Role of tannin pretreatment in flotation separation of magnesite and dolomite

Flotation separation of magnesite and its calcium-containing carbonate minerals is a difficult problem.Recently,new regulat-ors have been proposed for magnesite flotation decalcification,although traditional regulators such as tannin,water glass,sodium carbon-ate,and sodium hexametaphosphate are more widely used in industry.However,they are rarely used as the main regulators in research because they perform poorly in magnesite and dolomite single-mineral flotation tests.Inspired by the limonite presedimentation method and the addition of a regulator to magnesite slurry mixing,we used a tannin pretreatment method for separating magnesite and dolomite.Microflotation experiments confirmed that the tannin pretreatment method selectively and largely reduces the flotation recovery rate of dolomite without affecting the flotation recovery rate of magnesite.Moreover,the contact angles of the tannin-pretreated magnesite and dolomite increased and decreased,respectively,in the presence of NaOl.Zeta potential and Fourier transform infrared analyses showed that the tannin pretreatment method efficiently hinders NaOl adsorption on the dolomite surface but does not affect NaOl adsorption on the magnesite surface.X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations confirmed that tannin interacts more strongly with dolomite than with magnesite.

Biochemistry and transcriptome analysis reveal condensed tannins alleviate liver injury induced by regulating cholesterol metabolism pathway

Free cholesterol has been considered to be a critical risk factor of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD).It remains unknown whether dietary intake of condensed tannins(CTs)have distinguishable effects to alleviate liver damage caused by a high cholesterol diet.Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a high cholesterol diet for 6 weeks,and given CTs treatment at a dosage of 200 mg/(kg·day)at the same time.The results indicated that compared with mice fed a normal diet,a high cholesterol diet group resulted in significant weight loss,dysregulation of lipid metabolism in blood and liver,and oxidative stress in the liver,but CTs treatment dramatically reversed these negative effects.Hematoxylin and eosin(H&E)staining and frozen section observation manifested that CTs treatment could effectively reduce the deposition of liver cholesterol and tissue necrosis caused by high cholesterol intake.CTs alleviated liver injury mainly by regulating the expression of related genes in cholesterol metabolism pathway and AMPK phosphorylation.Our results confirmed that CTs have remarkable cholesterol lowering and anti-liver injury effects in vivo.

A Review on Sources,Extractions and Analysis Methods of a Sustainable Biomaterial:Tannins

Condensed and hydrolysable tannins are non-toxic natural polyphenols that are a commercial commodity industrialized for tanning hides to obtain leather and for a growing number of other industrial applications mainly to substitute petroleum-based products.They are a definite class of sustainable materials of the forestry industry.They have been in operation for hundreds of years to manufacture leather and now for a growing number of applications in a variety of other industries,such as wood adhesives,metal coating,pharmaceutical/medical applications and several others.This review presents the main sources,either already or potentially commercial of this forestry by-materials,their industrial and laboratory extraction systems,their systems of analysis with their advantages and drawbacks,be these methods so simple to even appear primitive but nonetheless of proven effectiveness,or very modern and instrumental.It constitutes a basic but essential summary of what is necessary to know of these sustainable materials.In doing so,the review highlights some of the main challenges that remain to be addressed to deliver the quality and economics of tannin supply necessary to fulfill the industrial production requirements for some materials-based uses.

Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight(MALDI-TOF)-Mass Spectrometry and^(13)C-NMR-Identified New Compounds in Paraberlinia bifoliolata(Ekop-Beli)Bark Tannins

Extracts of plant origin,particularly tannins,are attracting growing interest for the sustainable development of materials in the industrial sector.The discovery of new tannins is therefore necessary.The aim of this work was to contribute to the understanding of the properties of Paraberlinia bifoliolata tannin by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectroscopy MALDI-TOF/MS and Carbon 13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance(13C NMR).The chemical composition of tannin extracted from Paraberlinia bifoliolata bark was determined,as was the mechanical strength of the resin hardened with Acacia nilotica extracts.Yield by successive water extraction was 35%.MALDI-TOF/MS analysis revealed the presence of three new compounds in this tannin,previously unknown in this family of extracts.These are 3-hydroxyproline acid,N-methyl-4-hydroxypipecolic acid and N-methyl-5-dihydroxypipecolic acid.The identification of the above molecules means that this tannin can be used for industrial applications,as a resin in the manufacture of particleboard and in the formulation of green corrosion inhibitors.This information is reinforced by 13C NMR spectrometry,which indicates the presence of several polyflavonoid units,confirming the condensed nature of the tannin.Thermomechanical analysis of the resin formed by the purified tannin of Paraberlinia bifoliolata to which a vegetal biohardener has been added provided a Modulus of Elasticity(MOE)value of 4840 MPa at 150℃,confirming its possible use as a binder resin in the manufacture of wood panels as well as for the formulation of a corrosion inhibitor.

