Study on Tanshinone Extracted from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. Dregs

[Objective]The aim was to extract tanshinone from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. dregs and to determine tanshinone components. [Method]Organic solvent method was adopted to extract tanshinone from S. miltiorrhiza dregs and TLC was used to determine the optimum extraction solvent. The components of tanshinone were measured with HPLC. [Result]Ether was the best solvent to extract tanshinone from S. miltiorrhiza dregs. After water immersion,dry dregs of S. miltiorrhiza and Panax notoginseng were extracted with ethanol to obtain fat-soluble extracts. Then with ether as the solvent for Soxhlet extraction,the yield of crude tanshinone was 2.17%. The HPLC detection showed that the contents of tanshinone Ⅱ A,methylene tanshinquinone,cryptotanshinone,tanshinone Ⅰ were 3.62%,1.02%,2.56%,2.75% respectively. [Conclusion]The components of tanshinone in S. miltiorrhiza dregs were basically the same as tanshinone in medicine S. miltiorrhiza. S. miltiorrhiza dregs could be used as a kind of tanshinone resource,which has the value of development and utilization.

Optimization of Microwave Extraction of Flavonoids from Water Chestnut Skin Dregs with Response Surface Method

[Objective] In order to take full advantage of processing by-product of water chestnut, the microwave extraction method of flavonoids from water chestnut skin dregs was optimized. The extracted flavonoids had a relatively high yield. [Method] The Box-Behnken design-based response surface method was adopted to optimize the microwave extraction of flavonoids from water chestnut skin dregs, a by-product of water chestnut starch. The mathematical relationships between various influencing factors and flavonoids yield were established. [Result] The optimum extraction conditions of flavonoids from water chestnut skin dregs were as follows： ethanol concentration of 55.4%, solid/liquid ratio of 1：30 g/ml, microwave power of 320 W, microwave time of 3 min and microwave time of 2 times. Under the optimum extraction conditions, the theoretical flavonoids yield was 2.376%. However, the actual flavonoids yield under the optimum extraction conditions was 2.365%. The relative error between actual values and theoretically predicted values was 0.461%. [Conclusion] The results showed the optimized extraction method is reliable, and it can provide a reference for the comprehensive and highly efficient utilization of water chestnut processing wastes.

Optimization of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition by rice dregs hydrolysates using response surface methodology

Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides have been shown to have antihypertensive effects and have been utilized for physiologically functional foods and pharmaceuticals. The ACE inhibitory ability of a hydrolysate is de- termined by its peptide composition. However, the peptide composition of a hydrolysate depends on proteolytic enzyme and the hydrolysis conditions. In this study, the effect of process conditions on the ACE inhibitory activity of rice dregs hydrolyzed with a trypsin was investigated systematically using response surface methodology. It was shown that the ACE inhibitory activity of rice dregs hydrolysates could be controlled by regulation of five process conditions. Hydrolysis conditions for optimal ACE inhibition were defined using the response surface model of fractional factorial design (FFD), steepest ascent design, and central composite design (CCD).

Preparation of Thermal Insulation Ceramics Using Felsic Tailings as Main Raw Material and Soda-ash Dregs as Flux

Low-cost thermal insulation porous ceramics with uniform pore diameter and low bulk density were prepared with soda-ash dregs and felsic tailings.We investigated the effect of temperature,foaming agent,fluxing agent,Al_(2)O_(3)and CaO content on the pore structure and crystal phase of porous ceramics.The effect of Ca^(2+)in soda-ash dregs on the preparation of quartz-feldspar based porous ceramics was studied.The results showed that the contribution of Ca^(2+)to the preparation of porous ceramics in this system was mainly to accelerate the Si-O bond fracture and reduce the sintering temperature at the initial stage of sintering,which destroyed the needle-like feldspar in the high temperature melt and reduced the melt viscosity,thus reduced the foaming resistance and promoted the porous products with uniform pore size distribution.The Ca^(2+)content on the high side can participate in the formation of crystals in sintering.The generated needle-like diopside and augite,which have small length-diameter ratio,will negligibly change in the viscosity of melt at high temperatures,and their inhibition effect on pores is not as good as that of feldspar with large length-diameter ratio,resulting in the merger and collapse of pores.But the increase of diopside and augite can improve the compressive strength of porous products to some extent.Porous ceramic products containing needle-like feldspar phase can be prepared by using two kinds of solid waste,which can improve the compressive strength of the products and reduce the raw material cost and energy consumption while comprehensively utilizing the double solid waste.The optimal product has a bulk density of 0.45 g/cm^(3),a compressive strength of 3.17 MPa,and a thermal conductivity of 0.11 W/(m·K).

