The Future Trend of E-Mobility in Terms of Battery Electric Vehicles and Their Impact on Climate Change: A Case Study Applied in Hungary

The transportation sector is responsible for 25% of the total Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, whereas 60.6% of this sector represents small and medium passenger cars. However, as noted by the European Union Long-term strategy, there are two ways to reduce the amount of CO2 emissions in the transportation sector. The first way is characterized by creating more efficient vehicles. In contrast, the second way is characterized by changing the fuel used. The current study addressed the second way, changing the fuel type. The study examined the potential of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) as an alternative fuel type to reduce CO2 emissions in Hungarys transportation sector. The study used secondary data retrieved from Statista and stata.com to analyze the future trends of BEVs in Hungary. The results showed that the percentage of BEVs in Hungary in 2022 was 0.4% compared to the total number of registered passenger cars, which is 3.8 million. The simple exponential smoothing (SES) time series forecast revealed that the number of BEVs is expected to reach 84,192 in 2030, indicating a percentage increase of 2.21% in the next eight years. The study suggests that increasing the number of BEVs is necessary to address the negative impact of CO2 emissions on society. The Hungarian Ministry of Innovation and Technologys strategy to reduce the cost of BEVs may increase the percentage of BEVs by 10%, resulting in a potential average reduction of 76,957,600 g/km of CO2 compared to gasoline, diesel, hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs).

Towards Realistic Vibration Testing of Large Floor Batteries for Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV)

This contribution shows an analysis of vibration measurement on large floor-mounted traction batteries of Battery Electric Vehicles(BEV).The focus lies on the requirements for a realistic replication of the mechanical environments in a testing laboratory.Especially the analysis on global bending transfer functions and local corner bending coherence indicate that neither a fully stiff fixation of the battery nor a completely independent movement on the four corners yields a realistic and conservative test scenario.The contribution will further show what implication these findings have on future vibration&shock testing equipment for large traction batteries.Additionally,it will cover an outlook on how vibration behavior of highly integrated approaches(cell2car)changes the mechanical loads on the cells.

Customized Optimization for Vehicle Acoustic Statistical Energy Analysis

Statistical Energy Analysis(SEA) is one of the conventional tools for predicting vehicle high-frequency acoustic responses.This study proposes a new method that can provide customized optimization solutions to meet NVH targets based on the specific needs of different project teams during the initial project stages.This approach innovatively integrates dynamic optimization,Radial Basis Function(RBF),and Fuzzy Design Variables Genetic Algorithm(FDVGA) into the optimization process of Statistical Energy Analysis(SEA),and also takes vehicle sheet metal into account in the optimization of sound packages.In the implementation process,a correlation model is established through Python scripts to link material density with acoustic parameters,weight,and cost.By combining Optimus and VaOne software,an optimization design workflow is constructed and the optimization design process is successfully executed.Under various constraints related to acoustic performance,weight and cost,a globally optimal design is achieved.This technology has been effectively applied in the field of Battery Electric Vehicle(BEV).

The Electric Vehicle beyond Transport： Contexts for Meanings and Services Related to Batteries on Wheels

This paper explores the potential meanings of battery electric vehicles （battery EVs）. Relevant ideas were collated through facilitated exchange of explicated and tacit knowledge, realized by individual essay preparation and a facilitated seminar workshop. Additional classifications and clustering by the author led to the following principal results： the EV as a power source and buffer forms the foundation for most meanings beyond transport. EVs can act both in the context of＂shelters＂ for individuals as well as ＂community vehicles＂ with a focus on, e.g., local renewable energy production integration. Reduced to a simple product, EVs can also be designed to make sense in developing country environments. However, many ＂intelligent＂ features associated to EVs are available also for combustion engine vehicles and thus provide only necessary, but not unique added value to EVs. Concluding, EVs will take over market share from internal combustion vehicles only if they satisfy human needs beyond mobility.

