STUDY ON THE ON－LINE OPTIMAL CONTROL OF PARAMETERS OF THREE－CONE BLAST HOLE DRILLS

A model recognition method for the on-line optimal control of the parameters ofthree-cone blast drills is developed. It takes a few of on-line measurements and has a rapidoptimization speed. The mathematic model for on-line optimal control of the parameters and thedetermination of the parameters in the model are also presented.

Theoretical and numerical simulation investigation of deep hole dispersed charge cut blasting

Drilling and blasting methods have been used as a common driving technique for shallow-hole driving and blasting in rock roadways.With the advent of digital electronic detonators and the need for increased production efciency,the traditional blasting design is no longer suitable for deep hole blasting.In this paper,a disperse charge cut blasting method was proposed to address the issues of low excavation depth and high block rate in deep hole undercut blasting.First,a blasting model was used to illustrate the mechanism of the deep hole dispersive charge cut blasting process.Then,continuous charge and dispersed charge blasting models were developed using the smooth particle hydrodynamics-fnite element method(SPHFEM).The cutting parameters were determined theoretically,and the cutting efciency was introduced to evaluate the cutting efect.The blasting efects of the two charging models were analyzed utilizing the evolution law of rock damage,the number of rock particles thrown,and the cutting efciency.The results show that using a dispersed charge improves the cutting efciency by about 20%and the rock breakage for the deep hole cut blasting compared to the traditional continuous charge.In addition,important parameters such as cutting hole spacing,cutting hole depth and upper charge proportion also have a signifcant impact on the cutting efect.Finally,the deep hole dispersed charge cut blasting technology is combined with the digital electronic detonator through the feld engineering practice.It provides a reference for the subsequent deep hole cutting blasting and the use of electronic detonators in rock roadways.

ESTIMAING AMOUNT OF EXPLOSIVE FOR FRACTURE PLANE CONTROL BLASTING WITH NOTCHED BOREHOLES

With the development of fracture mechanics,the fracture plane control blasting with notched borcholes hascome into being.This technique is used to create a satisfactory presplit along the contour of an excavation inrock.However,the amount of explosive loaded in each hol usually is determined by trial and error.Because ofthis,two approaches estimating the amount of explosive for the blasting technique are suggested.

Modified scaled distance regression analysis approach for prediction of blast-induced ground vibration in multi-hole blasting

The blast-induced ground vibration prediction using scaled distance regression analysis is one of the most popular methods employed by engineers for many decades. It uses the maximum charge per delay and distance of monitoring as the major factors for predicting the peak particle velocity(PPV). It is established that the PPV is caused by the maximum charge per delay which varies with the distance of monitoring and site geology. While conducting a production blasting, the waves induced by blasting of different holes interfere destructively with each other, which may result in higher PPV than the predicted value with scaled distance regression analysis. This phenomenon of interference/superimposition of waves is not considered while using scaled distance regression analysis. In this paper, an attempt has been made to compare the predicted values of blast-induced ground vibration using multi-hole trial blasting with single-hole blasting in an opencast coal mine under the same geological condition. Further,the modified prediction equation for the multi-hole trial blasting was obtained using single-hole regression analysis. The error between predicted and actual values of multi-hole blast-induced ground vibration was found to be reduced by 8.5%.

Numerical simulation of parallel hole cut blasting with uncharged holes

The cavity formation and propagation process of stress wave from parallel hole cut blasting was simulated with ANSYS/LS-DYNA 3D nonlinear dynamic finite element software. The distribution of element plastic strain, node velocity, node time-acceleration history and the blasting cartridge volume ratio during the process were analyzed. It was found that the detonation of charged holes would cause the interaction of stress wave with the wall of uncharged holes. Initial rock cracking and displacement to neighboring uncharged holes become the main mechanism of cavity formation in early stage.2008 University of Science and Technology Beijing. All rights reserved.

BP neural network model on the forecast for blasting vibrating parameters in the course of hole-by-hole detonation

According to the neural network theory, combined with the technical characteristicsof the hole-by-hole detonation technology, a BP network model on the forecast forblasting vibration parameters was built.Taking the deep hole stair demolition in a mine asan experimental object and using the raw information and the blasting vibration monitoringdata collected in the process of the hole-by-hole detonation, carried out some training andapplication work on the established BP network model through the Matlab software, andachieved good effect.Also computed the vibration parameter with the empirical formulaand the BP network model separately.After comparing with the actual value, it is discoveredthat the forecasting result by the BP network model is close to the actual value.

