Rheological properties of low consistency TMP from thinning wood of Chinese Fir

The rheological behavior of low consistency thermomechanical pulp of Chinese fir harvested by intermediate thinning was analyzed. The results show that the apparent viscosity of pulp changed along with the beating degree, pulp consistency and shearing velocity. With the increasing of pulp consistency, the apparent viscosity of pulp increased gradually. Beating degree of pulp had an effect on microstructure of pulp. The apparent viscosity of pulp declined as beating degree of pulp increased, and the apparent viscosity of pulp fell along with the shearing velocity increasing. Based on the results, the rheological models are set up. The models showed that the fluid types of the low consistency pulp could be described as pseudoplastics fluids （non-Newtonian fluids）.

Fixation and Creep of Compressed Wood of Chinese Fir Irradiated with Gamma Rays

In order to discuss the mechanisms of permanent fixation of wood compression set , compressed wood of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) was irradiated by gamma rays from 60 Co. The irradiation doses were 0 (for match specim ens), 10 3, 5×10 3, 10 4, 5×10 4, 10 5, 5×10 5, 10 6, 5×10 6 Gy, res pectively. Then the weight loss, the equilibrium moisture content (EMC), the rec overy of wood compression set after adsorption (RSA) and the recovery after imme rsion in water (RSW), as well as the creep behaviour under a dry specimen condit ion and under an adsorption and subsequent desorption condition were measured an d discussed. This research proves that the doses of gamma irradiation have great effect on weight loss, EMC, RSA, RSW of irradiated compressed wood of Chinese f ir. The weight loss and the EMC increase, the RSA and the RSW fall drastically w hen the irradiation doses exceed 10 6 Gy. Both the instantaneous compliance and the creep compliance of the irradiated specimens under the two measurement cond itions show the general trend of increase with the increase of gamma irradiation doses. It can be deduced that decomposition or decrystallization reactions happ en in the wood cell wall at high gamma irradiation doses, especially at doses of around 5×10 6 Gy. In addition, this research proves that decomposition of mai n components of cell wall of compressed wood will lead to fixation of compressio n set of wood to a certain degree.

Optimum preparation technology for Chinese fir wood/Ca-montmorillonite (Ca-MMT) composite board

For this study, an intercalation compounding method was used to prepare Chinese fir wood/Ca-montmorillonite （Ca-MMT） composite board to improve its properties such as surface mechanical properties, flame retardance and dimensional stability. By virtue of water-soluble phenolic resin （PF）, Chinese fir wood and Ca-MMT were mixed by pressure and vacuum impregnation. The optimum impregnation technology of Chinese fir wood/Ca-MMT composite board was obtained by using an orthogonal design and a single factor design of pressure and vacuum impregnation, using weight percent gain （WPG） as the basic index. The results are as follows： 1） On the basis of the orthogonal design and an actual experiment, the optimum preparation technology of Chinese fir wood/Ca-MMT composite board is 20% PF resin dispersion concentration （wt%）, 1.0 CEC amount of organic intercalation agent, 0.098 MPa vacuum degree, 5% concentration of Ca-MMT and 1.0 MPa pressure. 2） The WPG of the composite board samples of 450 mm length was much larger than that of the samples of 600, 750 and 900 mm length. Warm water extraction contributed little to WPG

Demarcation of juvenile and mature woods of planted Chinese fir and its wood quality prediction

According to the dara of trashed length, micro fiber angle, air density, ring width and late wood percentage, with the analysis of optimum method of classification, the boundary line of juvenile wood and maturewood of planted Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) was determined as the 14th year. Based on the variationpattern of these parameters, the prediction equations were established. Wood quality prediction can be realizedby these equations. By error analysis between the values of measured data and the values of prediction data, it isfound that the results of wood prediction of planted Chinese fire are satisfactory.

杉木高世代杂交子代生长与木材性状遗传分析

为揭示杉木高世代杂交子代生长与材性性状的遗传效应,选择优良的杂交组合,利用设置在浙江省开化县林场的4×5双因素交叉设计的杉木高世代杂交子代测定林,研究8年生杉木的生长性状、木材基本密度和树干碳含量,估算各性状一般配合力(GCA)/特殊配合力(SCA)效应值及相对重要性,分析遗传控制方式及性状间的相关性。结果表明:杉木树高、胸径、单株材积、木材基本密度、树干碳含量在杂交组合间均差异显著(P<0.05),含碳率在组合间差异不显著。父母本配合力分析显示,树高、胸径、单株材积、树干碳含量的母本效应均大于父本效应,C25-3母本效应最大,B109-3父本效应最大;杂交组合各性状均以加性基因效应控制为主,杉木高世代育种工作仍需注重亲本的选配。性状间相关性分析表明,树干碳含量与生长性状呈显著正相关,按10%的入选率,联合选择出3211和3215两个速生高固碳的杂交组合,单株材积较对照(CK)增加30.91%以上,树干碳含量较CK增加26.95%以上,而木材基本密度与生长性状呈弱相关或负相关,筛选出3218和3216两个木材性状优良的杂交组合,木材基本密度较CK增加2.17%以上。