Shear Resistance of Siltous Sands Improved with Bridelia Tannins

The ruin of several civil engineering works occurs due to shear rupture of the ground. When the stress is greater than the shear resistance, the internal friction angle and the cohesion of the soil loosen and rupture occurs. Cement and lime are often used to stabilize soils and improve soil strength. The costs and environmental problems of these technologies raise concerns and challenge researchers to innovate with clean, inexpensive materials, accessible to the most disadvantaged social classes. The question that this study seeks to answer is whether the binders derived from plant tannins, which also stabilize soils, improve the shear resistance of these soils. To do this, we determined for silty sand the shear parameters, notably the cohesion and the angle of internal friction in the non-stabilized state and when they are stabilized with the powder of the bark of the Bridelia under different water states. The results show that the addition of Bridelia powder to silty sand increases the cohesion of the soil by nearly 70.71% and the friction angle by 4.31%. But in unfavourable water conditions, the cohesion and internal friction angle of the silty sand material improved with Bridelia bark powder drops drastically by nearly 81.56%. but does not dissolve completely as for the same material. When it is not stabilized. This information is an invaluable contribution in the search for solutions to increase the durability of earthen constructions by improving the water-repellent properties of soils.

Composite Panels from the Combination of Rice Husk and Wood Chips with a Natural Resin Based on Tannins Reinforced with Sugar Cane Molasses Intended for Building Insulation: Physico-Mechanical and Thermal Properties

The objective of this work is to develop new biosourced insulating composites from rice husks and wood chips that can be used in the building sector. It appears from the properties of the precursors that rice chips and husks are materials which can have good thermal conductivity and therefore the combination of these precursors could make it possible to obtain panels with good insulating properties. With regard to environmental and climatic constraints, the composite panels formulated at various rates were tested and the physico-mechanical and thermal properties showed that it was essential to add a crosslinker in order to increase certain solicitation. an incorporation rate of 12% to 30% made it possible to obtain panels with low thermal conductivity, a low surface water absorption capacity and which gives the composite good thermal insulation and will find many applications in the construction and real estate sector. Finally, new solutions to improve the fire reaction of the insulation panels are tested which allows to identify suitable solutions for the developed composites. In view of the flame tests, the panels obtained are good and can effectively combat fire safety in public buildings.

Hydrolysable Chestnut Tannin Extract Chemical Complexity in Its Reactions for Non-Isocyanate Polyurethanes(NIPU)Foams

Non-isocyanate polyurethane(NIPU)foams from a commercial hydrolysable tannin extract,chestnut wood tannin extract,have been prepared to determine what chemical species and products are taking part in the reactions involved.This method is based on two main steps:the reaction with dimethyl carbonate and the formation of urethane bonds by further reaction of the carbonated tannin with a diamine-like hexamethylene diamine.The hydroxyl groups on the tannin polyphenols and on the carbohydrates intimately linked with it and part of a hydrolysable tannin are the groups involved in these reactions.The carbohydrate skeleton of the hydrolysable tannin is also able to participate through its hydroxyl groups to the same two reactions rendering the whole molecular complex able to react to form NIPUs.The analysis by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization(MALDI-TOF)mass spectrometry and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance(13C NMR)to further investigate the reaction mechanisms involved revealed the unsuspected complexity of chestnut hydrolysable tannin,with different fragments reacting in different manners forming a hardened network of considerable complexity.As the morphology and performance of these types of foams changes slightly with the change in the amount of glutaraldehyde and hexamine hardeners,the best performing foam formulation previously determined was scanned by SEM and analysed chemically for the structures formed.

