Between 2005 and 2007,the China Development Bank offered 1.66 billion yuan($237 million) worth of loans to 243,000 stu- dents from poor families in central China’s Henan Province.
Blacklist methods are used in the CMA Global Forecasting System(CMA-GFS)to improve the application of aircraft temperature data to numerical weather prediction in the Northern Hemisphere and the tropics.In this paper,...Blacklist methods are used in the CMA Global Forecasting System(CMA-GFS)to improve the application of aircraft temperature data to numerical weather prediction in the Northern Hemisphere and the tropics.In this paper,the ERA5 re-analysis data are used to analyze aircraft temperature observation errors of each aircraft and a blacklist is established using pre-quality controls and threshold methods.The blacklist-filtered and blacklisted aircraft temperature data are then applied to the four-dimensional variational assimilation system,respectively,and an assimilation cycle forecast for the period from September 1 to 30,2019 is carried out.The results show an uneven distribution in the global aircraft blacklist data.After the application of the blacklist methods,the RMSE of geopotential height and temperature analysis field decrease in the vertical direction by a maximum of~1.5 gpm at 200 hPa and~0.15 K at 250 hPa,respectively.Overall,the blacklist methods of aircraft temperature data improve the analysis and forecast in the CMA-GFS.展开更多
In order to increase the illegal credit cost and social cost of companies,blacklist policies for food factories came into being. According to international experiences,blacklist policy,as a systematic project,is compa...In order to increase the illegal credit cost and social cost of companies,blacklist policies for food factories came into being. According to international experiences,blacklist policy,as a systematic project,is compatible with law and regulations,social credit system,and social observation movement. This paper reviewed the international experiences in blacklist policies and analyzed the existing problems in blacklist policies. In addition,three constructive suggestions were proposed in this paper.展开更多
This paper describes an outline for the proper design of a Fair Internet Regulation System （FIRS）, i.e., a system that will be implemented in a national level and encourage the participation of Internet users in enr...This paper describes an outline for the proper design of a Fair Internet Regulation System （FIRS）, i.e., a system that will be implemented in a national level and encourage the participation of Internet users in enriching and correcting its ＂behavior＂. Authors aim to design a system that will be operated in some extent by the Internet users, and so it will be easier to be accepted by Western democracies willing to implement a fair Internet regulation policy. Last, the authors state the importance of using well-designed surveys prior to the implementation of FIRS, announce the launch of an online tool （WebObserver.net） and invite researchers to be part of this international effort.展开更多
Personal data are strongly linked to web browsing history.By visiting a certain website,a user can share her favorite items,location,employment status,financial information,preferences,gender,medical status,news,etc.T...Personal data are strongly linked to web browsing history.By visiting a certain website,a user can share her favorite items,location,employment status,financial information,preferences,gender,medical status,news,etc.Therefore,web tracking is considered as one of the most significant internet privacy threats that can have a serious impact on end-users.Usually,it is used by mostwebsites to track visitors through the internet in order to enhance their services and improve search customization.Moreover,selling users’data to the advertising companies without their permission.Although there are more research efforts focused on third-party tracking to protect user privacy,there are still no comprehensive approaches to develop an efficient and accessible privacy protection method,even if more attention is paid to the topic.The main goal of this paper is to conduct a literature review on the web-tracking domain and possible privacy defending methods by presenting an overview of privacy issues,determining the possible tracking mechanisms that might be exploited,discussing the available privacy defense tools that could be utilized for improvement,and presenting the strength andweaknesses of eachmethod.展开更多
The Chinese audiovisual market is to impose a ban on audiovisual product dealers whose licenses have been revoked for violatingthe law. This ban will prohibit them from dealing in audiovisual products for ten year...The Chinese audiovisual market is to impose a ban on audiovisual product dealers whose licenses have been revoked for violatingthe law. This ban will prohibit them from dealing in audiovisual products for ten years. Their names are to be included on a blacklist made known to the public.展开更多
This paper presents a detailed description of integration, quality assurance procedure, and usage of global aircraft observations for China's first generation global atmospheric reanalysis(CRA) product(1979–2018)...This paper presents a detailed description of integration, quality assurance procedure, and usage of global aircraft observations for China's first generation global atmospheric reanalysis(CRA) product(1979–2018). An integration method named "classified integration" is developed. Aircraft observations from nine different sources are integrated into the Integrated Global Meteorological Observation Archive from Aircraft(IGMOAA), a new dataset from the National Meteorological Information Center(NMIC) of the China Meteorological Administration(CMA). IGMOAA consists of global aircraft temperature, wind, and humidity data from the surface to 100 h Pa, extending from 1973 to the present. Compared with observations assimilated in the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis(CFSR) of NCEP,the observation number of IGMOAA increased by 12.9% between 2010 and 2014, mainly as a result of adding more Chinese Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay(AMDAR) data. Complex quality control procedures for aircraft observations of NCEP are applied to detect data errors. Observations are compared with ERA-Interim reanalysis from 1979 to 2018 to investigate data quality of different types and aircraft, and subsequently to develop the blacklists for CRA. IGMOAA data have been assimilated in CRA in 2018 and are real-time updated at the CMA Data-as-a-Service(CMADaa S) platform. For CRA, the fits to observations improve over time. From 1994 to 2018, root-meansquare error(RMSE) of observations relative to CRA background decreases from 1.8 to 1.0℃ for temperature above 300 h Pa, and from 4.5 to 3 m s^(-1) for zonal wind. The RMSE for humidity appears to exhibit an apparent seasonal variation with larger errors in summer and smaller ones in winter.展开更多
文摘Between 2005 and 2007,the China Development Bank offered 1.66 billion yuan($237 million) worth of loans to 243,000 stu- dents from poor families in central China’s Henan Province.
