征

为了解并掌握东北部分黑土区农田土壤除草剂残留情况,本研究调查了东北黑土区6个地区170份土壤样本,共检出17种除草剂。总体来看,乙草胺检出率最高,为74.7%,氟磺胺草醚平均残留量最高,为198.88μg·kg^(-1)。从省份来看,辽宁省除草剂检出种类最为丰富,黑龙江省除草剂残留量最高。其中,铁岭市、阜新市与长春市、四平市旱田除草剂残留情况更为相似,绥化市土壤除草剂残留情况与前者差异较大。从作物类型来看,水稻田土壤除草剂检出种类更多,旱田作物除草剂残留量更高。其中,水稻田共检出11种类型除草剂,氟磺胺草醚在玉米田和大豆田中的平均残留量分别高达68.77μg·kg^(-1)和409.30μg·kg^(-1)。研究表明,地理位置和作物类型是影响土壤除草剂残留的重要因素。

东北黑土地区稻田甲烷排放时空演变及排放潜力分析

稻田甲烷排放是农业源甲烷排放的主要来源。东北黑土地区是我国最大的粮食生产基地,农业温室气体减排是实现黑土地永续利用的关键议题之一。运用稻田甲烷排放模型(CH4MOD)核算并分析了2009—2018年东北黑土地区稻田甲烷排放的时空演变特征,结合GOSAT卫星遥感数据探究了水稻生产与区域甲烷排放的时空动态联系,进一步量化了稻田甲烷对区域甲烷排放的贡献程度及不同情景下的排放潜力。结果表明,受水稻生产面积扩张和排放强度提高的影响,东北黑土地区稻田甲烷排放总量从2009年的39.05万t增加到2018年的79.53万t。东北黑土地区区域甲烷排放在季节变化和栅格单元上表现出与稻田甲烷排放较为一致的时空动态,大规模的稻田耕作可能会增加水稻生产与区域甲烷排放直接相关的可能性。随着水稻持续扩种稳产,2018年东北黑土地区水稻生产贡献了区域甲烷排放总量的15.04%,其中黑龙江省的贡献率高达31.06%。在基准发展情景下,预计2035年东北黑土地区稻田CH_4排放量较2018年增加19.5%;在粮食供给保障情景下,维持当前稻田耕作面积,水稻生产集约化程度提高,预计其稻田CH_4排放量较2018年减少0.88%;在此基础上,采取促进秸秆还田、增施有机肥、实施节水间歇灌溉等稻田管理措施将使稻田CH_4排放量增加17.8%—63.6%。以满足膳食需求和供给保障为导向,优化水稻种植结构、控制稻田耕作面积,推动技术进步、品种改良以提升单产水平,采取化肥和有机肥搭配施用、节水间歇灌溉等途径能够缓解稻田甲烷排放。研究综合运用自上而下的遥感数据和自下而上的模型运算,刻画了水稻生产与区域甲烷排放的时空联系,进一步评估了稻田甲烷的排放潜力及减排措施的减排效果,为促进东北黑土地区农业甲烷减排和生产布局优化提供了理论依据和决策参考。

Soil loss tolerance in the black soil region of Northeast China

Soil loss tolerance （/） is the maximum rate of annual soil erosion that is tolerated and still allows a high level of crop productivity to be sustained economically and indefinitely. In the black soil region of Northeast China, an empirically determined, default Tvalue of 200 （t/km2.a） is used for designing land restoration strategies for different types of soils. The ob- jective of this study was to provide a methodology to calculate a quantitative T for different black soil species. A field investigation was conducted to determine the typical soil profiles of 21 black soil species in the study area and a quantitative methodology based on a modified soil productivity index model was established to calculate the Tvalues. These values, which varied from 68 t/km2.a to 358 t/km2-a, yielded an average Tvalue of 141 t/km2.a for the 21 soil species. This is 29.5% lower than the current national standard T value. Two significant factors that influenced the T value were soil thickness and vulnerability to erosion. An acceptable reduction rate of soil productivity over a planned time period of 1% is recommended as necessary for maintaining long-term sustainable soil productivity. Compared with the cur- rently used of regional unified standard T value, the proposed method, which determines T using specific soil profile indices, has more practical implications for effective, sustainable management of soil and water conservation.

