In terms of security and privacy,mobile ad-hoc network(MANET)continues to be in demand for additional debate and development.As more MANET applications become data-oriented,implementing a secure and reliable data tran...In terms of security and privacy,mobile ad-hoc network(MANET)continues to be in demand for additional debate and development.As more MANET applications become data-oriented,implementing a secure and reliable data transfer protocol becomes a major concern in the architecture.However,MANET’s lack of infrastructure,unpredictable topology,and restricted resources,as well as the lack of a previously permitted trust relationship among connected nodes,contribute to the attack detection burden.A novel detection approach is presented in this paper to classify passive and active black-hole attacks.The proposed approach is based on the dipper throated optimization(DTO)algorithm,which presents a plausible path out of multiple paths for statistics transmission to boost MANETs’quality of service.A group of selected packet features will then be weighed by the DTO-based multi-layer perceptron(DTO-MLP),and these features are collected from nodes using the Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchical(LEACH)clustering technique.MLP is a powerful classifier and the DTO weight optimization method has a significant impact on improving the classification process by strengthening the weights of key features while suppressing the weights ofminor features.This hybridmethod is primarily designed to combat active black-hole assaults.Using the LEACH clustering phase,however,can also detect passive black-hole attacks.The effect of mobility variation on detection error and routing overhead is explored and evaluated using the suggested approach.For diverse mobility situations,the results demonstrate up to 97%detection accuracy and faster execution time.Furthermore,the suggested approach uses an adjustable threshold value to make a correct conclusion regarding whether a node is malicious or benign.展开更多
The Network Layer in wireless mesh networks is responsible for routing packets making it a prime target for intruders and hackers. Black-hole attack is a type of denial-of-service attack which when carried out can dis...The Network Layer in wireless mesh networks is responsible for routing packets making it a prime target for intruders and hackers. Black-hole attack is a type of denial-of-service attack which when carried out can disrupt the services of this layer. This paper takes a look at some important detection and mitigation techniques and presents the drawbacks. After analysis of current mechanisms, the paper proposes RID-AODV, a security solution for multiple black-hole attack in wireless mesh networks. Based on the backbone of AODV, RID-AODV combines the ability of route skipping of IDSAODV and route failure correction using reverse route establishment of RAODV. The enhanced protocol RID-AODV, AODV, IDSAODV, and RAODV are implemented in a simulated environment using ns-2.35 simulator. The networks for each protocol are bombarded with up to ten black-hole nodes starting from zero. The results obtained are then analyzed and compared and a discussion is presented.展开更多
We present the results of the spectral fits made to 59 Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer （RXTE） observations of the Galactic X-Ray Black-Hole Candidate XTE J1650–500 covering the first 30d of its 2001/2002 outburst when ...We present the results of the spectral fits made to 59 Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer （RXTE） observations of the Galactic X-Ray Black-Hole Candidate XTE J1650–500 covering the first 30d of its 2001/2002 outburst when the source was in a transition from the hard state to the soft state. The photon spectra can be well fit- ted with a phenomenological model of a power-law/cutoff power-law and a physical model of