Quantitative Evaluation of Heavy Metal Pollution and Its Influencing Factors in Water Bodies of Karst Areas

At present, there is relatively little research on the synergistic effects of heavy metals in soil, sediment, and bedrock on heavy metal pollution in water bodies. In this paper, heavy metals in soil, sediment, bedrock, and water of a typical karst watershed in southwest China were investigated. The results indicated that the average values of heavy metals in soil and sediment were relatively higher than those in bedrock except for Ni and As. During the research period, As and Cd were the main heavy metal elements polluting the soil and sediment in the study area, while water bodies were mainly polluted by Ni, As, and Cd. The pollution assessment indicated that there were instances of poor or very poor water quality in the study area during the study period;the soil as a whole was slightly polluted by Cd and As;sediment was subject to moderate Cd pollution and mild As pollution. Analysis of geochemical form for heavy metals showed that heavy metals in soil and sediment were mainly in residual form, and the proportions of exchangeable As and Cd were relatively high. Multiple statistical analysis showed that heavy metals in sediment, soil, and bedrock explained 23.8%, 16.8%, and 16.2% of the changes in heavy metals of water, respectively. The research results can provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of heavy metal pollution in water bodies.

Automated Extraction for Water Bodies Using New Water Index from Landsat 8 OLI Images

The extraction of water bodies is essential for monitoring water resources,ecosystem services and the hydrological cycle,so analyzing water bodies from remote sensing images is necessary.The water index is designed to highlight water bodies in remote sensing images.We employ a new water index and digital image processing technology to extract water bodies automatically and accurately from Landsat 8 OLI images.Firstly,we preprocess Landsat 8 OLI images with radiometric calibration and atmospheric correction.Subsequently,we apply KT transformation,LBV transformation,AWEI nsh,and HIS transformation to the preprocessed image to calculate a new water index.Then,we perform linear feature enhancement and improve the local adaptive threshold segmentation method to extract small water bodies accurately.Meanwhile,we employ morphological enhancement and improve the local adaptive threshold segmentation method to extract large water bodies.Finally,we combine small and large water bodies to get complete water bodies.Compared with other traditional methods,our method has apparent advantages in water extraction,particularly in the extraction of small water bodies.

Pollution control of urban black-odor water bodies

On the basis of on-the-spot investigation, the causes of urban black-odor water bodies and the problems existing in the treatment are analyzed, and the control techniques and management countermeasures for black-odor water bodies were put forward. The countermeasures include: treating from both the roots and the symptoms and combining multiple technologies; comprehensively managing and improve the monitoring systems; coordinating functions and implementing long-term management; opening information and innovating supervision platform; coordinating advance and promoting the construction of sponge city; diversified financing to form the market-oriented model of water pollution control.

Water Quality Criteria for Water Bodies in Urban Areas and Accompanying Changes in Surrounding and <i>In-Situ</i>Vegetation: Considerations from the Landscape Aspect of Planning Water Recreational Areas

Water bodies in urban areas are important as recreational areas. Thus, management plans that maintain high water quality are quite important. At the Hatadate Water Park adjacent to Miyagi University, water quality parameters such as visibility, COD, TOC, and TN were monitored at a small pond and the inflowing stream from August to December in 2011, and photographs were taken of these sites. Variations in COD and TOC were highly related to changes in the physical appearance, especially changes in vegetation. These findings suggest: 1) the importance of management of vegetation for water quality control;and 2) the importance of collecting photographic records of sites for research purposes of interpreting data and even as a data point of water quality. Together with the water quality goals for water bodies in urban areas proposed by Sudo et al. [1], these water quality criteria were assessed, and it was notable that COD often exceeded the set goal. These results suggest that the maintenance of vegetation is more important than controlling incoming TN for primary production in the pond. Seasonal variations in COD and TOC were plotted for surface water of Kamafusa and Okura dams, both are important lakes in Miyagi area and the catchments of both lakes are mainly hilly area, using published water quality reports. Similar annual-cycle changing patterns were shown both for the dams, implying that some kinds of ecological factors in the catchments are affecting the water qualities of the dam, even at those larger scale water bodies. Finally, by shifting the focus from only water to upstream features such as small park, or pocket park, with a parking lot for the water body, the importance of landscape including vegetation and tree cover was highlighted.