三聚氰胺-尿素-甲醛树脂浸渍改性对杉木压缩吸能特性的影响

采用质量分数为8%的三聚氰胺-尿素-甲醛(melamine-urea-formaldehyde resin,MUF)树脂溶液浸渍处理杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata),通过准静态大变形压缩测试,考察杉木改性前后的压缩破坏模式、力学性能和压缩吸能特性等。结果表明:在改性材增重率为33.22%时,抗湿胀率达64.44%,尺寸稳定性得到改善;改性处理未影响杉木的压缩破坏形态,纵向主要为纤维屈曲和撕裂,径向主要为早晚材逐层压溃破坏,弦向主要呈火柴棍状破坏;改性材弹性模量和破坏强度提高,横纹平台应力显著增大,顺纹平台应力略有降低,致密化应变减小,纵向和横向之间的差异减小;改性材径向和弦向的单位体积吸能值分别增加了30%和17%,顺纹压缩吸能值及最大吸能效率则显著降低。低质量分数的MUF树脂浸渍处理可改善杉木的尺寸稳定性,缩小其纵向和横向之间的能量吸收差异。

Relations Between Permeability and Structure of Wood

The permeability and the structure of heartwood and sapwood of the solvent-exchange dried and the air-dried greenwood of Chinese-fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.) and masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.) were measured in order to study the relations between the permeability and the structure. The results showed that the permeability of sapwood of both the air-dried and the solvent-exchange dried wood was higher than that of heartwood, and the permeability of the solvent-exchanged dried heartwood and sapwood was higher than that of the air-dried. A higher permeability of wood was attributed to, on the one hand, a bigger number of flow path per unit area of the wood perpendicular to the flow direction resulted from a bigger number of unaspirated pits per unit area and a bigger number of effective pit openings per membrane, and on the other hand, a smaller number of tracheid in series connection per unit length parallel to flow direction resulted from a longer tracheid length and an effective tracheid length for permeability.

Clonal Variation in Growth and Wood Quality and the Multi-Trait Index Selection of Chinese Fir

Two clonal trial stands of Chinese Fir （Cunninghamia lanceolata） were used in this study, one was 19-year-old stand which included 38 clones, and the other was 17-year-old stand including 102 clones.The statistical analyses showed that there were very significant genetic variations in height, DBH,volume and ratio of heartwood(Rhw),wood basic density（ρb ） of the clones in the two stands. The repeatability of clones was in median to high level,and the genetic CV was different over the all five traits.There were very significant phenotypic and genetic correlations among height,DBH and volume,and negative correlations among growth, Rhw andρb.The selection method experiment indicated that index selection could improve volume, Rhw andρb,showing synthetically superior selection effects compared to any individual trait selection methods.

热压工艺参数对杉木压缩木回复率与力学性能的影响

为探究较优热压工艺参数组合从而拓宽国产速生杉木的应用领域,采用正交试验方法,在预热温度120℃、预热时间20 min、预热前含水率50%的前提下设计正交试验,探究热压温度、保压时间、压缩率对杉木压缩木回复率和力学性能的影响,通过极差分析和方差分析来表示不同工艺参数对杉木压缩木性能的影响情况,并利用剖面密度仪和扫描电镜(SEM)观察密度分布和细胞变形情况。试验结果表明:保压时间和压缩率对压缩木回复率有显著影响;压缩率对抗弯强度、抗弯弹性模量和顺纹抗压强度均有显著影响,一定程度地提升压缩率可以达到固定变形和改善力学性能的效果,但压缩率过大会使木材细胞壁产生裂隙,从而降低木材的力学性能,并且提升压缩率会导致更多的木材材积损失,带来成本提高的问题,因此压缩率也不宜过高。当压缩率从40%提高到60%时,吸湿和吸水回复率绝对值分别降低了42.9%和35.4%,抗弯强度、抗弯弹性模量、顺纹抗压强度分别提高了58.0%,68.8%和43.9%;保压时间由1 h延长到3 h,吸湿和吸水回复率绝对值分别降低了58.7%和44.6%。根据试验结果,选择热压温度140℃,保压时间2~3 h,压缩率50%~60%作为杉木压缩木的热压工艺较优参数,此条件下的压缩木材能在有效提高其力学性能的同时达到较好的尺寸稳定性。