Effect of Glycerol Concentration and Heating Treatment on Delignification and Bioethanol Production of Sago Dregs

The purpose of this paper was to find the suitable condition between glycerol concentration and heating time treatment in the process of delignification and bioethanol production. The production of bioethanol consisted of 3 main stages： hydrolysis, fermentation, and distillation. The best result was obtained by a glycerol concentration of 90% and 15 minutes of heating time. It was used to delignify the lignocellulose biomass waste of the sago dregs originally containing 36.56% of lignin, 37.6% of or-cellulose and 39.51% of holocellulose. Then after being delignificated by 90% of glycerol concentration with 15 minutes heating time, the lignin content decreased to 19.3%, while a-cellulose increased to 39.64% and holocellulose also increased to 62.18%. After the delignification was successful, it was followed by the bioethanol production to produce 25% of bioethanol. This research is expected to overcome the problem of the energy crisis, food crisis, and environmental pollution by the sago dregs.

Exploration of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitory peptides from walnut dreg proteins based on in silico and in vitro analysis

Walnut dreg protein hydrolysates(WDPHs)exhibit a variety of biological activities,however,the cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2)inhibitory peptide of WDPHs remain unclear.The aim of this study was to rapidly screen for such peptides in WDPHs through a combination of in silico and in vitro analysis.In total,1262 peptide sequences were observed by nano liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry(nano LC-MS/MS)and 4 novel COX-2 inhibitory peptides(AGFP,FPGA,LFPD,and VGFP)were identified.Enzyme kinetic data indicated that AGFP,FPGA,and LFPD displayed mixed-type COX-2 inhibition,whereas VGFP was a non-competitive inhibitor.This is mainly because the peptides form hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions with residues in the COX-2 active site.These results demonstrate that computer analysis combined with in vitro evaluation allows for rapid screening of COX-2 inhibitory peptides in walnut protein dregs.

Study of Products Distilled Spirits with Cassava Dregs

In this paper,Cassava dregs are an outgrowth produced during starchy production which uses cassava as raw material.It is usually dropped out or used as cheap feedstuff.In order to make the best use of cassava dregs,increase industrie'sbenefits and reduce castoff this study developed a new technique which used cassava dregs as raw material to produce distilled spirits based on cassava dregs characteristics.The technique adopt solid-ferment procedure.At first,the ferment is processed by solid-state distilling,and then rectification extra care refine-ment;at last the tequila was produced with characteristics of simple and elegant fragrance and mellow-tasting.

Development of Bean Dreg Bread and Quality Evaluation

The research compared differences between bean dreg breads and common breads from perspectives of sensory quality, texture and taste.

糟渣类饲料作为饲料原料在畜禽生产中的应用现状

我国糟渣类饲料资源丰富,分布广泛,价格低廉,用作动物饲料原料具有非常高的应用价值。主要搜集和梳理了糟渣类饲料原料的类别、特点以及白酒糟、啤酒糟、豆腐渣和果渣作为饲料原料在动物生产中的应用现状及前景。研究发现,糟渣类饲料可以作为豆粕-玉米基础日粮替代计划的选项。

基于模糊数学评价红菌豆渣对猪肉丸品质的影响

将红菌豆渣添加到猪肉糜中,探讨不同红菌豆渣添加量对猪肉丸色泽、持水性、损失率、流变特性和质构特性的影响,结合模糊数学感官评价法对其作综合评价。结果表明:红菌豆渣猪肉丸的持水率、咀嚼性、硬度、胶着性和储能模量G`值随红菌豆渣添加量的增加而上升,白度值降低,蒸煮损失率先降后略微上升,弹性和回复性变化不明显。当红菌豆渣添加质量分数12%时,产品出品率较高,口感品质好,感官综合评分最高。添加红菌豆渣可以改善猪肉丸的品质,为猪肉丸开发提供新思路。

构树豆渣饼干制作工艺优化

以豆渣添加量、构树叶粉添加量、低筋面粉添加量和白砂糖添加量为研究因素,以感官评分为考察指标,采用单因素和正交试验优化构树豆渣饼的制作工艺。结果表明,构树豆渣饼干的最佳配方为豆渣添加量50%、低筋面粉添加量30%、构树叶粉添加量5%和白砂糖添加量20%,此配方下制作的饼干酥脆香口、口感饱满,有特殊的豆香味和清香味。

发酵五味健脾颗粒药渣对育肥羊生长性能、抗氧化能力和肠道菌群的影响

试验旨在研究发酵五味健脾颗粒药渣对育肥羊生长性能、抗氧化能力和肠道菌群的影响。选择体重为(25.0±2.0)kg的健康育肥羊18只,随机分为3组,每组3个重复,每个重复2只羊。对照组(C组)饲喂基础饲粮,未发酵药渣组(UF组)在基础饲粮中添加5%未发酵药渣,发酵药渣组(F组)在基础饲粮中添加5%发酵药渣。试验期30 d。结果显示,与C组相比,F组平均日增重显著增加31.3%(P<0.05),料重比显著降低26.0%(P<0.05);血清中总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)、总超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性均显著升高(P<0.05)。发酵药渣可以增加育肥羊肠道菌群OTU数目,提高菌群物种丰富度和多样性,提高疣微菌门、理研菌科-RC9肠群、密螺旋体属和阿克曼氏菌属等有益菌的丰度。研究表明,饲粮中添加5%发酵药渣能够改善育肥羊生长性能,增强抗氧化能力,提高肠道有益菌的丰度,改善肠道健康。

