Experimental and numerical study on protective effect of RC blast wall against air shock wave

Prototype experiments were carried out on the explosion-proof performance of the RC blast wall.The mass of TNT detonated in the experiments is 5 kg and 20 kg respectively.The shock wave overpressure was tested in different regions.The above experiments were numerically simulated,and the simulated shock wave overpressure waveforms were compared with that tested and given by CONWEP program.The results show that the numerically simulated waveform is slightly different from the test waveform,but similar to CONWEP waveform.Through dimensional analysis and numerical simulation under different working conditions,the equation for the attenuation rate of the diffraction overpressure behind the blast wall was obtained.According to the corresponding standards,the degree of casualties and the damage degree of the brick concrete building at a certain distance behind the wall can be determined when parameters are set.The above results can provide a reference for the design and construction of the reinforced concrete blast wall.

Effect of Shock Wave on Fabricated Anti-Blast Wall and Distribution Law Around the Wall Under Near Surface Explosion

The loads of shock wave effect on fabricated anti-blast wall and distribution law around the wall were investigated by using near surface explosion test method and FEM. The pressure-time histories and variety law on the foreside and backside of the anti-blast wall were adopted in the tests of variety of different explosion distances and dynamites, as well as in the comparison between the test and numeri-cal calculation. The test results show that the loads of shock wave effect on the anti-blast wall were es-sen-tially consistent with calculation results using criterion under surface explosion when explosion dis-tances exceed 2 m, the distribution of overpressure behind wall was gained according to variety law based on small-large-small. It is also demonstrated that the peak overpressure behind wall had com-monly appeared in wall height by 1.5—2.5 multiples, and the peak overpressures of protective building behind wall could be reduced effectively by using the fabricated anti-blast wall.

Mitigation of blast loadings on structures by an anti-blast plastic water wall

Seven in-situ tests were carried out in far field to study the blast mitigation effect of a kind of water filled plastic wall. Test results show that the mitigation effect of water filled plastic wall is remarkable. The maximum reduction of peak reflected overpressure reaches up to 94.53%, as well as 36.3% of the minimum peak reflected overpressure reduction in the scaled distance ranging from 1.71 m/kg1/3 to 3.42 m/kg1/3. Parametric studies were also carried out. The effects of the scaled gauge height, water/charge scaled distance(the distance between the explosive charge and the water wall), water wall scaled height and water/structure scaled distance(the distance between the water wall and the structure) were systematically investigated and compared with the usual rigid anti-blast wall. It is concluded that these parameters affect the mitigation effects of plastic water wall on blast loadings significantly, which is basically consistent to the trend of usual rigid anti-blast wall. Some formulae are also derived based on the numerical and test results, providing a simple but reliable prediction model to evaluate the peak overpressure of mitigated blast loadings on the structures.

Monitoring Method for Blast Furnace Wall With Copper Staves

A monitoring method that has been designed for the first time for blast furnace wall with copper staves manufactured in China was introduced. Combining the method of ＂inverse problem＂ and the concept ＂non-inverse problem＂, the monitoring program for blast furnace wall with copper staves has been realized, which can be used to calculate online the accretion thickness and temperature of hot surface of copper staves after obtaining the values of thermocouples of copper staves. The accretion state obtained in the actual investigation has proved that the result of the program is correct. The monitoring program shows that the accretion would easily fluctuate when the accretion layer is extremely thick or thin, thereby the stable and smooth operation of the blast furnace is hindered. By maintaining appropriate accretion thickness, both long campaigns and high productivity of the blast furnace can be achieved; furthermore, it can also optimize the operation of blast furnace and maximize its production. Approximately 30--50 mm in thickness of accretion layer is maintained on the wall of Shougang blast furnace 2, which can meet the requirement for obtaining both long campaign and high productivity.

Investigation on the relationship between hearth wall erosion and deadman permeability for large blast furnaces

In this study, the relationship between hearth wall erosion and deadman permeability was investigated based on the change in the hearth bottom and hearth sidewall temperatures. Additionally, the operation practice for controlling hearth wall erosion in the large No. 1 blast furnace at Baosteel was also investigated. The reasons for the decrease in the permeability of deadman coke were analyzed, and measures for improving the permeability of deadman coke and controlling hearth wall temperature rising were described. The results show that a decrease in deadman coke permeability is the main reason for refractory temperature increase and hearth wall erosion. This indicates the importance of monitoring changes in hearth working conditions and taking appropriate measures to maintain sufficient permeability of the deadman and balance the hot metal flow and drainage of slag. At this rate, the decline in the hearth bottom temperature and fast rising of the hearth wall temperature can be restrained.