bulk-motion Comptonization. The spectral properties smoothly evolve away from the hard state and then stay in the soft state. The fitting results of the physical model reveal the peak of the burst had a flux of 2.90 × 10-8 erg cm-2 s-1 in the 2–100 keV energy range and was observed on 2001 Sep. 9; it transitioned to the hard state. The total flux decays by a factor of ～3 as it evolves into the soft state. The photon index Γ increases from ～1.5 in the hard state and stays at ～2.5 in the soft state. We found that the effective area of the high-energy X-ray emission region （the Compton cloud） decreases, i.e. the area of the Compton cloud decreases by a factor of ～23 during the transition from the hard state to the soft state. Combining the new radio and quasi-periodic oscillation studies, the model of total flux in the 2–100 keV energy range, the jet emission and the timing analysis during the state transition, we suggest a possible geometry and evolution for the （jet＋corona＋disk） system, like that proposed by Kalemci et al. based on enhanced lags and peak frequency shift during the transition.展开更多
基于弯曲波在声黑洞(acoustic black hole,ABH)结构中振幅不断增大的特性,提出了一种新型径向夹心式径-弯复合换能器,该换能器由径向夹心式圆环换能器与外围的环形ABH结构组成.ABH结构的存在实现了换能器径向振动与弯曲振动之间的转换,...基于弯曲波在声黑洞(acoustic black hole,ABH)结构中振幅不断增大的特性,提出了一种新型径向夹心式径-弯复合换能器,该换能器由径向夹心式圆环换能器与外围的环形ABH结构组成.ABH结构的存在实现了换能器径向振动与弯曲振动之间的转换,提高了换能器的声辐射性能.利用几何声学的方法建立了ABH结构弯曲振动的解析模型,给出了其弯曲振动的本征频率,并结合有限元方法讨论了换能器机电转换性能随尺寸变化的关系.通过有限元方法给出了该换能器在空气中的辐射声压场、辐射声强以及辐射指向性,仿真结果表明,ABH结构的存在能够改善换能器弯曲振动的机电转换性能,提高换能器的声辐射性能,使换能器呈现出一定的辐射指向性.最后通过实验对换能器样机的电阻抗特性以及振动模态进行测量,实验结果与仿真相符合.展开更多
声学黑洞(acoustic black hole,ABH)效应可以产生强烈的能量集中,能够将高频率低振幅的低品质振动能量转化为高振幅的高品质振动能量,从而便于利用。提出并研究了一种环形二维声学黑洞压电能量收集装置。有限元分析结果表明,环形二维AB...声学黑洞(acoustic black hole,ABH)效应可以产生强烈的能量集中,能够将高频率低振幅的低品质振动能量转化为高振幅的高品质振动能量,从而便于利用。提出并研究了一种环形二维声学黑洞压电能量收集装置。有限元分析结果表明,环形二维ABH结构能在宽频域内显著提高能量收集效率。搭建了环形二维声学黑洞压电能量收集器试验测试平台,通过试验验证了仿真结果的正确性。与经典二维ABH结构相比,环形二维ABH结构具有更好的能量收集效率和结构强度。分析了压电片几何尺寸等因素对装置能量收集效率的影响,得到了能获得较高输出功率的几何尺寸范围,并进行了正交试验设计,研究了截断厚度、压电片尺寸、中央平台直径、幂指数等多因素的综合影响。展开更多
变压器作为电力系统的关键设备,其绕组松动状态的识别对电网的稳定运行具有重要意义。针对传统监测方法环境干扰较大、应用复杂等问题,提出了使用两类不同的布拉格光纤光栅(Fiber bragg grating,FBG)传感器采集变压器绕组关键测点温度...变压器作为电力系统的关键设备,其绕组松动状态的识别对电网的稳定运行具有重要意义。针对传统监测方法环境干扰较大、应用复杂等问题,提出了使用两类不同的布拉格光纤光栅(Fiber bragg grating,FBG)传感器采集变压器绕组关键测点温度与应变信号,经快速解耦与自适应噪声完备集合经验模态分解后(Fast decoupling and complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise,DECE),提取关键参数并进行主元分析(Principal component analysis,PCA)。对降维后的特征采用基于黑洞优化的支持向量机(Support vector machine based on black hole optimization,BHOSVM)进行分类,实现对变压器绕组径向松动状态的监测与定位。诊断结果表明,所提诊断方法对变压器绕组径向松动状态的识别准确率达到96.8%。展开更多
为减少联合收获机振动对谷物流量传感器监测结果的干扰,设计了一种基于声学黑洞(ABH,acoustic black hole)原理的谷物流量传感器龙门支架减振结构,通过有限元方法分析减振结构的振动特性,分析了二维声学黑洞比例系数ε、幂函数指数m和半...为减少联合收获机振动对谷物流量传感器监测结果的干扰,设计了一种基于声学黑洞(ABH,acoustic black hole)原理的谷物流量传感器龙门支架减振结构,通过有限元方法分析减振结构的振动特性,分析了二维声学黑洞比例系数ε、幂函数指数m和半径R对其减振性能的影响规律。结果表明,声学黑洞能够显著降低龙门支架的振动,ε、m和R对声学黑洞减振性能的影响均未表现出明显线性关系,当ε=0.001 2、m=2.5、R=15 mm时声学黑洞的减振效果最好。以振动速度平方和作为优化目标,建立了多项式回归代理模型,通过遗传算法对声学黑洞比例系数ε、幂函数指数m和半径R的取值进行了优化。相比于未添加声学黑洞的原始龙门支架和初始声学黑洞方案,优化后龙门支架的振动速度平方和分别降低68.92%和2%,表明优化方案具有更佳的减振性能。提出的基于声学黑洞的减振结构和优化设计方法为农业机械被动宽频减振研究提供了理论参考。展开更多
文摘In terms of security and privacy,mobile ad-hoc network(MANET)continues to be in demand for additional debate and development.As more MANET applications become data-oriented,implementing a secure and reliable data transfer protocol becomes a major concern in the architecture.However,MANET’s lack of infrastructure,unpredictable topology,and restricted resources,as well as the lack of a previously permitted trust relationship among connected nodes,contribute to the attack detection burden.A novel detection approach is presented in this paper to classify passive and active black-hole attacks.The proposed approach is based on the dipper throated optimization(DTO)algorithm,which presents a plausible path out of multiple paths for statistics transmission to boost