Monitoring Surface Water Change in Northeast China in 1999–2020:Evidence from Satellite Observation and Refined Classification

As a typical region with high water demand for agricultural production,understanding the spatiotemporal surface water changes in Northeast China is critical for water resources management and sustainable development.However,the long-term variation characteristics of surface water of different water body types in Northeast China remain rarely explored.This study investigated how surface water bodies of different types(e.g.,lake,reservoir,river,coastal aquaculture,marsh wetland,ephemeral water) changed during1999–2020 in Northeast China based on various remote sensing-based datasets.The results showed that surface water in Northeast China grew dramatically in the past two decades,with an equivalent area increasing from 24 394 km^(2) in 1999 to 34 595 km^(2) in 2020.The surge of ephemeral water is the primary driver of surface water expansion,which could ascribe to shifted precipitation pattern.Marsh wetlands,rivers,and reservoirs experienced a similar trend,with an approximate 20% increase at the interdecadal scale.By contrast,coastal aquacultures and natural lakes remain relatively stable.This study is expected to provide a more comprehensive investigation of the surface water variability in Northeast China and has important practical significance for the scientific management of different types of surface water.

First record of abnormal body coloration in a rockfish Sebastes koreanus(Scorpaenoidei:Sebastidae)from coastal water of China based on morphological characteristics and DNA barcoding

The first record of abnormal body coloration in Sebastes koreanus Kim and Lee,1994,from the Yellow Sea of China,was documented based on morphological characteristics and DNA barcoding.The two rockfish specimens were collected from the coastal waters of Qingdao,China,and the whole body and all fins of them were red.Of the two red-colored rockfish,there were tiny deep red spots on each fin,2 red radial stripes behind and below the eyes and 1 large deep red blotch on the opercula,while the similar stripe and spot patterns are also present in the S.koreanus specimens with normal body coloration.The countable characteristics of the two specimens are in the range of the morphometry of S.koreanus.To further clarify the species identity and taxonomic status of the two specimens,DNA barcode analysis was carried out.The genetic distance between the red-colored rockfish and S.koreanus was 0,and the minimum net genetic distances between the red-colored rockfish and other Sebastes species except for S.koreanus were 3.0%,which exceeds the threshold of species delimitation.The phylogenetic analysis showed that the DNA barcoding sequences of the two red-colored rockfish clustered with the S.koreanus sequences.The above results of DNA barcode analysis also support that the two red-colored rockfish could be identified as the species of S.koreanus.The mechanism of color variation in S.koreanus is desirable for further research and the species could be an ideal model to study the color-driven speciation of the rockfishes.

Ecological Remediation Technology of Urban Landscape Water Body

Urban landscape water body is not only an important part of urban landscape construction,but also an important way to maintain landscape diversity and biodiversity,carrying the beautiful yearning of urban residents for natural life.A good state of urban landscape water body is crucial to the ecological environment of the city.However,due to the poor kinetic energy of urban landscape water body and the influence of various human factors,the quality of urban landscape water body often declines,and urban population is threatened by water security problems.Through the study of several water body ecological remediation technologies,relevant suggestions are put forward,in order to provide a reference for water pollution restoration and treatment in urban human settlement environment.

Dying Traditional Water Bodies in India Struggling to Survive against Unplanned Development

India is endowed with diverse and distinctive traditional water bodies. They support large human population and biodiversity but are under continuous stress, caused primarily by demographic pressure and unplanned growth. There has been a decline in their water quality and quantity and several of them have vanished, thanks to improper monitoring of these water bodies. This research study was conducted in Meerut district to help government in identifying status of traditional water bodies and suggest steps necessary for protection of these water bodies. Similar research framework, with minor customization, could be applied to any other district in India. Meerut district, with a population of around 3.5 million people is in an abysmal state as the rivers and groundwater are highly polluted. The last resort—the traditional water bodies are also getting transformed into sewage ponds. A field based research was undertaken—which involved on-ground survey using GPS, GIS mapping & water quality testing of 120 ponds, distributed across 12 blocks of Meerut district to acquire a practical understanding of the status of these water bodies. The research team also did an informal discussion with around 500 residents, located nearby ponds, to understand the water situation of the locality. Results show that more than 50% of water bodies are severely polluted (with D.O below 5mg/l) and total dissolved solids (more than 100 NTU). Fecal contamination was observed in all the ponds that were analyzed. The major problems are excessive nutrient pollution, leading to eutrophication, and sewage contamination. The spatial analysis finds out that around half the ponds have reduced in area. With around 100 upcoming cities in India and most of the cities already experiencing water scarcity, it is essential to digitize, monitor, control & prevent pollution and most essentially make the people and grassroots institutions aware in order to protect these essential water bodies from getting extinct.