Little Secrets for the Successful Industrial Use of Tannin Adhesives:A Review

This brief article reviews a very particular and quite narrowfield,namely what has been done and what is needed to know for tannin adhesives for wood panels to succeed industrially.The present fashionable focus on bioadhe-sives has led to producing chemical adhesive formulations and approaches for tannin adhesives as a subject of academic publications.These,as good and original they might be,are and will still remain a rather empty aca-demic exercise if not put to the test of real industrial trials and industrial use.They will remain so without the“little”secrets and techniques outlined here that show that there is a great gap between developing an adhesive formulation in the laboratory and the hard reality to make it work where it does really count,in its industrial application.It outlines the fact that even more modern and excellent,newly developed bioadhesive formulations might well miserably fail once tried in the industry if the problems that always arise in their upgrading are not identified and solved,and solved well.It also outlines the fact that not only must costs always be taken into account and that a practical and possibly easy-to-handle approach must always be used,but too expensive or complex and unyielding adhesive systems are also often shown to be unusable or unsuitable in industry.

A Review of Soy-Tannin Gelling for Resins Applications

Soy flour(SF),soy protein and soy protein isolates(SPI)have been the focus of increasing research on their application as new materials for a variety of applications,mainly for wood adhesives and other resins.Tannins too have been the focus of increasing research for similar applications.While both materials are classed as non-toxic and have achieved interesting results the majority of the numerous and rather inventive approaches have still relied on some sort of hardeners or cross-linkers to bring either of them or even their combination to achieve acceptable results.The paper after a presentation of the two materials and their characteristics concentrates on the formation of gels,gelling and even hardening in the case of soy-tannin combined resins.The chapter than finishes with details of the formation of resins giving suitable wood adhesive of acceptable performance by the covalent coreaction of soy protein and tannin without any other hardener,thus totally bio-sourced,non-toxic and environment friendly as a base of further advances to expect in future by these two materials combination.

Self-Cross-Linked Tannin-Aminated Tannin Surface Coatings for Particleboard

Aminated tannins were prepared by reacting mimosa condensed tannin extract with ammonia yielding the substitution of many,if not all of the tannin hydroxyl groups with–NH_(2)groups.A tannin-aminated tannin(ATT)particleboard coating was then prepared by reacting raw tannin extract with aminated tannin extract and thus cross-linking the two by substituting tannin’s hydroxyl groups with the–NH_(2)groups on the aminated tannin to form–NH-bridges between the two.The resulting particleboard coating gave encouraging results when pressed at 180℃for 3 min.Conversely,the system in which tannin was reacted/cross-liked with urea(ATU)by a similar amination reaction did not perform as well as the ATT system,and this even when a higher curing temperature and longer hot press time were used.In particular its water repellence was worse probably due to the presence of urea and such a system with lower reactivity.Nonetheless,substituting the tannin–OHs with the urea–NH_(2)groups appeared to also take place.ATT gave better results than ATU as regards water repellence and mechanical resistance as shown by the cross cut test.The ATT system was shown to be between 95%and 98%biosourced.The difference appeared to be due,by TMA analysis,to the much faster formation of the ATT hardened network leading to a better cross-linked polymer coating.The chemical species formed for both the ATT and ATU system were studied by MALDI ToF and CP MAS^(13)C NMR.

Two-Step Preparation of Hierarchical Porous Carbon Materials Derived from Tannin for Use as an Electrode Material for Supercapacitors

The development and utilization of biomass and agroforestry processing byproducts for high-value applications have been an important topic in the field of renewable materials research.Based on this,a two-step microwave hydrothermal pre-carbonization and KOH activation method was proposed to synthesize tannin-based activated carbons with a high specific surface area,hierarchical pore structure,and good electrochemical performance.The microstructure,texture properties,and physicochemical characteristics were investigated.The results show that the prepared tannin-based activated carbons presented a hierarchical pore structure(micro-and mesopores)with a specific surface area as high as 997.46 m^(3) g^(−1).The electrochemical analysis shows that the tannin-based activated carbons have good wettability and charge transfer rates.Under the three-electrode system with 6 M KOH as the electrolyte,the active material TAC_(600-4) had a maximum specific capacitance of 171 F g^(−1)at 0.5 A g^(−1).As the current density increases to 10 A g^(−1),the specific capacitance can still be maintained at 149 F g^(−1),indicating a good rate capability.Therefore,the specific surface area and pore size of tannin-based activated carbons can be effectively adjusted by the alkali/carbon ratio,making it a promising supercapacitor electrode material and providing a new method for the high-value development of tannins in the field of electrochemical energy storage.