Effectiveness analysis of methane-drainage by deep-hole controlled pre-splitting blasting for preventing coal and gas outburst

In the study of the application effectiveness of deep-hole controlled pre-splittingblasting technology,it was found through laboratory micro test and field study on a mine insouth China that under the technology,coal masses produce many irreversible cracks.Afterblasting,the nearer the distance from blasting hole,the larger the BET surface areaand volume ratio of the infiltration pore are;they increased by 11.47%and 5.73%,respectively.The coefficient of air permeability is increased 4 times.After 3 months,the gasdrainage rate was increased by 66%.In the first 15 days,the cumulative pumped gas was1.93 times of blasting before.The average absolute gas emission decreased by 63.46%.Experimental results show that deep-hole controlled pre-splitting blasting not only preventscoal and gas outburst,but also gives good economic results.

Research on the control technology of medium-length hole blasting fragmentation in underground mine

The scalloped medium-length hole blasting mining method used in Dahongshan Copper Mine accounted for more than 61%of the total amount of mining,but the large boulder yield restricted the intensity of ore supply for mines,and the average boulder yield was as high as 22.7%.In order to develop the mine production efficiency,the circular medium-length hole blasting technology was proposed and field tests were carried out.The test results showed that circular medium-length hole blasting mining can reduce the average boulder yield to 10.3%.Compared with the traditional scalloped medium-length hole blasting mining,the average boulder yield was decreased by 12.4%.The daily yield of ore for the panel on duty was increased by 152.29 t,and the growth rate was 51.1%.The new technology can reduce the time for the handling of boulder and the consumption of explosives and detonators for recrushing,and increase the efficiency of mining while reduce the mining cost,which has received good blasting effects.

Influence of delay interval on blasting efficiency of parallel hole cuts with an empty hole

Time interval of short delay ignition is an important factor to affect theefficiency of blasting cuts. The motion process of rock pieces in the cut cavity is analyzed, amechanical model to calculate the delay time of parallel hole cuts is presented for tunnel blasting,and a theoretical method to determine the volume ratio (the clearage rate) of the rock pieceswithin the cut cavity at different moments is proposed for the blasting cut with an empty hole.Numerical analysis results show that the optimal delay interval is proportional to the boreholedepth. The suggested results are of practical value to the optimal design of the delay interval inmillisecond blasting related to the parallel hole cuts with an empty hole.

炮孔间距对偏心不耦合装药贯通裂纹扩展的影响

为研究光面爆破中偏心不耦合装药炮孔间距对贯通裂纹扩展的影响,利用同心不耦合装药的孔壁压力计算公式并结合应力波叠加原理,推导偏心不耦合装药的炮孔间距计算方法。基于求得的炮孔间距范围,计算3种岩石介质在不同炮孔间距条件下贯通裂纹的扩展位置,并选择砂岩材料进行数值模拟。结果表明:偏心不耦合装药爆破中,贯通裂纹主要集中于偏心侧;抗拉强度大的岩石,贯通裂纹偏离炮孔连心线的程度也较大。砂岩的炮孔间距为60 cm时,贯通裂纹扩展方向与炮孔连心线重合,连心线下方出现裂纹比较集中的贯通区域;炮孔间距的增大导致贯通裂纹远离炮孔连心线,从而造成欠挖。偏心不耦合装药爆破后,偏心侧岩石的损伤明显大于非偏心侧。

周边眼偏位空孔爆破设计优化研究与应用

依据已有研究对空孔效应和设置空孔时裂纹扩展规律进行探讨,发现空孔有利于裂纹贯通,对提升爆破效果有一定帮助,但也发现传统的直线型空孔布置会导致裂纹偏向,即在空孔附近转向、偏离原发展路径,影响原设计开挖轮廓。若设置偏位空孔,则可充分利用空孔效应及导向作用以提高开挖质量。对于偏位空孔在爆破中的效应,采用数值模拟研究了不同炮孔间距、空孔偏位角下的裂纹扩展规律和炮孔间贯通情况,探讨了最优偏位角度设计,并根据模拟结果对现场爆破方案进行优化,研究实际应用效果。研究结果表明:偏位空孔对爆生裂纹具有较直线空孔更明显的导向作用,主要表现在爆生裂纹尖端向空孔本身发展或被空孔裂纹引导偏向、最终主裂纹与空孔连通或在空孔范围之外主裂纹相贯通,更利于炮孔主裂纹扩展与贯通;通过提取模拟结果并测量裂纹范围,对于孔间距在60 cm及以下时,适用于周边眼爆破设计的最优偏位角为15°,在此情况下炮孔连线方向形成了与孔心连线相平行的裂纹,能显著提升贯通效果;对于优化后的福厦铁路某隧道爆破施工方案,通过振速监测及超欠挖断面扫描分析,发现周边眼起爆引起的爆破振速降低了超过50%,超欠挖值也由平均25 cm降低至15 cm以内,整体应用效果良好。该项研究可为隧道爆破减振及超欠挖控制研究提供一定参考。