炮孔壁初始冲击压力直接测量试验研究

基于电测法构建出一套测试系统对孔壁压力进行直接测量,以获得现场岩石炮孔中的孔壁压力实测数据,根据灵敏度、抗冲击和抗干扰能力等参数,选择PVDF压电传感器作为压力测试系统的敏感元件;根据爆炸荷载的加载特性,选择并联25Ω碳膜电阻的电流模式作为系统的测试电路;最后根据带宽、采样率等参数选择示波器进行数据采集。将测试系统应用于高速公路边坡爆破开挖中,试验得到炮孔壁轴向距炸药0、0.1、0.2、0.3 m 4个位置的压力时程曲线,结果表明:在90/32的装药条件下,轴向距炸药0~0.3 m范围内,孔壁峰值压力范围为1 446~156 MPa;各测点的压力上升时间为6.1~1.5μs,距离炸药越近、压力上升时间越长;对试验值进行拟合,发现在轴向距炸药0~0.3 m范围内孔壁压力峰值呈幂函数递减。试验验证了孔壁压力直接测试系统的可靠性。

近场爆炸下波纹双钢板混凝土组合墙板的损伤破坏及抗爆性能

相对于传统的钢筋混凝土墙板和平面双钢板-混凝土组合墙板(profiled double-skin composite wall,PDSCW),波纹双钢板-混凝土组合墙板(concrete-infilled double steel corrugatedplate wall,CDSCW)具有更高的轴向抗压承载力、更大的侧向抗弯刚度以及良好的抗冲击和抗震性能,在船舶和军事领域有广阔的应用前景。制作2种CDSCW试件,通过近场爆炸试验对比分析了2种试件的损伤模式及动态响应;采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件建立了CDSCW和PDSCW的有限元模型,研究了近场爆炸下2种混凝土组合墙板的损伤机理和爆炸响应,并与试验结果进行对比分析;分析了混凝土厚度、钢板厚度、药量对CDSCW抗爆性能的影响。结果表明:近场爆炸作用下,相较于PDSCW,相同混凝土方量和尺寸(长、宽)的CDSCW具有更大的抗弯刚度、更强的抗变形能力以及更优的抗爆性能;增加波纹深度能有效提高CDSCW的抗爆性能,可为抗爆构件设计和相关工程研究提供参考。

不同方案钢板混凝土防爆墙的抗爆性能分析

减小爆炸破坏的有效方法是在爆炸点与建筑物之间设置一道防爆墙。采用LS-DYNA软件借助已有文献推荐的方法建立数值分析模型。研究了不同药量爆炸荷载下钢筋混凝土防爆墙(RCBW)的破坏过程。提出了4种不同方案的钢板混凝土防爆墙并对其抗爆性能进行分析、排序。最后,利用RC框架作为防护对象,分析不同钢板混凝土防爆墙的防爆效果。结果表明:爆炸荷载下钢筋混凝土防爆墙的破坏过程分为3个阶段,处于第3阶段的钢筋混凝土防爆墙发生严重的破坏。相比较于钢筋混凝土防爆墙,4种不同方案的钢板混凝土防爆墙的抗爆性能均有明显的提高,其中双面钢板混凝土防爆墙的防爆效果最好。爆炸荷载下,经双面钢板混凝土防爆墙防护后的RC框架柱没有发生任何破坏,而经其他3种方案防护的框架柱均有一定程度的塑性损伤。

梅钢5号高炉炉墙结厚的原因及炉况恢复

对梅钢5号高炉炉墙结厚的原因及炉况恢复进行了总结。5号高炉开炉以来首次炉墙结厚,主要征兆是全炉水温差下降和炉身静压力曲线值出现偏差。结厚的主要原因:一是焦炭质量劣化,入炉焦炭CRI最高上升至23.6%左右,灰分在12.5%左右;二是烧结矿质量劣化,品位降至57.0%左右,FeO含量降至8.5%左右;三是炉渣(Al_(2)0_(3))最高上升至19.0%左右;四是入炉有害元素含量超标,锌负荷升至0.36 kg/t,碱金属负荷最高上升至3.0 kg/t;五是炉况持续恶化。通过采取发展边沿气流、提高入炉风量、提高炉温加锰矿洗炉等措施,炉况得到恢复。