高压电场处理杉木与脲醛/酚醛树脂的胶合界面性能及其机理

基于高压电场处理方法,研究了杉木和胶黏剂活化程度、脲醛/酚醛树脂反应行为、动态润湿行为以及木质复合材料的胶合性能等.结果表明,在高压电场作用下,杉木与胶黏剂活化程度、脲醛/酚醛树脂交联反应程度均显著提高,两种树脂的活化程度差异性主要由官能团类型、分子排布形式和极化程度不同引起.高压电场作用下,脲醛和酚醛树脂在杉木表面的吸收率分别降低了25.33%和24.21%,其复合材料的胶合界面强度分别提高了70%和28%.这主要是由于杉木和胶黏剂分子的活化、极化程度提高,增加了胶黏剂与杉木之间化学反应位点,使胶黏剂在杉木表面的扩散和渗透行为随之改变,进而提高了交联程度.

32个杉木无性系木材密度和力学性质的变异

３２个杉木无性系间，木材密度和抗弯弹性模量、抗弯强度、顺纹抗压强度均有较大差异；无性系内株间亦存在一定差异。木材密度与抗弯弹性模量、抗弯强度、顺纹抗压强度间的相关极显著，相关系数分别为０．３９５７、０．８３６８和０．９０２０；木材密度与生长速度呈负的遗传相关。

杉木无性系生长和木材品质性状遗传变异研究

【目的】研究杉木无性系生长性状和木材品质性状的遗传变异规律,为广西杉木栽培区选择优良无性系、提高广西杉木人工林经营效益提供参考。【方法】对34个杉木无性系的单株材积、木材基本密度和管胞形态性状进行方差分析,估算无性系重复力、遗传相关和遗传增益等遗传参数,采用多性状综合指数选择方法选出生长性状与木材品质兼优的杉木无性系并估算遗传增益。【结果】杉木的生长性状具有丰富的遗传变异,变异系数较大的是材积、胸径和树高,其变异系数分别为41.06%、16.44%和12.41%。杉木无性系间的胸径、树高、材积、木材基本密度、管胞长度和管胞宽度差异极显著(P<0.01),管胞长宽比差异显著(P<0.05),且无性系重复力除管胞长宽比外均在0.5以上。木材密度与胸径、树高、材积、管胞长度、管胞宽度在表型相关和遗传相关上呈负相关。采用多性状综合选择指数法选出3个优良无性系,其胸径、树高、材积、木材基本密度、管胞长度、管胞宽度、管胞长宽比的遗传增益分别为9.83%、7.58%、24.60%、-3.92%、4.65%、2.12%和1.26%。【结论】杉木无性系间具有良好的选择潜力,采用多性状综合指数选择法可以选出生长性状与木材品质兼优的杉木无性系。

人工林杉木幼龄材与成熟材的界定及材质早期预测

根据人工林杉木木材的管胞长度、微纤丝角、气干密度、生长轮宽、晚材率５项特性指标的测试结果采用最优分割法分析得出．人工林杉木的幼龄材与成熟材的界限为第１４年。在此基础上、根据材性特征参数变异规律的数学模型．建立了预测方程．实现了材质早期预测。通过对实测值和预测值的误差分析．证明两者有较好的拟合良度。

杉木主要材质性状配合力研究

对杉木７×７半双列杂交试验林进行８个材质性状的测定和配合力分析。结果表明，所有材质性状的一般配合力方差均达到极显著水平。木材径向干缩系数、顺纹抗压强度和纤维长度的特殊配合力方差达到极显著水平。除径向干缩系数和顺纹抗压性状以外，一般配合力方差的分量远大于特殊配合力方差的分量（随机模型），表明基因加性效应对这些性状的表达起主要作用。木材密度、径向干缩系数、顺纹抗压强度和纤维长度的广义遗传力较高（分别为０．８６，０．６４，０．８５，０．８０），木材弦向干缩系数和抗弯强度的广义遗传力中等（分别为０．２５和０．２６），木材体积干缩系数和抗弯强度的广义遗传力较低（分别为０．１７和０．１３）。木材密度和纤维长度的狭义遗传力较高（分别为０．７６和０．７３），其余性状表现中等或较低（０～０．２６）。亲本龙５的木材密度、抗弯强度和抗弯弹性模量，亲本龙１的木材径向干缩系数和顺纹抗压，亲本高３７的木材弦向干缩系数和体积干缩系数，亲本靖７０的木材纤维长度，分别具有最好的一般配合力效应值。杂交组合连５×高３７和龙１×阳１１的木材径向干缩系数，龙１×龙５的木材顺纹抗压强度和纤维长度，靖７０×高３７的木材纤维长度表现出极显著的超亲优势。