Modification of Wood by Tannin-Furfuryl Alcohol Resins-Effect on Dimensional Stability,Mechanical Properties and Decay Durability

Furfurylation is a well-known wood modification technology.This paper studied the effect of tannin addition on the wood furfurylation.Three kinds of dicarboxylic acids,adipic acid,succinic acid,and tartaric acid,as well as glyoxal as a comparing agent,were used to catalyse the polymerisation of furanic or tannin-furanic solutions during wood modification.Impregnation of furanic or tannin-furanic solution at a certain concentration into the wood followed with curing at 103℃for a specific duration was performed for the wood modification.Different properties of the modified woods like dimensional stability,resistance of treatment to leaching,mechanical properties,decay durability against white-rot(Coriolus versicolor,Pycnoporus sanguineus)and brown-rot(Coniophora puteana)as well as their chemical and anatomical characteristics were evaluated.Results revealed that the partial substitution of FA by the tannins improved the fixation of the chemicals impregnated in wood.Further,dimensional stability,leaching resistance,Brinell hardness,modulus of elasticity/modulus of rupture,and decay durability properties of the furfurylated wood were also improved in the presence of tannins.Scanning electron microscopy revealed the deposition of the polymer in the wood lumen cells and in the wood cell walls.

Flexible Biofoams Based on Furanics and Fatty Acids Esterified Tannin

Water repellant,flexible biofoams using tannin esterified with various fatty acid chains,namely lauric,palmitic and oleic acids,by reaction with lauryl chloride,palmitoyl chloride,and oleyl chloride were developed and their characteristics compared with the equivalently esterified rigid biofoams.Glycerol,while initially added to control the reaction temperature,was used as a plasticizer yielding flexible biofoams presenting the same water repellant character that the equivalent rigid foams.Acetaldehyde was used as the cross-linking agent instead of formaldehyde,as it showed a better performance with the esterified tannin.The compression results showed a significant decrease of the Modulus of Elasticity(MOE)of the flexible foams in relation to that of the rigid foams,confirming their flexible character.The lauryl-and palmitoyl-esterified biofoams presented similar mechanical properties,while the oleyl-esterified biofoam presented different mechanical and morphological result not really showing the expected flexibility.Both the esterified rigid and flexible tannin-based biofoams showed good water resistance and their sessile drop contact angle analysis as a function of time confirmed this characteristic.Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM)analysis showed the flexible foams to present a higher proportion of closed cells than the rigid foams.Conversely,the cells depth of the flexible foams was lower than that of the rigid foam.As regards their thermal resistance,the flexible foams showed a slight loss of mass compared to the rigid ones without glycerol.Both types of foams presented much lower surface friability of non-esterified rigid foams.

Study on the Preparation Process Optimization of Plywood Based on a Full Biomass Tannin-Sucrose Wood Adhesive

Biomass adhesive is conducive to decreasing the dependence of the wood adhesive industry on synthetic resin based on fossil resources and improving the market competitiveness of adhesives.It is also a critical breakthrough to realize the goal of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality in the wood industry.In this study,a full biomass wood adhesive composed of tannin and sucrose was developed and applied successfully to the preparation of ply-wood.The preparation technique of plywood was optimized,and the chemical structure,curing performance,crystallization property and thermal performance of the adhesive were investigated.Results showed that:(1)hot-pressing temperature played a decisive role in the performances of tannin-sucrose composite adhesives and it also had a very significant influence on the water resistance of plywood.(2)The preparation of tannin-sucrose composite adhesive was a process in which sucrose was transformed into furan aldehydes and then made cross-linking reaction with tannin.These composite adhesives could only get good bonding performances when the curing temperature was above 210℃.(3)The optimal plywood preparation technique was:hot-pressing tem-perature of 220℃,hot-pressing time of 1.2 min/mm,m(tannin):m(sucrose)of 60:40,and adhesive loading of 160 g/m^(2).The wet bonding strength in boiling water of the prepared plywood was 0.83 MPa,meeting the strength requirements of Type-I plywood in the standard of GB/T 17657-2013.(4)The curing temperature of tannin-sucrose composite adhesive was further decreased by lowering the temperature during the transformation of sucrose into 5-HMF,which was a key in subsequent research.