基于高分七号影像自动提取东北黑土区侵蚀沟的方法

东北黑土区沟蚀严重且分布面积广,目前对其进行监测大多基于目视解译,自动化程度低,急需一种快速提取方法。本文选取沟蚀严重的黑龙江省宾县马蛇子河流域,基于高分七号影像,以目视解译结果为参照,比较流向边缘检测、机器学习、深度学习3种方法自动提取侵蚀沟的精度。结果表明:①流向边缘检测方法依赖高精度地形数据,高分七号立体像对生成的地形数据垂直精度低,侵蚀沟整体提取精度仅为6.7%,无法用于切沟和浅沟的自动提取;②机器学习方法需要人为设置分割参数并设计分类特征,自动化程度较低,侵蚀沟整体提取精度可达50.7%,对切沟识别精度可达83.1%,但对浅沟识别精度仅为9.2%;③深度学习方法采用端对端的模式,无须人为设计特征提取器,自动化程度高,整体提取精度可达60.8%,对切沟识别精度可达68.1%,对浅沟识别精度可达69.7%。

东北黑土区沟蚀研究进展与热点——基于CiteSpace计量分析

[目的]直观把握东北黑土区沟蚀研究进展与热点,推进东北黑土区沟蚀研究领域的发展。[方法]以CNKI与Web of Siencec数据库中245篇相关文献为对象,利用文献计量的方法,使用CiteSacep软件绘制东北黑土区沟蚀研究知识图谱。[结果]结果表明:(1)黑土区沟蚀研究起步较晚,近十年发文量显著增加,但国际期刊发表成果较少,仅占26%。(2)该领域研究力量主要分布在我国东北,其中水利部松辽流域委员会、北京师范大学、中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所、东北农业大学、沈阳农业大学等机构贡献突出、影响较大;张树文是该领域中文发文量最多的学者,刘宝元和伍永秋是英文发文量最多的学者。(3)关键词共现表明,目前对东北黑土区沟蚀的关注重点主要集中在侵蚀沟发育特征、影响因素和沟蚀防治措施等方面。[结论]东北黑土区沟蚀尚未形成完整的研究框架和全面的认识,在未来的研究中,需进一步注重东北黑土区沟蚀形成和发育过程及机理研究,并深入分析地质、地形、水文、人类活动等因素的影响。

东北典型黑土区小流域黑土层厚度及影响因素

[目的]为掌握典型黑土区小流域黑土层厚度现状及其空间变化格局,实现小流域黑土层厚度动态监测。[方法]研究选择典型黑土区黑龙江省嫩江市鹤山农场小流域,以100 m间距均匀布设样点,用土钻采集由地表到母质的原状土剖面土样,判断黑土层厚度,同时基于无人机航拍影像提取地形、土地利用等数据,分析小流域黑土层厚度及其影响因素。[结果]在小流域295个样点中,黑土层厚度变化于0—160 cm,平均44.1 cm,“破皮黄”(黑土层厚度≤20 cm)占17.63%,薄层(<30 cm)占43.39%,中层(30—60 cm)占36.27%,厚层(>60 cm)占20.34%;厚层黑土主要分布在小流域的坡底、沟道附近和其他地形平缓部位,薄层黑土主要分布在陡坡和砂砾质母质区域,其他区域以中层黑土为主;地形位置指数、曲率、坡度等地形参数与黑土层厚度存在显著的相关性;耕地黑土层厚度显著低于草地和林地。[结论]黑土层厚度在小流域内存在显著的空间异质性,这主要受地形、土壤母质和土地利用的影响。研究结果可作为代表区域黑土层厚度动态监测的基础之一,同时可为小流域水土保持措施制定提供数据支撑。