MANETs’quality of service.A group of selected packet features will then be weighed by the DTO-based multi-layer perceptron(DTO-MLP),and these features are collected from nodes using the Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchical(LEACH)clustering technique.MLP is a powerful classifier and the DTO weight optimization method has a significant impact on improving the classification process by strengthening the weights of key features while suppressing the weights ofminor features.This hybridmethod is primarily designed to combat active black-hole assaults.Using the LEACH clustering phase,however,can also detect passive black-hole attacks.The effect of mobility variation on detection error and routing overhead is explored and evaluated using the suggested approach.For diverse mobility situations,the results demonstrate up to 97%detection accuracy and faster execution time.Furthermore,the suggested approach uses an adjustable threshold value to make a correct conclusion regarding whether a node is malicious or benign.
文摘The Network Layer in wireless mesh networks is responsible for routing packets making it a prime target for intruders and hackers. Black-hole attack is a type of denial-of-service attack which when carried out can disrupt the services of this layer. This paper takes a look at some important detection and mitigation techniques and presents the drawbacks. After analysis of current mechanisms, the paper proposes RID-AODV, a security solution for multiple black-hole attack in wireless mesh networks. Based on the backbone of AODV, RID-AODV combines the ability of route skipping of IDSAODV and route failure correction using reverse route establishment of RAODV. The enhanced protocol RID-AODV, AODV, IDSAODV, and RAODV are implemented in a simulated environment using ns-2.35 simulator. The networks for each protocol are bombarded with up to ten black-hole nodes starting from zero. The results obtained are then analyzed and compared and a discussion is presented.
基金partially supported by the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Areas (Grant No. 14079101)financial supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 10778702)+1 种基金the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, Grant No. 2009CB824800)the Policy Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (KJCX2-YWT24)
文摘We present the results of the spectral fits made to 59 Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer （RXTE） observations of the Galactic X-Ray Black-Hole Candidate XTE J1650–500 covering the first 30d of its 2001/2002 outburst when the source was in a transition from the hard state to the soft state. The photon spectra can be well fit- ted with a phenomenological model of a power-law/cutoff power-law and a physical model of bulk-motion Comptonization. The spectral properties smoothly evolve away from the hard state and then stay in the soft state. The fitting results of the physical model reveal the peak of the burst had a flux of 2.90 × 10-8 erg cm-2 s-1 in the 2–100 keV energy range and was observed on 2001 Sep. 9; it transitioned to the hard state. The total flux decays by a factor of ～3 as it evolves into the soft state. The photon index Γ increases from ～1.5 in the hard state and stays at ～2.5 in the soft state. We found that the effective area of the high-energy X-ray emission region （the Compton cloud） decreases, i.e. the area of the Compton cloud decreases by a factor of ～23 during the transition from the hard state to the soft state. Combining the new radio and quasi-periodic oscillation studies, the model of total flux in the 2–100 keV energy range, the jet emission and the timing analysis during the state transition, we suggest a possible geometry and evolution for the （jet＋corona＋disk） system, like that proposed by Kalemci et al. based on enhanced lags and peak frequency shift during the transition.