Diversity and Adaptations of Immature Diptera in Semiaquatic Habitats at Shorelines of Hypersaline Lakes in the Crimea,with a Brief Review of Diptera in Mineralized Bodies of Water

The order Diptera(Insecta)is one of animal groups most successful in the colonization of mineralized shallow aquatic and semiaquatic environments.At the same time,the taxonomic composition of Diptera,their role in

Stand-Alone Photovoltaic System to Mitigate Pollution in Bodies of Water CASE Study: Laguna Del Carpintero, Tampico, Tamaulipas

One of the main environmental issues at present times is the pollution of hydrological resources. Water quality is a major factor to ecosystems, mostly those that support human health, food production and biodiversity. The utilization of renewable energy sources as solar energy through Photovoltaic Cells is a competitive and consolidated option to approach the solution of this kind of issues. This document is intended to introduce a prototype powered by photovoltaic cells to aerate a body of water and increase the amount of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) in water. The body of water studied is the lagoon Laguna del Carpintero in Tampico, Tamaulipas, Mexico. A Stand-alone Photovoltaic System (SPS) prototype was designed for this matter with the purpose of powering a pumping system to sprinkle water to the lake’s surface. This system is a way of ventilating the water so that it gets in direct contact with the surrounding atmosphere obtaining mean values compared to prevailing values of DO contained in the lagoon. We obtained DO concentration values going from 7 to 8 mg/L of O2 in different tests which can be considered an appropriate parameter for this body of water. The efficiency of the SPS was proved as it showed good performance by supplying power to the oxygenation system compared to the dimensional estimate. Improving the SPS prototype is the main goal of this work so that this oxygenation system could be used in other urban lagoons in the surrounding area without being powered by electrical grid. This makes possible to locate it at any point of the body of water to mitigate the pollution by increasing the amount of DO.

Comparison and Selection of Water Restoration Techniques for Artificial Landscape Lakes in Nantong City

As an important part of urban infrastructure,urban water system is of great and far-reaching significance for ensuring urban flood control and waterlogging safety,protecting ecological environment and building livable homes.Taking the urban water system of Nantong as an example,Nantong Water Resources Bureau issued R evision of Nantong Urban Water System Planning in 2017,and put forward the construction of the"two circles,eight lakes and nine veins"water system layout,giving new vitality to the urban water system.In view of problems existing in newly excavated artificial landscape lakes,such as fragile water ecosystem,strong eutrophication trend,poor environmental sensory effect and unsatisfactory water landscape effect,it is urgent to study the in-situ water ecological restoration technique of"algae-controlling zooplankton+submerged plant community"to build a"grass-type clear water"ecosystem for artificial landscape lakes,so as to improve the water sensory index and self-purification ability and finally realize the double improvement of"sensory effect and water quality"of artificial landscape lakes.

Impact of Urban Land Transformation on Water Bodies in Srinagar City, India

Human actions rather than natural forces are the source of most contemporary changes in the state and flows of the biosphere. Understanding these actions and the social forces that drive them is crucial to understanding, modelling and predicting local, regional as well as global environmental change and also for managing and responding to such change. The present study investigates the patterns of urban land transformation in Srinagar City, which lies in fragile hill eco-system of Kashmir valley. The results points towards unplanned and haphazard urban expansion and transformation. These transformations have severely destroyed the water bodies both in terms of area as well as its quality.

Bacterial Biofilm in Water Bodies of Cherrapunjee: The Rainiest Place on Planet Earth

Bacterial attachment is influenced by the cell surface, attachment media and other environmental factors. Bacterial community composition involved in biofilm formation in extremely high rainfall areas like Cherrapunjee has not been reported. The present study was undertaken to characterize bacteria involved in biofilm formation on different substrata in water bodies of Cherrapunjee, the highest rainfall receiving place on planet earth and to assess if the continuous rainfall has an effect on nature and colonization of biofilm bacteria. We developed the biofilm bacteria on stainless steel and glass surfaces immersed in water bodies of the study sites. Isolation of biofilm bacteria were performed on different culture media followed by estimation of protein and carbohydrate content of bacterial exopolysaccharides. 16S rRNA gene sequences were amplified for molecular characterization. The results showed that the biofilm bacterial diversity in water bodies of Cherrapunjee was influenced by substratum and was observed more in stainless steel than glass surface. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed that biofilm microstructure may represent a key determinant of biofilm growth and physiology of associated bacteria. The overall protein content of the extracted EPS of all the isolates were relatively higher than the carbohydrate content. Diverse bacteria proliferated on the substrata regardless of each other's presence, with more diverse bacteria colonizing the substrata on 7th day compared to 15th day of incubation. The biofilm bacteria compositions in the highest rainfall receiving habitat were not distinctly different from reports available, hence not unique from other water bodies.