控制爆破法在竖井井壁开切卸压槽中的应用

基于井壁破裂理论分析、岩体爆破理论分析、控制爆破理论分析,并结合某风井破裂部位控制爆破开切卸压槽工程实践,对控制爆破技术在井筒破裂部位快速开切卸压槽展开研究。通过理论结合实践,将“分区爆破、竖向掏槽、两侧扩刷”的控制爆破技术成功应用在竖井破裂井壁控制爆破开切卸压槽工程中,取得了良好的施工效果,给相关矿井破裂井壁控制爆破开切卸压槽的控制提供了指导意义。

深孔轴向多段间隔装药孔壁冲击压力分布

为确定地下垂直长深孔爆破时合理的空气间隔长度,基于爆轰波理论,分析了多段间隔装药爆破条件下孔壁冲击压力随间隔长度变化的内在分布规律函数;依据Mises准则,得出了不同岩性时合理的间隔长度参考值,并通过数值模拟和现场爆破试验进行了验证。结果表明,空气间隔段孔壁冲击压力沿炮孔轴线从两端向中间骤降,但在中点周围略微增大,压力曲线呈两端大、中间小、中点周围略微凸起的“W”形对称分布。

首钢股份2号高炉炉墙结厚的成因及处理

首钢股份2号高炉因原燃料质量变差、抗原料质量波动能力差、操作应对不及时等原因导致炉墙结厚,炉况波动时间较长。通过采取减轻焦炭负荷、调整装料制度、降低炉渣碱度、使用萤石洗炉、更换风口等措施进行处理,炉况恢复正常。认为:①当进厂焦炭质量不达标时,应及时向上反馈,以免造成生产困难;②在原燃料质量稳定性较差的条件下,应保持煤气流通路,重视中心气流的作用,提高抗外围原燃料质量波动的能力;③针对原燃料条件及其质量波动,应及时修改、制订调整措施,保证高炉顺行。

复杂爆炸载荷致肺损伤试验研究

为研究真实工况下人员在爆炸冲击波作用下的动态响应特性,开展某型云爆弹静爆作用下工事内仿人形装置(Anthropomorphic Test Device,ATD)和绵羊的毁伤试验研究。采用爆炸测试装置和简易假人作为研究对象,通过6发爆炸试验分析爆炸冲击波在ATD表面传播规律,开展2种人员损伤预测模型的对比分析。研究结果表明:在本试验工况下,冲击波和崩落的混凝土碎块是主要的毁伤元;爆炸冲击波在ATD表面首先发生反射,随后绕射至其他部位,压力曲线表现出非典型冲击波特征,反射叠加效应明显;在典型冲击波特征正压作用时间区间内,由于Axelsson损伤模型线性阻尼项的影响,求解的胸壁运动速度呈现出先增大至峰值后降低的现象;Axelsson损伤模型与UFC 3-340-02规范相比,在人员损伤预测方面相对保守。所得研究结果可为工程应用及毁伤评估提供参考。

紧邻既有线岩墙爆破极限失稳厚度的试验研究

研究目的:扩堑石方的爆破安全一直是铁路增建二线急需解决的施工难题,目前,扩堑石方的开挖通常采用预留岩墙的爆破施工方法,该方法将整个工程的施工难点转移到预留岩墙的爆破拆除上面。为保证爆破拆除预留岩墙的安全,本文通过理论分析,并在渝怀铁路扩堑工程中开展逐排爆破岩墙来验证试验。研究结论:(1)提出了岩墙爆破极限失稳厚度的概念,并根据多边界石方爆破理论,分析了极限失稳厚度的计算方法;(2)通过分析岩墙表观、声波速度和振动速度的变化结果,并结合岩墙爆破拆除实际情况,确定了极限失稳厚度应为最小抵抗线的2倍;(3)极限失稳厚度是保证预留岩墙爆破安全的关键因素,该参数的确定可为复线铁路扩堑石方爆破开挖提供技术支持。