杉木幼龄材与成熟材木质素的化学官能团和化学键特征研究

采用有机元素分析、红外光谱、质子核磁共振波谱对从杉木幼龄材和成熟材中提取的磨木木质素的化学官能团和化学键特征进行了研究。结果表明 :杉木幼龄材和成熟材木质素的经验式分别为C9H8 73O2 57(OCH3) 0 84 和C9H9 0 1 O2 2 4 (OCH3) 0 90 ;杉木幼龄材木质素的芳香环结构主要由愈疮木基组成 ,而在成熟材中除愈疮木基外还有紫丁香基基团存在 ;杉木成熟材的木质素中具有较多的芳香族化合物 ;杉木木质素结构中的主要键型为 β -O - 4键、β- 5键、β- β键和 β- 1键 ,且成熟材木质素中各种键型的数量均高于幼龄材。

杉木纤维用材优良无性系的选择

对杉木无性系生长性状、木材基本密度和管胞长度的遗传变异进行了研究。结果表明,无性系间树高、胸径、材积、木材基本密度和管胞长度存在显著至极显著差异。5个性状(树高、胸径、材积、木材基本密度和管胞长度)都受中等强度的遗传控制,无性系重复力分别为0.771,0.651,0.566,0.529和0.495。树高、胸径和材积与木材基本密度、管胞长度间以及木材基本密度与管胞长度间呈遗传负相关。通过多性状综合指数选择选出2个纤维用材优良无性系。

江西省优质速生杉木无性系选育研究

在种源、林分和个体选择的基础上,选育出一批杉木无性系,通过13 a的测定表明,各无性系间胸径、树高、单株材积、无性系木材基本密度和纤维长度差异极显著,且具有较大的广义遗传力。根据杉木无性系培育目标,选择出一批生长、材性兼优的杉木无性系以供生产上应用。12年生入选杉木无性系平均胸径、树高和单株材积、木材基本密度和纤维长分别为16.8 cm、11.0 m、0.133 1 m3、0.319 3 g.cm-3和331 7μm,遗传增益分别为27.99%、8.09%、94.29%、6.72%和4.53%。

杉木无性系生长和材性变异及多性状指数选择

对19年生和17年生2块杉木无性系测定林开展生长和材性变异及多性状指数选择研究,其中,19年生测定林包括38个参试无性系,17年生测定林包括102个参试无性系。2块测定林数据分析结果均显示:无性系树高、胸径、单株材积、心材率和木材基本密度存在极显著的遗传差异,无性系重复力达中等偏上至较高水平,遗传变异系数各性状间差异较大;树高、胸径、材积生长性状间存在极显著的表型和遗传相关,与基本密度存在弱负相关。不同选择方法的结果表明,指数选择能整体提高单株材积、心材率和木材基本密度综合的遗传增益,达到比单性状选择更好的选择效果,是多性状改良较理想的选择方法。

炭化温度对炭化物微观结构影响的研究

采用扫描电子显微镜、全自动比表面积及孔径分析仪观察与研究了杉木间伐材在不同炭化温度下炭化物的微观结构、孔径分布、比表面积等,揭示了不同炭化温度下孔隙的形成特点与演变规律。实验表明,炭化温度对炭化物的比表面积与比孔容积特性影响很大,较高温度的炭化物具有较发达的孔隙结构与较高的比表面积。电镜观察可知,随着炭化温度升高,炭化物管胞表面沉积物量减少且颗粒变小,纹孔各层膜逐渐被破坏,纹孔开孔率增大,同时根据电镜观察中试样的放电状况可判断出炭化物导电性情况,随炭化温度升高,炭化物的导电性增大。

杉木半同胞家系生长和材性遗传变异研究

对 1 0年生杉木半同胞家系的生长和木材品质性状的遗传变异的研究表明 ,树高、胸径和材积、管胞长度、管胞宽度在家系间存在显著差异 ,木材基本密度和管胞长宽比在家系间差异不显著。树高、胸径、材积、木材基本密度、管胞长度、管胞宽度和管胞长宽比的家系遗传力分别为 0 .697、0 .841、0 .836、0 .31 7、0 .462、0 471和 0 .2 49,单株遗传力分别为 0 .42 5、0 .671、0 .71 6、0 .2 49、0 .437、0 l45、0 .1 81。木材基本密度与树高、胸径、材积、管胞长度、管胞宽度和管胞长宽比都呈负相关 ,只有基本密度与管胞长度的负相关达到显著水平。选出的 4个优良家系 ,树高、胸径、材积、基本密度、管胞长度、管胞宽度和管胞长宽比的遗传增益分别为 3 96%、4.31 %、1 2 .69%、0 .1 2 %、 0 .65 %、 0 .69%和 0 0 3%。