响应面法优化豆渣超微粉煎饼加工工艺研究

以豆渣超微粉和小麦粉等为原料制备煎饼,采用单因素试验和响应面试验研究了豆渣超微粉煎饼加工工艺,选取了豆渣超微粉和小麦粉比例、水的添加量和食盐的添加量三个影响较大的因素,采用响应面法优化了最佳工艺。结果表明,豆渣超微粉煎饼的最佳工艺条件为:豆渣超微粉和小麦粉比例2∶8,水的添加量150%,食盐添加量1.2%。此时感官得分平均值为93.8,与理论值较为接近,说明该模型可靠。

封孔器锥面端头与钻孔残留煤渣的力学作用分析及应用

分析封孔器锥面端头与钻孔残留煤渣的力学作用,有助于利用锥面端头的减阻效应,提高封孔器的送入孔深与速度。首先,在锥面端头受力分析基础上,推导了锥面端头移动最小推力计算公式,并通过试验研究验证了其正确性;然后,分析了堆积煤渣承受的侧向力,并揭示了锥面端头减阻机理;最后,应用理论研究结果,提出了锥面端头优化设计思路,改进了封孔器,并开展了现场试验。试验结果表明:锥面端头移动最小推力与端头重力、端头锥面角度、端头锥面与煤渣的最大静摩擦系数、堆积煤渣厚度和端头锥底半径均呈正相关性关系(与锥面角度呈正切函数关系);锥面端头通过降低堆积煤渣厚度及接触面顶端堆积煤渣剪切应力实现减阻;改进型封孔器可以降低阻力、提高送入速度与孔深。

发酵豆渣添加量对馒头品质影响研究

发酵豆渣是一种营养价值较高的发酵食品,添加到馒头中可以提高馒头的营养价值。为了解发酵豆渣对馒头品质的影响,研究不同发酵豆渣添加量对馒头的白度、色泽、理化特性、质构特性、感官品质的影响。结果表明,发酵豆渣添加量在30%以内时,感官评分大于70分,白度、色泽、高径比、质构特性在可接受的范围内。当发酵豆渣添加量在10%以内时,对馒头的品质影响较小,馒头面团的发酵活力和馒头品质较优,但随着发酵豆渣添加量的增多,馒头品质下降。以部分的发酵豆渣作为馒头的原料,是提高豆渣利用率的有效途径。

米曲霉菌发酵豆渣制备饼干的工艺研究与品质分析

为充分利用豆渣并适应人们营养健康需求,本试验将以米曲霉菌发酵后的豆渣制成富含膳食纤维的豆渣饼干。通过单因素试验探讨豆渣、起酥油、白砂糖、脱脂牛奶对豆渣饼干食品感官的影响,在此基础上进行响应面分析,优化豆渣饼干的配方。结果表明:发酵式豆渣饼干的最佳配方(以烘焙百分比表示)为豆渣添加量31%,起酥油添加量41%,脱脂牛奶添加量36%,白砂糖添加量21%。按照此配方生产出的豆渣饼干色泽金黄,酥脆适中,甜度适宜,硬度为33.75 N,内聚性为0.25 Ratio,弹性为0.45 mm,咀嚼性为3.74 Jm,与市场畅销饼干的客观数据接近。各理化指标符合国家标准,发酵豆渣饼干水分含量为3.60%,灰分含量为1.30%,水分活度为0.73,粗脂肪含量为26.00 g·(100 g)^(-1),粗蛋白含量为10.63 g·(100 g)^(-1),膳食纤维含量为6.24 g·(100 g)^(-1)。结果为制备出具良好的市场前景的富含膳食纤维的豆渣饼干奠定基础。