基于ADVISOR的BEV电动汽车动力参数优化与仿真研究

通过对纯电动汽车动力参数进行优化改进,并利用ADVISOR仿真软件建立电动汽车仿真模型。利用优化后的电动汽车动力参数进行仿真模拟测试并对其运行状态进行分析,仿真结果更为直观,能够精确显示模型的具体运行参数,为电动汽车的研发设计带来极大便利。

Vehicle-to-Grid Technology： State-of-the-Art and Future Scenarios

An overview of V2G （vehicle-to-grid） technology is presented in this paper, it aims to highlight the main features, opportunities and requirements of V2G. Thus, after briefly resuming the most popular charging strategies lbr PEVs （plug-in electric vehicles）, the V2G concept is introduced, especially highlighting its potentiality as a revenue opportunity ｜br PEV owners： this is mainly due to the V2G ability to provide ancillary services, such as load leveling, regulation and reserve. Such solutions have been thoroughly investigated in the literature from both the economic and technical points of view and are here reported. In addition, V2G requirements such as mobility needs, charging stations availability and appropriate PEV aggregative architectures are properly taken into account. Finally, future developments and scenarios have also been reported.

高寒地区纯电动汽车电池热管理系统实用技术探究

新能源汽车动力电池在低温环境下的能量衰减,制约了纯电动汽车的发展。针对电池热管理系统寒冷天气的技术性能,主要基于保温、预热、电池热管理系统管控策略等测试进行分析与研究,为改善动力电池低温性能和对动力电池低温热管理技术的进一步研究提供指导。

Development Status and Trend of Electric Vehicles in China

Due to pressures from both energy and environment,electric vehicles(EVs)and their related technologies have experienced considerable achievements in China in recent years.This paper firstly presents the EV development status in China with key statistics including EV market status,mainstream technical indicators,charging infrastructure,and key components(battery,motor drive systems).Then,the developmental driving forces of EVs in China are reviewed and analyzed with an emphasis on government policies such as subsidy rules,research investment,and standards.Finally,the development trend of EVs in China is prospected from aspects of industry,technology and policy,opportunities and challenges,with an expectation that more attention from academia,industry and government will be attracted into the area of EVs.

Storage technologies for electric vehicles

This review article describes the basic concepts of electric vehicles(EVs)and explains the developments made from ancient times to till date leading to performance improvement of the electric vehicles.It also presents the thorough review of various components and energy storage system(ESS)used in electric vehicles.The main focus of the paper is on batteries as it is the key component in making electric vehicles more environment-friendly,cost-effective and drives the EVs into use in day to day life.Various ESS topologies including hybrid combination technologies such as hybrid electric vehicle(HEV),plug-in HEV(PHEV)and many more have been discussed.These technologies are based on different combinations of energy storage systems such as batteries,ultracapacitors and fuel cells.The hybrid combination may be the perspective technologies to support the growth of EVs in modern transportation.The advanced charging systems may also play a major role in the roll-out of electric vehicles in the future.The general strategies of advanced charging systems are explained to highlight the importance of fast charging time with high amount of power and its cost-effectiveness for electric vehicles.Furthermore,the battery pack designing calculation is briefly explained along with all mechanical,electrical and environmental battery tests,which helps in the evaluation of batteries.Moreover,this paper also has a brief summarizing with the help of a flow chart,which clearly demonstrates all the parts of electric vehicles in a much simpler way.

China's battery electric vehicles lead the world:achievements in technology system architecture and technological breakthroughs

Developing new energy vehicles has been a worldwide consensus,and developing new energy vehicles characterized by pure electric drive has been China's national strategy.After more than 20 years of high-quality development of China's electric vehicles(EVs),a technological R&D layout of“Three Verticals and Three Horizontals”has been created,and technological advantages have been accumulated.As a result,China's new energy vehicle market has ranked first in the world since 2015.To systematically solve the key problems of battery electric vehicles(BEVs)such as“driving range anxiety,long battery charging time,and driving safety hazards”,China took the lead in putting forward a“system engineering-based technology system architecture for BEVs”and clarifying its connotation.This paper analyzes the research status and progress of the three core components of this architecture,namely,“BEV platform,charging/swapping station,and real-time operation monitoring platform”,and their key technological points.The three major demonstration projects of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games,the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics,and the intelligent and connected autonomous battery electric bus project are discussed to specify the applications of BEVs in China.The key research directions for upgrading BEV technologies remain to be further improving the vehicle-level all-climate environmental adaptability and all-day safety of BEVs,systematically solving the charging problem of BEVs and improving their application convenience,and safeguarding safety with early warning and implementing active/passive safety protection for the whole life cycle of power batteries on the basis of BEVs'operation big data.BEVs have acquired new technological features such as intelligent and networked technology empowerment,extensive integration of control-by-wire systems,a platform of chassis hardware,and modularization of functional software.