多样化种植对土壤团聚体组成及其有机碳和全氮含量的影响

【目的】阐明东北黑土区禾本科与豆科作物多样化种植模式下土壤团聚体组成及其碳氮分布特征,为促进黑土地用养结合型种植制度优化提供理论依据与技术指导。【方法】田间试验于2016—2020年在中国农业科学院作物科学研究所公主岭试验站进行,设置玉米大豆间作(M/S)、玉米大豆轮作(M-S)、玉米花生间作(M/P)和玉米花生轮作(M-P)等多样化种植模式,以玉米连作(CM)常规种植模式为对照。2020年作物收获后采集0—20和20—40 cm土层土壤样品,分析多样化种植模式对土壤团聚体及其有机碳、全氮含量的影响。【结果】多样化种植有利于增加0—20和20—40 cm土层水稳性大团聚体(>0.25 mm)含量,降低黏粉粒(<0.053 mm)含量,4种多样化种植模式的土壤团聚体平均重量直径和平均几何直径均显著高于CM处理(P<0.05)。M/S和M-S处理0—20 cm土层>0.25 mm土壤团聚体比例分别比CM处理高17.6%和13.4%,M/S、M-S和M-P处理20—40 cm土层>0.25 mm土壤团聚体比例则分别比CM处理高10.4%、8.3%和10.5%。多样化种植增加了土壤大团聚体中有机碳和全氮含量,0—20 cm土层,M/S、M-S、M/P和M-P处理>2 mm土壤团聚体有机碳含量分别比CM处理高20.7%、24.3%、18.8%和17.8%;0—20 cm土层,M-S、M/P和M-P处理>2 mm土壤团聚体全氮含量分别比CM处理高13.0%、16.8%和14.8%。M-S和M/P处理0—20 cm土层>2 mm土壤团聚体有机碳和全氮对土壤总有机碳和全氮贡献率高于CM处理,而M/S和M-S处理<0.053 mm土壤团聚体有机碳和全氮对总有机碳和全氮的贡献率则低于CM处理。【结论】东北黑土区多样化种植提高了土壤大团聚体含量,降低了黏粉粒含量,增加了土壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳和全氮含量,有利于促进农田土壤碳氮固持。

东北黑土区农业干旱脆弱性及其应对策略研究——以黑龙江省为例

为揭示东北黑土区农业干旱脆弱性的时空演化过程与特征,本研究以黑龙江省为例,从暴露水平、敏感程度和适应能力的视角,构建了农业干旱脆弱性评价模型,解析了2000—2020年黑龙江省水稻、玉米、大豆的干旱脆弱性的时空演进过程与特征。结果显示:2000—2011年农业干旱事件频发,其中有8个敏感事件和11个韧性事件,2011年以后再无农业干旱事件发生,2011—2020年水稻、玉米和大豆的干旱脆弱性较2000—2010年分别下降了46.14%、51.50%和38.53%;受作物生育需水量与地区降水不匹配的影响,大豆、水稻的干旱脆弱性相对较高。研究表明,黑龙江省农业干旱脆弱性总体呈先增强后减弱的演进趋势,呈北高南低和东西高、中部低的空间分布格局。基于该结果,本研究提出了旨在提升东北黑土区农业适应气候变化韧性的政策及措施建议。

东北黑土区保护性耕作生态补偿机制优化路径

新时期,筑牢国家粮食安全的“压舱石”,巩固提升东北地区粮食综合生产能力,应以黑土区耕地质量保护为首要任务。保护性耕作技术作为黑土地质量保护与提升的关键技术,其规模化应用在政策和主体层面存在现实约束。科学认识东北黑土区保护性耕作生态补偿政策存在的问题,以问题为导向,探索保护性耕作技术补偿政策优化路径,为补齐制度短板、实现精准施策提供科学依据。综合运用文献分析、规范分析及归纳演绎法结合实地调研,全面总结东北黑土区玉米秸秆还田技术补贴标准,定性分析补贴政策面临的现实约束,理清目前保护性耕作支持政策的主要障碍因素:一是补偿政策指向性不明确;二是补偿标准定价依据不科学;三是补偿管理机制不健全。针对黑土区保护性耕作生态补偿面临的现实困境,提出政策机制优化路径:一是强化赋权和组织化激活保护性耕作的主体性路径,从完善赋权定位和培育新型经营主体两个层面建立配套政策;二是构建环境-经济属性协同定量的补偿标准评估方法,以技术产生的外部效应和主观效用作为补偿标准定价的理论依据,建立由替代市场技术、假想市场技术及计量经济学统计分析等多方法融合的评估方法体系;三是创设高质量数字化管理及差异化的生态补偿制度,构建开放、共享的大数据管理平台,打造多主体协同互利的市场生态图景,建立保护性耕作多主体协同差异化生态补偿机制。适应保护性耕作技术创新与组织方式变革的新要求,建立科学的保护性耕作农业绿色技术应用评价体系;优化垂直管理纵向补偿机制,引导企业与社会资本参与市场调节,构筑黑土区耕地质量保护与提升的生态管理制度屏障,为生态补偿政策优化提供参考借鉴。