爆炸荷载作用下砌体填充墙对RC框架结构损伤破坏的影响

砌体填充墙作为非结构构件在建筑结构抗爆分析中常被忽略,而实际爆炸事故中填充墙多发生严重破坏,从而影响爆炸波的传播及其与结构的相互作用以及结构的损伤破坏等级。基于精细化数值仿真方法评估外部爆炸作用下砌体填充墙对钢筋混凝土(reinforced concrete,RC)框架结构损伤破坏的影响。首先,采用LS-DYNA有限元分析软件分别对典型砌体填充墙和含填充墙RC框架的近区爆炸试验进行复现,验证所采用的填充墙简化微观建模方法、材料本构模型和参数,以及任意拉格朗日欧拉爆炸荷载施加方法和爆炸波-结构流固耦合算法的适用性。进一步结合结构混合单元建模方法,开展了美国联邦应急管理署规定的普通轿车炸弹(454 kg TNT当量)在底层边柱位置爆炸下,6度、7度和8度抗震设防烈度的典型6层纯框架和含填充墙框架结构动力行为的数值仿真分析,考察了爆炸波传播路径,以及结构的动态响应、损伤破坏和抗倒塌机制。结果表明:该工况中填充墙能够有效阻挡爆炸波的传播,作用于目标柱相邻内柱上的超压峰值降低95%,减轻了内部构件的损伤程度;但同时加剧了结构迎爆面的损伤破坏,如3种抗震设防烈度的含填充墙框架目标柱柱中侧向位移较纯框架分别增加21.4%、31.1%和14.8%;不同抗震设防烈度的纯框架和含填充墙框架的顶层目标柱竖向位移基本相同,即抗震设防烈度及砌体填充墙对框架结构整体倒塌行为的影响可以忽略。

酒钢4#高炉冷却壁破损原因分析及对策

酒钢4#高炉中修开炉运行仅1 a后出现炉腹、炉腰、炉身下部冷却壁大量破损,已影响到高炉的操作及生产稳定。结合4#高炉中修后的生产实际状况,并与3#高炉对比,分析冷却壁破损的原因,并提出相应对策,为缓解炉身冷却壁损坏改善高炉运行提供依据。

昆钢2号高炉炉况失常的原因及处理措施

对昆钢2号高炉2023年4月8日发生的炉况失常的原因及处理措施进行分析总结。认为这次炉况失常的直接原因是风口小套长时间漏水和炉墙黏结,间接原因是高炉计划检修周期过长、烧结矿冶金性能劣化、熔剂质量波动造成渣相波动和炉顶洒水效果不好。从装料制度、送风制度、造渣制度、热制度等方面进行系统调整,主要通过采取缩矿批退负荷、集中加焦、调整布料矩阵、增加水量提高冷却强度等措施,炉况实现快速恢复。4月12日,2号高炉焦炭负荷提升至4.54,日产量恢复到7058.789t/d,燃料比稳定在516kg/t。

等长宽比全剪力墙结构高层楼房定向爆破拆除

昆明市某待拆地块内有两栋长宽比近似的全剪力墙结构高层楼房通过定向爆破方式进行拆除,首先通过长臂炮机开设大角度切口,破碎切口范围内电梯井结构、外围部分剪力墙,利用人工风镐对切口范围内楼梯梯段进行预处理。其次通过合理的爆破参数设计,合理的网路延时设计,对切口范围剩余剪力墙进行钻爆。最后通过直接覆盖防护与近体防护相结合的预防爆破飞石措施,以及隔断地下室顶板等减振措施,严格控制爆破危害效应,使楼房拆除爆破安全顺利实施,可为类似工程提供参考。

复杂软弱围岩临近建构筑物隧道控制爆破开挖技术研究

针对隧道洞口爆破作业过程中产生的飞石、粉尘、冲击波和噪声等对周围环境影响大、破坏严重等问题,结合临金高速公路临安至建德段工程第TJ04标段,对复杂软弱围岩临近建(构)筑物隧道控制爆破开挖技术进行研究,重点介绍隧道洞口爆破开挖多功能门架防护装置的结构组成、技术原理、安装操作要点、产生效益等内容。应用表明,该技术不仅可以减少飞石、应力波等破坏因子对周边环境的影响,而且可以起到降尘、降噪效果,具有较好的技术和经济效益。