基金National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFC1506205)National Key R&D Program of China(2019YFC1510400)。
文摘Blacklist methods are used in the CMA Global Forecasting System(CMA-GFS)to improve the application of aircraft temperature data to numerical weather prediction in the Northern Hemisphere and the tropics.In this paper,the ERA5 re-analysis data are used to analyze aircraft temperature observation errors of each aircraft and a blacklist is established using pre-quality controls and threshold methods.The blacklist-filtered and blacklisted aircraft temperature data are then applied to the four-dimensional variational assimilation system,respectively,and an assimilation cycle forecast for the period from September 1 to 30,2019 is carried out.The results show an uneven distribution in the global aircraft blacklist data.After the application of the blacklist methods,the RMSE of geopotential height and temperature analysis field decrease in the vertical direction by a maximum of~1.5 gpm at 200 hPa and~0.15 K at 250 hPa,respectively.Overall,the blacklist methods of aircraft temperature data improve the analysis and forecast in the CMA-GFS.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Project(No.71173225)
文摘In order to increase the illegal credit cost and social cost of companies,blacklist policies for food factories came into being. According to international experiences,blacklist policy,as a systematic project,is compatible with law and regulations,social credit system,and social observation movement. This paper reviewed the international experiences in blacklist policies and analyzed the existing problems in blacklist policies. In addition,three constructive suggestions were proposed in this paper.
文摘This paper describes an outline for the proper design of a Fair Internet Regulation System （FIRS）, i.e., a system that will be implemented in a national level and encourage the participation of Internet users in enriching and correcting its ＂behavior＂. Authors aim to design a system that will be operated in some extent by the Internet users, and so it will be easier to be accepted by Western democracies willing to implement a fair Internet regulation policy. Last, the authors state the importance of using well-designed surveys prior to the implementation of FIRS, announce the launch of an online tool （WebObserver.net） and invite researchers to be part of this international effort.
文摘Personal data are strongly linked to web browsing history.By visiting a certain website,a user can share her favorite items,location,employment status,financial information,preferences,gender,medical status,news,etc.Therefore,web tracking is considered as one of the most significant internet privacy threats that can have a serious impact on end-users.Usually,it is used by mostwebsites to track visitors through the internet in order to enhance their services and improve search customization.Moreover,selling users’data to the advertising companies without their permission.Although there are more research efforts focused on third-party tracking to protect user privacy,there are still no comprehensive approaches to develop an efficient and accessible privacy protection method,even if more attention is paid to the topic.The main goal of this paper is to conduct a literature review on the web-tracking domain and possible privacy defending methods by presenting an overview of privacy issues,determining the possible tracking mechanisms that might be exploited,discussing the available privacy defense tools that could be utilized for improvement,and presenting the strength andweaknesses of eachmethod.
文摘The Chinese audiovisual market is to impose a ban on audiovisual product dealers whose licenses have been revoked for violatingthe law. This ban will prohibit them from dealing in audiovisual products for ten years. Their names are to be included on a blacklist made known to the public.
基金Supported by the National Innovation Project for Meteorological Science and Technology (CMAGGTD003-5)China Meteorological Administration Special Public Welfare Research Fund (GYHY201506002)National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFC1501801)。
文摘This paper presents a detailed description of integration, quality assurance procedure, and usage of global aircraft observations for China's first generation global atmospheric reanalysis(CRA) product(1979–2018). An integration method named "classified integration" is developed. Aircraft observations from nine different sources are integrated into the Integrated Global Meteorological Observation Archive from Aircraft(IGMOAA), a new dataset from the National Meteorological Information Center(NMIC) of the China Meteorological Administration(CMA). IGMOAA consists of global aircraft temperature, wind, and humidity data from the surface to 100 h Pa, extending from 1973 to the present. Compared with observations assimilated in the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis(CFSR) of NCEP,the observation number of IGMOAA increased by 12.9% between 2010 and 2014, mainly as a result of adding more Chinese Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay(AMDAR) data. Complex quality control procedures for aircraft observations of NCEP are applied to detect data errors. Observations are compared with ERA-Interim reanalysis from 1979 to 2018 to investigate data quality of different types and aircraft, and subsequently to develop the blacklists for CRA. IGMOAA data have been assimilated in CRA in 2018 and are real-time updated at the CMA Data-as-a-Service(CMADaa S) platform. For CRA, the fits to observations improve over time. From 1994 to 2018, root-meansquare error(RMSE) of observations relative to CRA background decreases from 1.8 to 1.0℃ for temperature above 300 h Pa, and from 4.5 to 3 m s^(-1) for zonal wind. The RMSE for humidity appears to exhibit an apparent seasonal variation with larger errors in summer and smaller ones in winter.