Techno-economic analysis of the adoption of electric vehicles

Significant advances in battery technology are creating a viable marketspace for battery powered passenger vehicles.Climate change and concerns over reliable supplies of hydrocarbons are aiding in the focus on electric vehicles.Consumers can be influenced by marketing and emotion resulting in behaviors that may not be in line with their stated objectives.Although sales of electric vehicles are accelerating,it may not be clear that purchasing an electric vehicle is advantageous from an economic or environmental perspective.A technoeconomic analysis of electric vehicles comparing them against hybrids,gasoline and diesel vehicles is presented.The results show that the complexity of electrical power supply,infrastructure requirements and full life cycle concerns show that electric vehicles have a place in the future but that ongoing improvements will be required for them to be clearly the best choice for a given situation.

Evaluation of Transmission Losses of Various Battery Electric Vehicles

Transmission losses in battery electric vehicles have compared to internal combustion engine powertrains a larger share in the total energy consumption and play therefore a major role.Furthermore,the power flows not only during propulsion through the transmissions,but also during recuperation,whereby efficiency improvements have a double effect.The investigation of transmission losses of electric vehicles thus plays a major role.In this paper,three simulation models of the Institute of Automotive Engineering(the lossmap-based simulation model,the modular simulation model,and the 3D simulation model)are presented.The lossmap-based simulation model calculates transmission losses for electric and hybrid transmissions,where three spur gear transmission concepts for battery electric vehicles are investigated.The transmission concepts include a single-speed transmission as a reference and two two-speed transmissions.Then,the transmission lossmaps are integrated into the modular simulation model(backward simulation)and in the 3D simulation model(forward simulation),which improves the simulation results.The modular simulation model calculates the optimal operation of the transmission concepts and the 3D simulation model represents the more realistic behavior of the transmission concepts.The different transmission concepts are investigated in Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicle Test Cycle and evaluated in terms of transmission losses as well as the total energy demand.The map-based simulation model allows the transmission losses to be broken down into the individual component losses,thus allowing transmission concepts to be examined and evaluated in terms of their efficiency in the early development stage to develop optimum powertrains for electric axle drives.By considering transmission losses in detail with a high degree of accuracy,less efficient concepts can be eliminated at an early development stage.As a result,only relevant concepts are built as prototypes,which reduces development costs.

Analysis of Adverse Effects on Performance due to Battery Deterioration Installed in BEV and HEV

This paper reports the results of investigating the permissible amount of battery deterioration. An investigation was carried out using the following two types of vehicles： a BEV （battery electric vehicle） and a HEV （hybrid electric vehicle）. First, a detailed evaluation was carried out to identify how the vehicle performance was adversely affected as the lithium-ion batteries installed in the vehicles deteriorated. Next, an attempt was made to determine the permissible amount of deterioration for the vehicle-mounted lithium-ion batteries. In the case of the BEV, the driving distance declined by 20% when the capacity maintenance rate was approximately 80%. Therefore, this was specified as the permissible amount of battery deterioration for the BEV. In the case of the HEV, the fuel consumption increased by 20% when the maximum battery output maintenance rate was approximately 40%. Therefore, this was specified as the permissible amount of battery deterioration for the HEV.