Distributive Characteristics of Metallic Nano-particles in China's Urban Water Bodies and their Ecological Risks

Engineering nano-materials & their impact on human health or environmental security constitute a newly emerging R&D hot spot and a key problem now urgently waiting for its solution in supporting the sustainability of China's nano-science and related technology development. At present, water bodies in Chinese cities have been seriously polluted by metallic nano-particles (MNPs) while related monitoring data are found woefully lacking throughout the country. Based on the above understanding, this article gives a round-up explanation on distributive characteristics of MNPs in the river mouths or water bodies of Chinese cities, their ecological hazards as well as our research in this regard, providing some inspiring ideas and data for control over this scourge. In addition, our exploration probes the discharge traits of MNPs themselves and the mechanism underlying its impact on water pollution.

Extracting water body data based on SDWI and threshold segmentation:A case study in permafrost area surrounding Salt Lake in Hoh Xil,Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China

There are a large number of lakes,rivers,and other natural water bodies distributed in the permafrost area of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP).The changes in water bodies will affect the distribution of water resources in sur-rounding areas and downstream areas,resulting in environmental impact and bringing potential flood disasters,which will induce more serious issues and problems in alpine and high-altitude areas with a fragile habitat(such as the QTP in China).Generally,effective,reasonable,and scientific monitoring of large-scale water bodies can not only document the changes in water bodies intuitively,but also provide important theoretical reference for subsequent environmental impact prediction,and disaster prevention and mitigation in due course of time.The large-scale water extraction technology derived from the optical remote sensing(RS)image is seriously affected by clouds,bringing about large differences among the extracted water result products.Synthetic aperture radar(SAR)RS technology has the unique advantage characteristics of all-weather,all-day,strong penetration,and not being affected by clouds,which is hopeful in extracting water body data,especially for days with cloudy weather.The data extraction of large-scale water bodies based on SAR images can effectively avoid the errors caused by clouds that become prevalent at present.In this paper,the Hoh Xil Salt Lake on the QTP and its surrounding five lakes are taken as the research objects.The 2-scene Sentinel-1 SAR image data covering the whole area on 22 August 2022 was used to verify the feasibility of extracting water body data in permafrost zones.Furthermore,on 22 August 2022,the wealth here was cloudy,which made the optical RS images,e.g.,Sentinel-2 images full of clouds.The results show that:using the Sentinel-1 image and threshold segmentation method to extract water body data is efficient and effective with excellent results in permafrost areas.Concretely,the Sentinel-1 dual-polarized water index(SDWI),calculated by combining dual vertical–vertical(VV)polarized and verti-cal–horizontal(VH)polarized data is a useful index for water extraction and the result is better than each of the VV or VH polarized images.

Wave Radiation by a Floating Body in Water of Finite Depth Using an Exact DtN Boundary Condition

The present paper focuses on the wave radiation by an oscillating body with six degrees of freedom by using the DtN artifi-cial boundary condition.The artificial boundary is usually selected as a circle or spherical surface to solve various types of fields,such as sound waves or electromagnetic waves,provided that the considered domain is infinite or unbounded in all directions.However,the substantial wave motion is considered in water of finite depth,that is,the fluid domain is bounded vertically but unbounded horizon-tally.Thus,the DtN boundary condition is given on an artificial cylindrical surface,which divides the water domain into an interior and exterior region.The boundary integral equation is adopted to implement the present model.In the case of a floating cylinder,the results of hydrodynamic coefficients of a chamfer box are discussed.

Oxygen and hydrogen isotope characteristics of different water bodies in the Burqin River Basin of the Altay Mountains,China

Characterization of the spatial and temporal variability of stable isotopes in surface water is essential for interpreting hydrological processes.In this study,we collected the water samples of river water,groundwater,and reservoir water in the Burqin River Basin of the Altay Mountains,China in 2021,and characterized the oxygen and hydrogen isotope variations in different water bodies via instrumental analytics and modeling.Results showed significant seasonal variations in stable isotope ratios of oxygen and hydrogen(δ18O andδ2H,respectively)and significant differences inδ18O andδ2H among different water bodies.Higherδ18O andδ2H values were mainly found in river water,while groundwater and reservoir water had lower isotope ratios.River water and groundwater showed differentδ18O-δ2H relationships with the local meteoric water line,implying that river water and groundwater are controlled by evaporative enrichment and multi-source recharge processes.The evaporative enrichment experienced by reservoir water was less significant and largely influenced by topography,recharge sources,local moisture cycling,and anthropogenic factors.Higher deuterium excess(d-excess)value of 14.34‰for river water probably represented the isotopic signature of combined contributions from direct precipitation,snow and glacial meltwater,and groundwater recharge.The average annual d-excess values of groundwater(10.60‰)and reservoir water(11.49‰)were similar to the value of global precipitation(10.00‰).The findings contribute to understanding the hydroclimatic information reflected in the month-by-month variations in stable isotopes in different water bodies and provide a reference for the study of hydrological processes and climate change in the Altay Mountains,China.