文摘基于弯曲波在声黑洞(acoustic black hole,ABH)结构中振幅不断增大的特性,提出了一种新型径向夹心式径-弯复合换能器,该换能器由径向夹心式圆环换能器与外围的环形ABH结构组成.ABH结构的存在实现了换能器径向振动与弯曲振动之间的转换,提高了换能器的声辐射性能.利用几何声学的方法建立了ABH结构弯曲振动的解析模型,给出了其弯曲振动的本征频率,并结合有限元方法讨论了换能器机电转换性能随尺寸变化的关系.通过有限元方法给出了该换能器在空气中的辐射声压场、辐射声强以及辐射指向性,仿真结果表明,ABH结构的存在能够改善换能器弯曲振动的机电转换性能,提高换能器的声辐射性能,使换能器呈现出一定的辐射指向性.最后通过实验对换能器样机的电阻抗特性以及振动模态进行测量,实验结果与仿真相符合.
文摘声学黑洞(acoustic black hole,ABH)效应可以产生强烈的能量集中,能够将高频率低振幅的低品质振动能量转化为高振幅的高品质振动能量,从而便于利用。提出并研究了一种环形二维声学黑洞压电能量收集装置。有限元分析结果表明,环形二维ABH结构能在宽频域内显著提高能量收集效率。搭建了环形二维声学黑洞压电能量收集器试验测试平台,通过试验验证了仿真结果的正确性。与经典二维ABH结构相比,环形二维ABH结构具有更好的能量收集效率和结构强度。分析了压电片几何尺寸等因素对装置能量收集效率的影响,得到了能获得较高输出功率的几何尺寸范围,并进行了正交试验设计,研究了截断厚度、压电片尺寸、中央平台直径、幂指数等多因素的综合影响。
文摘针对小几何尺度的无人航行器(Unmanned Underwater Vehicle,UUV)中减振技术的应用问题,建立尺度较小的SUBOFF无人航行器有限元模型。分析其在典型激励下的声振特性,探讨阻振、吸振技术在UUV上的应用,并且基于声学黑洞结构设计UUV舱段,分析其减振效果。研究结果表明:无人航行器结构振动和辐射噪声的峰值频率与整体和局部结构的模态频率关系较大。在推进电机基座、推力轴承基座等结构上应用阻振质量和动力吸振器可有效减小艇体振动,吸振器质量增加可改善吸振效果。设计声学黑洞(Acoustic Black Hole,ABH)舱段并应用于艇体的中部均匀部分,可有效减小结构振动由激励源向船艏的传递,体现该方案的减振效果。
文摘变压器作为电力系统的关键设备,其绕组松动状态的识别对电网的稳定运行具有重要意义。针对传统监测方法环境干扰较大、应用复杂等问题,提出了使用两类不同的布拉格光纤光栅(Fiber bragg grating,FBG)传感器采集变压器绕组关键测点温度与应变信号,经快速解耦与自适应噪声完备集合经验模态分解后(Fast decoupling and complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise,DECE),提取关键参数并进行主元分析(Principal component analysis,PCA)。对降维后的特征采用基于黑洞优化的支持向量机(Support vector machine based on black hole optimization,BHOSVM)进行分类,实现对变压器绕组径向松动状态的监测与定位。诊断结果表明,所提诊断方法对变压器绕组径向松动状态的识别准确率达到96.8%。
文摘为减少联合收获机振动对谷物流量传感器监测结果的干扰,设计了一种基于声学黑洞(ABH,acoustic black hole)原理的谷物流量传感器龙门支架减振结构,通过有限元方法分析减振结构的振动特性,分析了二维声学黑洞比例系数ε、幂函数指数m和半径R对其减振性能的影响规律。结果表明,声学黑洞能够显著降低龙门支架的振动,ε、m和R对声学黑洞减振性能的影响均未表现出明显线性关系,当ε=0.001 2、m=2.5、R=15 mm时声学黑洞的减振效果最好。以振动速度平方和作为优化目标,建立了多项式回归代理模型,通过遗传算法对声学黑洞比例系数ε、幂函数指数m和半径R的取值进行了优化。相比于未添加声学黑洞的原始龙门支架和初始声学黑洞方案,优化后龙门支架的振动速度平方和分别降低68.92%和2%,表明优化方案具有更佳的减振性能。提出的基于声学黑洞的减振结构和优化设计方法为农业机械被动宽频减振研究提供了理论参考。