羊粪、食用菌菌渣及鸡粪混合堆肥的效果研究

为了解决集约化、规模化畜禽养殖生产中废弃物资源化利用问题,探究食用菌菌渣、鸡粪跟羊粪废弃物混合的堆肥效果,该试验以羊粪为主要堆肥原料,配合不同比例的鸡粪、食用菌菌渣和亚硒酸钠,设CK、GA、GB、GC 4个组(羊粪含量分别为100%、70%、60%和50%),并接种粪便微生物发酵菌,混合后进行好氧堆肥。通过检测堆体温度、pH、堆料物理、化学、生物指标及堆料发酵好后有机肥的品质性状,从粪便肥料化的角度确定羊粪、鸡粪及食用菌菌渣混合好氧堆肥的最适配比。结果表明,与对照组相比,GA、GB及GC处理缩短了升温时间,提高堆温2~3℃,同时延长了高温时间,且GC处理的促升温、增温效应优于GA和GB处理;堆肥第15天,各试验组pH达最大值,且GC的pH值最高,堆体碱性最强;堆肥完成时,与CK相比,GA、GB及GC处理的TN、TP和总养分含量都有极显著提高(P<0.01),同时GC的有机质含量高于GA和GB;4个处理的重金属含量、蛔虫卵死亡率及粪大肠菌群数均达到NY 525-2012《有机肥料》的标准。综合以上结果,GC处理(羊粪50%+鸡粪20%+菌渣30%)配合比例有最好的堆肥效果及有机肥品质,优选该比例来对羊粪、鸡粪及食用菌菌渣进行肥料化处理。

弃土坡面不同建植恢复方式的减流减沙效应

[目的]生产建设项目弃土场进行植被恢复后能够有效防治水土流失。探讨弃土场不同植被恢复方式的减流减沙效果,可以为弃土场后续治理与监管提供理论依据。[方法]选取皖西大别山区生产建设项目弃土,通过人工模拟降雨试验获得不同建植方式(撒播、条播、穴播)和植被恢复阶段(生长期、成熟期、枯萎期)的弃土坡面产流产沙特征,并利用累积距平等方法分析其规律和差异。[结果]相对裸坡,植被恢复可有效延缓初始产流时间,撒播种植的效果最为明显。不同建植方式均起到一定的减流减沙效应,坡面累积产流产沙量呈现出:撒播<条播<穴播<裸坡以及生长期<成熟期<枯萎期的规律;坡面产沙与产流过程存在差异性,减流效应弱于减沙效应。[结论]建植方式减流减沙效益表现为撒播优于条播,穴播最差。生长期减流减沙效益优于成熟期,枯萎期最差。撒播方式在生长期内呈现出最佳的减流减沙效益,减流率和减沙率分别达到49.6%,95.5%。

豆腐渣堆肥过程中的多维光谱解析与建模

以豆腐渣为底物进行混合好氧堆肥,采用三维荧光光谱(3-D excitation-emission fluorescence spectra,3D-EEMs)分析了堆肥产物淋溶上清液水溶性有机物(dissolved organic matter,DOM)的组成,运用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(Fourier transform infrared spectrometer,FTIR)技术解析了堆肥样品中官能团信息。利用三维荧光结合平行因子法研究了堆肥过程中DOM的动态变化过程,分析得出两种组分即可见区类色氨酸(E_(x)/E_(m)=285 nm/350 nm)与类腐殖酸(E_(x)/E_(m)=335 nm/415 nm),其中,E_(x)为激发波长,E_(m)为发射波长。随着堆肥的不断进行,可见区类色氨酸荧光强度逐渐下降,类腐殖酸荧光强度逐渐上升,表明堆肥进入腐熟阶段。FTIR分析表明堆肥过程中多糖类小分子物质逐渐减少,而腐殖酸类大分子物质逐渐增加。进一步运用近红外光谱(near-infrared spectroscopy,NIRS)和区间偏最小二乘法等化学计量学方法构建了堆肥过程有机质含量分析预测模型,结果表明,优化选择区间5831.95~6086.52 cm^(-1)可以建立稳健的有机质定量分析模型,堆肥有机质实测值与近红外预测值的相关系数(R)为0.9861、交叉验证均方差(root mean square error of cross validation,RMSECV)为0.8247、偏差(Bias)为0.005,表明堆肥有机质含量与近红外光谱具有较好的相关性。

豆渣可溶性膳食纤维的提取及其制备可食用膜的研究

豆渣是大豆加工的大宗副产物,富含膳食纤维。采用微波辅助酶解水提法提取豆渣可溶性膳食纤维(SDF),然后将其制成可食用膜。通过单因素试验和正交试验优化后的提取工艺参数为水料比25∶1(mL/g)、纤维素酶添加量3%、水解时间2 h,此条件下豆渣SDF提取率为18.65%。然后通过正交试验优化了用豆渣SDF制备可食用膜的配方为SDF 1.0 g、甘油4.5 g、CMC 1.0 g、海藻酸钠1.5 g。用最优配方制备的可食用膜具有良好的性能:膜厚度0.032 mm、透明度13.26%、溶解速度25 s/g、水蒸气透过系数0.61 g·mm/m^(2)·d·kPa、透油系数4.15 g·mm/m^(2)·d。该研究可为豆渣的深加工提供方法参考,所制备的可食用膜有望用于食品加工、包装行业。