“培土制水”治法的历史源流及其发展初探

“培土制水”渊源于“五行学说”,是对五行制化理论的具体应用,经过历代医家不断发展与完善,已经成为中医治疗疑难杂病的基本治法之一。文章通过文献研究探讨“培土制水”法理论源流以及临床应用,总结认为“培土制水”法首倡于《黄帝内经》,首次应用于《伤寒杂病论》,在北宋时期方书《圣济总录》首次提出,经过宋金元时期的发展,在明清时期逐渐完善,现代医家广泛应用于内伤杂病;“培土制水”理论不仅指狭义的健脾制水,还应包括“宽脾利水”“温阳利水”“摄纳肾气”等。“培土制水”的实际含义是通过调理脾土等脏腑机能,使水液代谢以及肾脏功能恢复正常,拓展了临床治疗的实践思路。

基于机器学习的寒区渠道冰情的遥感监测方法

寒区渠道冬季运行时常出现冰情,控制平封的封冻过程会大幅降低渠道输水能力,调控不当甚至可能产生冰塞、冰坝等灾害。国内外开展了大量渠道冰情研究,以期提升渠道冰期输水能力,但受限于观测资料的时空密度,数值模拟结果难以验证,调度决策缺少依据。遥感技术因其具有监测范围大、时效性高的特性,在渠道冰情监测中具有较大的应用潜力。为探索适用于寒区渠道冰情遥感监测的方法,该研究以南水北调中线京石段明渠段为研究区,基于Sentinel-2影像的11个波段反射率构建了完全特征、优选特征和组合特征3类特征空间数据集,作为支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)、最大似然估计(maximum likelihood estimation,MLE)、随机森林(random forest,RF)分类算法输入,训练得到了9个地物分类器,用于渠道结冰范围识别,并采用北拒马闸前影像渠道结冰范围提取试验,对比不同分类算法和输入特征组合下的分类性能。结果表明:在渠道结冰范围识别中,近红外、可见光和短波红外是关键波段。在样本数量有限的条件下,SVM算法结冰范围识别精度最高,不同特征输入下制图精度(producer’s accuracy,PA)可达85.10%~87.91%,错分误差(commission error,CE)为10.84%~16.08%;RF算法在完全特征和优选特征输入下分类精度与SVM接近,PA为84.67%~86.61%,CE为13.76%~14.41%,但其在组合特征下分类结果严重偏离实际;MLE算法在3类特征下的分类精度均较低,不适宜作为渠道结冰范围识别算法。综合来看,SVM算法对特征空间敏感性较低,在不同的特征输入下均能实现渠道结冰范围的高精度提取;RF算法对特征空间敏感性较高,当输入特征发生变化时,结冰范围识别精度不稳定。最后以完全特征下的SVM算法为例,进行了分类器的时空泛化性验证,结果表明模型在不同时间、不同渠段下,制图精度不低于82.09%,错分误差不高于13.82%,分类模型精度均较好,能有效识别渠道结冰范围。该研究方法可为寒区输水工程冰情监测提供新思路,亦可为类似工作提供参考。

川西须二气藏产水气井合理配产方案探讨

川西须二气藏储层致密,气井普遍产水,且断缝体规模和水体强度差异大,渗流机理复杂,使得单一产能模型和配产方法适用性差。综合因素导致气井合理配产方案不明确,从而制约了气藏的规模生产和效益开发。文中建立了考虑启动压力梯度、应力敏感等影响的气井气水两相产能评价模型,结合采气指示曲线法、动态分析法、无阻流量法及数学统计法,分别探讨了不同断缝体规模、不同水体强度及综合考虑2种因素影响的气井合理配产方案,须二气藏开发实践证实了其有效性和可靠性。此外,气井配产量与断缝体规模和水体强度的相关性明显,整体表现为裂缝越发育,配产量越高,配产比越低;水体强度越高,配产量越低,配产比也越小。该研究对川西须二气藏气井的合理工作制度制定与气井稳定生产具有较大的实际价值。