高应力扇形中深孔采场边帮控制爆破参数优化

针对扇形孔采场爆破边帮控制问题,提出了一种将靠近边帮的扇形炮孔施工成垂直平行孔用以控制边帮的构想。首先,通过理论计算得到4组平行炮孔不耦合系数与炮孔间距匹配下的模型参数,使用LS-DYNA对4组参数进行数值模拟;然后,通过对比分析4组模型在无地应力作用和不同方向地应力作用时的爆破裂纹扩展情况,获得最优参数;最后基于优化参数开展工业试验。结果表明:高地应力会促进最大应力方向爆破裂纹扩展;4种模型中,不耦合系数为1.65,炮孔间距为1.1 m时开挖区域破岩效果最为合理;在试验采场开展工业试验,使用优化后的爆破参数进行爆破,采场回采后边帮平整,稳定性较好,验证了研究结论的正确性。

宽孔距爆破模型试验及近场动力学计算研究

针对宽孔距爆破破岩技术中炮孔密集系数合理取值的问题,在总结国内外宽孔距爆破破岩机理的基础上,开展了炮孔密集系数为1.7、2.5、3.5、4.5的有机玻璃板室内爆破试验,并基于常规态型近场动力学原理,开发了爆破计算模块,对宽孔距爆破破岩中裂纹扩展过程、介质位移响应规律进行了研究。结果表明:临空面一侧的径向裂纹受到临空面反射拉伸应力波的作用,表现出向临空面拐角分叉的特征,并逐渐向临空面扩展,最后形成主裂纹组成漏斗形状。在最小抵抗线固定不变条件下,随着炮孔密集系数的增加,应力降低区逐渐增大,同排炮孔间的径向贯通裂隙消失,过大的炮孔密集系数也进一步造成前后排孔间贯通裂纹消失,最后导致单孔爆破的情况发生。位移计算结果进一步证实了上述规律,并且当炮孔密集系数较小时,前排炮孔留下的岩埂刚好被后排炮孔爆破破碎,随着炮孔密集系数的增大,后排孔爆破对前排炮孔所留下的岩埂破碎作用效果逐渐降低。建议实际工程中根据岩体力学性质、地质条件以及爆破目的适当调整密集系数来降低炸药单耗与大块率。

中凯矿业大直径深孔爆破落矿装药结构优化研究

装药结构对厚大矿体大直径深孔爆破落矿效果具有重要影响。中凯矿业帮中矿区现行装药结构(空气间隔长度比例24.2%)存在爆破后冲破坏作用严重的问题,造成后一排炮孔堵塞、坍塌甚至报废,严重影响生产效率;而盲目增大空气间隔长度比例则存在爆破大块率增加的风险。以矿山实际的炸药和岩石参数为基础,采用数值模拟软件LSDYNA开展大直径深孔爆破落矿装药结构优化研究。选择常用空气间隔器作为间隔材料,以空气间隔长度比例为研究对象设计了12种装药结构方案进行数值模拟,得到了装药结构与爆破后冲作用、大块率、自由面质点振动峰值速度以及峰值有效应力等评价指标之间的关系。结果表明:自由面质点振动峰值速度以及峰值有效应力随空气间隔长度比例增加逐渐下降;当空气间隔长度比例小于等于30.5%时后冲作用明显,后排炮孔可能出现塌孔现象,当空气间隔长度比例大于等于45.3%时,存在大块率增加的风险,最优装药结构的空气间隔长度比例为44.2%。现场深孔爆破落矿试验表明,优化的装药结构爆破后大块率为7.1%且爆破后冲作用得到有效控制。

深孔轴向多段间隔装药孔壁冲击压力分布

为确定地下垂直长深孔爆破时合理的空气间隔长度,基于爆轰波理论,分析了多段间隔装药爆破条件下孔壁冲击压力随间隔长度变化的内在分布规律函数;依据Mises准则,得出了不同岩性时合理的间隔长度参考值,并通过数值模拟和现场爆破试验进行了验证。结果表明,空气间隔段孔壁冲击压力沿炮孔轴线从两端向中间骤降,但在中点周围略微增大,压力曲线呈两端大、中间小、中点周围略微凸起的“W”形对称分布。