单宁对断奶前犊牛瘤胃发酵参数与菌群结构的影响

本试验旨在研究开食料中添加单宁对断奶前犊牛瘤胃发酵参数与菌群结构的影响。选取60头健康且初生重[(39.9±1.9)kg]相近的1日龄中国荷斯坦母犊牛,随机分为4组,每组15头,每头单栏饲养。对照组(CON组)饲喂开食料,试验组在对照组开食料基础上添加由白坚木单宁提取物(缩合单宁)和栗木单宁提取物(水解单宁)按照2∶1比例混合制成的白坚木单宁与栗木单宁混合物(QTE,单宁总含量≥73%),添加量分别为0.30%(QTE1组)、0.45%(QTE2组)、0.60%(QTE3组)。试验期63 d,试验期间所有犊牛统一断奶,试验最后1天采集瘤胃液。结果显示:1)各QTE添加组的终末体重均显著高于CON组(P<0.05)。2)开食料中添加不同水平的QTE对瘤胃液pH、微生物蛋白浓度、总挥发性脂肪酸浓度、乙酸摩尔比例、戊酸摩尔比例以及乙酸/丙酸比值均无显著影响(P>0.05);随着QTE添加量的增加,瘤胃液中氨态氮浓度呈二次降低趋势(P=0.05),丙酸摩尔比例有线性升高趋势(P=0.10),丁酸摩尔比例呈二次升高(P=0.03),异丁酸和异戊酸摩尔比例有线性降低趋势(P=0.08和P=0.05)。氨态氮浓度以QTE2组最低,丙酸摩尔比例以QTE2组最高;QTE2组丁酸摩尔比例显著高于CON组和QTE3组(P<0.05);QTE2组异戊酸摩尔比例显著低于CON组和QTE3组(P<0.05)。3)QTE1组、QTE2组和QTE3组的Shannon指数显著高于CON组(P<0.05),且以QTE2组最高。4)在门水平上,随着QTE添加量的增加,放线菌门(Actinobacteria)的相对丰度线性升高(P=0.01),且QTE2组和QTE3组显著高于CON组和QTE1组(P<0.05);厚壁菌门/拟杆菌门比值线性降低(P=0.01),且QTE1组、QTE2组和QTE3组均显著低于CON组(P<0.05)。在属水平上,随着QTE添加量的增加,普雷沃氏菌属的相对丰度线性升高(P=0.01),且QTE2组和QTE3组显著高于CON组(P<0.05);丁酸弧菌属的相对丰度线性降低(P=0.01);欧陆森氏菌属(Olsenella)的相对丰度呈线性升高趋势(P=0.05)。综上所述,单宁可通过提高瘤胃菌群多样性和有益菌相对丰度,优化瘤胃菌群结构,改善瘤胃发酵模式,促进断奶前犊牛的生长。在本试验条件下,犊牛开食料中QTE的适宜添加量为0.45%。

固化单宁纤维素基气凝胶吸附还原Ag(I)行为研究

以纤维素为原料,在NaOH/尿素/H_(2)O溶解体系中通过交联作用将橡椀单宁固化在纤维素基体上,制得固化橡椀单宁纤维素基气凝胶(VTCA).通过SEM-EDS、FT-IR、XRD等对VTCA进行表征,并研究其对水溶液中Ag(I)的吸附行为.结果表明,VTCA具有明显的三维网格多孔结构,孔隙率达到97.95%,在较宽的pH范围内(1~8)对Ag(I)均保持较高的吸附效率(>75%).吸附过程符合拟二级动力学模型和Langmuir吸附等温线模型,温度升高有利于吸附,最高理论吸附量为147.2mg/g.吸附还原研究机理表明,VTCA主要通过静电吸引和螯合作用将Ag(I)吸附到其表面,并通过单宁结构上的酚羟基将其原位还原为Ag^(0),证明VTCA具有良好的吸附还原性能,能够实现对水体中Ag(I)的回收.