基于电动汽车分群的“风-网-站-车”体系调度研究

根据车型、充电方式2大特征对电动汽车分群,通过概率论与数理统计,推导出BEV相关系数指标,用来体现充电负荷之间的关系紧密程度,以此作为优化调度的依据。建立基于BEV分群优化方法的“风网站车”体系调度模型,以BEV用户满意度、电网稳定性最大为目标,并进行加权求和。其次研究基于可信性理论的模糊机会约束,对风电机组出力和电动汽车负荷这2个不确定变量进行清晰化等价处理。最终根据基础数据对模型进行对比分析、灵敏度分析,表明所提方法既保证了BEV用户的满意度以及电网稳定性,又提高了风电消纳的能力。

新能源汽车车载动力电池碳中和潜力分析

尽管纯电动汽车具有道路“零排放”优势,但考虑到上游排放、动力电池生产和材料回收,电动汽车在全生命周期内是否比传统燃油车环保依然存疑。基于Simapro软件对京津冀地区电动汽车全生命周期CO_(2)排放进行生命周期评价。结果显示,京津冀地区传统燃油车、LFP-based电动汽车和NMC-based电动汽车行驶全生命周期CO_(2)排放量分别为37879.81,46738.53和45351.99kg。在我国电力生产平均排放水平下,电动汽车取代燃油车已满足CO_(2)减排需求。而我国电力清洁度对使用电动汽车实现碳中和具有重要影响。根据与其他国家和地区的对比,我国在未来实现碳中和的路上具有巨大的潜力。

复合电源纯电动汽车再生制动控制试验研究

再生制动控制系统的合理有效性直接影响纯电动汽车的整车性能。传统的单一电源纯电动汽车在动力性、安全性和续驶里程方面存在一定缺陷,故将动力电池和超级电容组成复合电源,建立纯电动汽车再生制动试验台架,利用飞轮模拟汽车惯量,利用磁粉离合器模拟不同路况,进行再生制动集成控制试验,以进一步提升整车能量利用率,为再生制动控制策略的研究提供试验依据。

基于小功率交直流供换电电池接口模块的技术研究及运用

为了广泛开展低速电动车换电业务,充分利用退役的换电电池,铁塔公司积极研究退役换电电池梯次利用技术。为此,铁塔能源某公司自主研发了小功率换电型备电设备装置,可以随时在线灵活的以48V或60V低速电动车动力锂电池作为UPS(或刀片电源)后备续航电池。该装置可以在长时间停电情况下通过在线换电的方式提高小功率UPS(或刀片电源)“无限备电续航”的工作能力,有效解决了传统UPS(或刀片电源)在技术中由于长时间停电状态下只能依靠燃油发电机发电的难题,实现了低速电动车锂电池的梯次利用,为小功率交流UPS(或直流刀片电源)的使用场景提供了低成本换电续航的新技术。

我国纯电动汽车的发展方向及能源供给模式的探讨

总结了国内外电动汽车的发展现状及趋势,重点探讨了我国纯电动汽车的发展方向及能源供给模式,将我国纯电动汽车发展阶段划分为示范应用期和推广成熟期,分析了现阶段纯电动汽车发展的重点和存在的问题,同时针对纯电动汽车能源供给模式,指出了需要开展研究的技术重点和方向。

基于行驶工况的纯电动汽车比能耗分析及传动比优化

通过分析长沙市市区行驶工况,根据汽车行驶方程,对采样点处汽车的微小能耗进行分析,并计及电动机制动能量的回收,推导出行驶工况下纯电动汽车的比能耗表达式。以环线行驶工况和市内行驶工况的比能耗和动力因数作为优化目标函数,根据电动机最高转速、峰值转矩和地面附着力对汽车性能的影响建立了传动系传动比的边界约束条件,同时为保证纯电动汽车在电池低荷电状态下仍具有一定的动力性和经济性,引入了电池低荷电状态时的传动比边界约束条件。引入加权系数,利用基于模拟退火的粒子群优化算法对所设计的纯电动汽车传动系的传动比进行了优化,在某组加权系数下,优化结果使得动力因数提高、比能耗降低。

中国新能源汽车需求风险关键因素研究

通过提出19个需求风险影响因素,对421份问卷进行探索性因子分析与主成分分析,确定新能源汽车技术、外部政策和商业环境、消费者行为及能耗成本4个公因子,识别关键需求风险因素并进行解释,为有关方面采取相应的风险应对策略提供依据。