顶板深孔爆破炸药辅助推送车的研发

针对目前冲击地压矿井的煤层顶板深孔爆破主要采用人工装药的现状,课题研发了顶板深孔爆破炸药辅助推送车,主要开展辅助推送车的关键机械结构设计、行走和推送过程中防侧翻的运动学分析、关键部件的结构强度分析,通过校核计算及有限元分析验证辅助推送车的可靠性。通过现场试验表明,该装置结构稳定可靠,满足深孔爆破时炸药管高效、安全推送的要求,能提高深孔爆破时炸药管安装效率,有效降低劳动强度,提高施工效率,保障安全生产。

基于SPH露天台阶的爆破优化

针对露天深孔台阶爆破容易出现块度不均匀、大块率高等问题,运用经验公式法对台阶爆破参数进行计算并确定爆破方案,建立基于光滑粒子流体动力学(SPH)的台阶数值模型,对深孔台阶爆破孔排距共同作用下的岩体损伤情况及孔间应力大小进行研究。结果表明:孔排距会影响炮孔间的应力叠加作用,模拟过程中SPH粒子能良好地模拟出爆破过程中岩石运动状态和岩石损伤范围,当孔间距为8.5 m、排间距为5.0 m,爆破效果最佳。将模拟结果应用于现场试验,大块率较优化前降低了10.3%,块度平均合格率提高了5.2%,现场试验与模拟结果最优爆破方案效果高度一致,说明利用SPH的数值模拟方法研究台阶爆破是合理可行的。研究结果可为相关台阶爆破孔排距选择提供依据和参考。

深井高应力环境下束状组合孔拉槽爆破优化研究

为探究深井高应力环境下,采场束状组合孔拉槽爆破损伤破裂规律,采用LS-DYNA数值分析软件进行研究。通过建立平面数值模型,分析了无静应力、单向静应力和双向等值静应力3种条件下束状组合孔爆破破裂损伤情况。此外,对不同静应力条件下束状组合孔的孔间距和外围辅助空孔的布置方式进行优化,并进行工程试验验证。研究结果表明:相比无静应力条件,单向静应力和双向等值静应力条件下束状组合孔爆破损伤裂纹扩展受到抑制,静应力越大,抑制作用越显著。工程实践表明,根据静应力的大小调整束状组合孔孔间距和外围辅助孔布置方式,能够获得良好的拉槽爆破破岩效果。

周边空孔与炮孔间距对爆破时围岩断裂损伤的影响

为探究周边空孔与炮孔间距对爆破时围岩裂纹扩展和损伤的影响机制,在理论分析炮孔间距对斜入射应力波反射以及卸载波对围岩应力分布影响的基础上,结合数值模型,分析有、无周边空孔和不同炮孔间距爆破时围岩断裂、损伤的变化。结果表明:空孔与炮孔间距是发挥空孔效应的关键因素。间距较小,炸药能量利用率降低,无法发挥空孔对裂纹扩展的导向作用,围岩爆破损伤严重;间距较大,空孔对应力波的反射作用减弱,空孔效应不足以使两孔之间的裂纹相互贯通,无法满足开挖要求;炮孔间距为800~1000 mm时的爆破效果最佳。空孔的增设可将爆破的炮孔间距扩大30%。

装药结构对硬质岩隧洞轮廓成型效果的影响研究

硬质岩隧洞的轮廓成型效果对提高围岩稳定性和降低支护成本具有重要意义。以优化隧洞轮廓孔单孔装药量和装药结构为目标,首先,理论分析了隧洞爆破中轮廓孔装药参数的取值范围;其次,分别以1200 g、900 g、750 g、600 g的单孔装药量进行了硬质岩隧洞爆破试验,并借助激光扫描仪对隧洞轮廓成型效果进行了扫描分析;最后,利用断裂力学模型分析了不同单孔装药量的隧洞轮廓成型效果。结果表明:当硬质岩隧洞的轮廓孔装药参数在合理范围内时,单孔装药量越小,爆破产生的孔间裂缝数量越少,岩体损伤范围也越小;当装药量由1200 g降低至600 g时,隧洞轮廓超挖体积由6.53 m^(3)降低至2.02 m^(3),但由孔位误差导致的轮廓欠挖体积由0.15 m^(3)增大0.26 m^(3);断裂力学模型在硬质岩隧洞轮廓爆破的模拟中优于损伤模型,模型计算得隧洞轮廓上的半孔数与观察值吻合较好。研究成果可为类似硬质岩隧洞爆破开挖中轮廓成型效果优化提供技术与方法借鉴。