三乙烯四胺固化单宁吸附剂制备及性能研究

利用曼尼希反应将三乙烯四胺固化到单宁表面,制备得到胺化改性单宁吸附剂TETA-TA,并通过正交实验优化制备工艺。采用红外光谱、扫描电镜、比表面积及孔隙度分析仪对TETA-TA进行了结构表征,探讨了其对Cd^(2+)和Pb^(2+)的吸附性能,研究不同pH值、时间、金属离子初始质量浓度对吸附的影响。正交结果表明反应最佳条件为:反应温度为80℃,反应时间为4 h,醋酸用量为4%(w/%),n(TA)∶n(TETA)∶n(甲醛)=1∶2∶2.5。吸附实验表明:pH值对吸附平衡影响显著,Cd^(2+)和Pb^(2+)最佳pH值均为5.0;TETA-TA对Cd^(2+)的吸附在60 min内能快速达到平衡,对Pb^(2+)能持续24 h的吸附,吸附动力学符合准二级反应动力学模型,为化学吸附;提高金属离子初始质量浓度可以增大平衡吸附量,Cd^(2+)的等温线数据对Langmuir模型线性拟合系数能达到0.995,理论吸附最大值为150.41 mg/g,Pb^(2+)的等温线数据对Sips模型线性拟合较好,理论吸附最大值为210.45 mg/g,推测对Pb^(2+)的吸附除了螯合、氧化还原等化学反应,还存在静电和离子交换作用,氨基和酚羟基为主要参与官能团;TETA-TA对Cd^(2+)和Pb^(2+)可以实现同时吸附,再生5次后仍具有较强的吸附性能。

无机填料改性小麦蛋白/单宁复合胶粘剂的制备及性能研究

以小麦蛋白(WG)和缩合单宁(CTs)为原料,制备了无甲醛的生物基木材胶粘剂。利用蒙脱土、高岭土、重质碳酸钙、轻质碳酸钙和羟基磷灰石为填料进行改性,采用共混的方式制备填料改性复合胶粘剂。考察了无机填料种类对WG/CTs复合胶粘剂性能的影响,并进行耐水胶合强度、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、热重分析仪、沸水煮不溶率、黏度等测试分析。研究结果表明:加入填料后,WG/CTs复合胶粘剂的黏度均有不同程度的增大,胶粘剂的热稳定性也比对照组胶粘剂有所提高;不同无机填料改性胶粘剂的耐水性存在显著差异,但胶合板的湿态强度均超过0.7 MPa,达到国家II类胶合板标准的要求;沸水煮不溶率测试结果显示,轻质碳酸钙改善了胶粘剂的耐水性;SEM图和胶层裂纹评估显示,重质碳酸钙、轻质碳酸钙与胶粘剂具有良好的相容性,表明碳酸钙填料对胶层的韧性没有影响,是较好的填料选择。

不同温度下4种速生树种凋落叶的浸泡分解特性

[目的]了解树种和温度对速生树种凋落叶浸泡后分解特性的影响,以预测气候变化背景下速生树种的生态功能响应。[方法]以4种南方常见速生树种(松树、杉木、桉树、红锥)凋落叶为研究对象,分别在常温、20℃、35℃下浸泡22 d,并比较了4种凋落叶浸泡液的总磷、总氮、腐殖酸、单宁酸、COD含量和浊度、电导率、pH等。[结果]温度显著影响4种速生树种凋落叶浸泡液浊度的变化(P<0.05)。浸泡22 d,桉树凋落叶分解对浸泡液单宁酸含量、腐殖酸含量、pH等指标的影响大于其他树种。其中,桉树凋落叶浸泡液单宁酸含量为1407.84 mg·L^(-1),分别是松树、杉木、红锥的12、14、4倍;腐殖酸溶出量为871.40 mg·L^(-1),分别是松树、杉木、红锥的15、14、12倍;pH值保持在4.35~4.46之间,低于其他树种。[结论]松树、杉木、桉树和红锥凋落叶浸泡液浊度主要受温度影响,其余指标的变化均随树种不同而各有差异。常温比恒温条件更能促进桉树凋落叶浸泡液单宁酸的溶出,进而导致浸泡液pH值降低。

模糊数学感官评价法优化蓝靛果果汁脱涩工艺

以蓝靛果为原料,以单宁含量和感官评分为评价指标,通过单因素试验研究明胶添加量、脱涩温度、脱涩时间对蓝靛果果汁脱涩效果的影响,采用模糊数学感官评价法结合正交试验优化蓝靛果果汁脱涩工艺,并对比脱涩前后蓝靛果果汁中活性成分含量的变化。结果表明,优化后明胶脱涩的最佳工艺条件为:明胶添加量1.5%、脱涩温度43℃、脱涩时间55 min。在此优化条件下,单宁含量为724.46 mg/L,感官评分为92.75分,蓝靛果果汁中花色苷、黄酮、维生素C、可溶性固形物的保留率分别为87.78%、95.90%、90.80%、96.73%。说明明胶可用于蓝靛果果汁脱涩,经优化脱涩工艺生产的蓝靛果果汁质地均匀、涩感适度、有明显的果味及果香,且活性成分保留率高,本研究为蓝靛果果汁的工业化发展提供数据参考。