Prediction of Ground Vibration Induced by Rock Blasting Based on Optimized Support Vector Regression Models

Accurately estimating blasting vibration during rock blasting is the foundation of blasting vibration management.In this study,Tuna Swarm Optimization(TSO),Whale Optimization Algorithm(WOA),and Cuckoo Search(CS)were used to optimize two hyperparameters in support vector regression(SVR).Based on these methods,three hybrid models to predict peak particle velocity(PPV)for bench blasting were developed.Eighty-eight samples were collected to establish the PPV database,eight initial blasting parameters were chosen as input parameters for the predictionmodel,and the PPV was the output parameter.As predictive performance evaluation indicators,the coefficient of determination(R2),rootmean square error(RMSE),mean absolute error(MAE),and a10-index were selected.The normalizedmutual information value is then used to evaluate the impact of various input parameters on the PPV prediction outcomes.According to the research findings,TSO,WOA,and CS can all enhance the predictive performance of the SVR model.The TSO-SVR model provides the most accurate predictions.The performances of the optimized hybrid SVR models are superior to the unoptimized traditional prediction model.The maximum charge per delay impacts the PPV prediction value the most.

Investigation on the threshold control of safety blasting vibration velocity for the extraction of complicated orebody under railway

爆炸的安全的阀值控制颤动速度是为在建设，道路，和水中的复杂矿石沉积物的地下的采矿的重要进程。根据排水量的相等的原则和集体点的速度，微分进化基于 3DEC 被提出动态分析，使计算更有效、精确。在铁路下面的复杂 orebody 的 3DEC 模型根据地志的地图和东方黄铁矿矿的地质的数据被建立。内部应力和排水量地的刺激反应分发被分析所在地的监视颤动排水量和集体点的速度数据表明。参数选择的可靠性，例如爆炸模拟波形，抑制的岩石，被识别。铁路的安全颤动速度与爆炸的安全的要求一致被设为 4.5 cm/s 规则。因此，在这个区域的单个阶段的炸药的最大的数量是 44.978 kg。模拟结果在对所在地的监视资料的好同意。701 铁路专辑线的排水量和解决都没被选择单个阶段的炸药的批评数量完成。

Influence of millisecond time,charge length and detonation velocity on blasting vibration

The law of blasting vibration caused by blasting in rock is very complex.Traditional numerical methods cannot well characterize all the influencing factors in the blasting process.The effects of millisecond time,charge length and detonation velocity on the blasting vibration are discussed by analyzing the characteristics of vibration wave generated by finite length cylindrical charge.It is found that in multi-hole millisecond blasting,blasting vibration superimpositions will occur several times within a certain distance from the explosion source due to the propagation velocity difference of P-wave and S-wave generated by a short column charge.These superimpositions will locally enlarge the peak velocity of blasting vibration particle.The magnitude and scope of the enlargement are closely related to the millisecond time.Meanwhile,the particle vibration displacement characteristics of rock under long cylindrical charge is analyzed.The results show that blasting vibration effect would no longer increase when the charge length increases to a certain extent.This indicates that the traditional simple calculation method using the maximum charge weight per delay interval to predict the effect of blasting vibration is unreasonable.Besides,the effect of detonation velocity on blasting vibration is only limited in a certain velocity range.When detonation velocity is greater than a certain value,the detonation velocity almost makes no impact on blasting vibration.

Vibration velocity and frequency of underwater short-hole blasting

Based on the measuring data of underwater blasting vibration and theregression analysis results of these data, two formulae usually used of blasting vibration velocitywere compared. Factors that can affect blasting vibration and frequency were summarized andanalyzed. It is thought that the effect of the number of freedom face and burden direction onblasting vibration should be considered during blasting design. Based on the relevant researchresults and the regression results of these data, a formula to calculate under water blastingfrequency was put forward.

Novel Soft ComputingModel for Predicting Blast-Induced Ground Vibration in Open-Pit Mines Based on the Bagging and Sibling of Extra Trees Models

This study considered and predicted blast-induced ground vibration(PPV)in open-pit mines using bagging and sibling techniques under the rigorous combination of machine learning algorithms.Accordingly,four machine learning algorithms,including support vector regression(SVR),extra trees(ExTree),K-nearest neighbors(KNN),and decision tree regression(DTR),were used as the base models for the purposes of combination and PPV initial prediction.The bagging regressor(BA)was then applied to combine these base models with the efforts of variance reduction,overfitting elimination,and generating more robust predictive models,abbreviated as BA-ExTree,BAKNN,BA-SVR,and BA-DTR.It is emphasized that the ExTree model has not been considered for predicting blastinduced ground vibration before,and the bagging of ExTree is an innovation aiming to improve the accuracy of the inherently ExTree model,as well.In addition,two empirical models(i.e.,USBM and Ambraseys)were also treated and compared with the bagging models to gain a comprehensive assessment.With this aim,we collected 300 blasting events with different parameters at the Sin Quyen copper mine(Vietnam),and the produced PPV values were also measured.They were then compiled as the dataset to develop the PPV predictive models.The results revealed that the bagging models provided better performance than the empirical models,except for the BA-DTR model.Of those,the BA-ExTree is the best model with the highest accuracy(i.e.,88.8%).Whereas,the empirical models only provided the accuracy from 73.6%–76%.The details of comparisons and assessments were also presented in this study.

Modified scaled distance regression analysis approach for prediction of blast-induced ground vibration in multi-hole blasting

The blast-induced ground vibration prediction using scaled distance regression analysis is one of the most popular methods employed by engineers for many decades. It uses the maximum charge per delay and distance of monitoring as the major factors for predicting the peak particle velocity(PPV). It is established that the PPV is caused by the maximum charge per delay which varies with the distance of monitoring and site geology. While conducting a production blasting, the waves induced by blasting of different holes interfere destructively with each other, which may result in higher PPV than the predicted value with scaled distance regression analysis. This phenomenon of interference/superimposition of waves is not considered while using scaled distance regression analysis. In this paper, an attempt has been made to compare the predicted values of blast-induced ground vibration using multi-hole trial blasting with single-hole blasting in an opencast coal mine under the same geological condition. Further,the modified prediction equation for the multi-hole trial blasting was obtained using single-hole regression analysis. The error between predicted and actual values of multi-hole blast-induced ground vibration was found to be reduced by 8.5%.

Propagation characteristics of vibration waves induced in surrounding rock by tunneling blasting

The effect of blasting vibration waves on surrounding rock and supporting structures is an important field in underground engineering. In this paper, the separation variable method is used to solve the displacement potential function for the propagation of the blasting vibration waves. In the axis coordinate system, the particle motion and stress change with axial distance, radial distance and time is obtained in surrounding rock. The peak particle velocity law in surrounding rock under different blast loads and surrounding rock parameters is discussed.In addition, the particle vibration characteristics in the surrounding rock are studied using numerical simulations method. The results shows that the peak particle velocity in surrounding rock appears negative exponent attenuation with the increase of axial distance, but it appears positive and negative fluctuations in radial direction. This phenomenon is a new discovery and it has been rarely investigated before. Moreover, the peak particle velocity attenuates more quickly and intensely in the near blasting field,which means that the supporting structure in a shorter distance away from the heading face is vulnerable to the impact of blasting vibration. Theattenuation of blasting vibration velocity is closely related to charge length, blasting load amplitude,attenuation index and rock elastic modulus. The numerical simulation accomplishes the same results and then demonstrates the validity of theoretical results.

Vibration Superposition in Tunnel Blasting with Millisecond Delay

According to explosion dynamics and elastic wave theory, the models of particle vibration velocity for simultaneous blasting and milliseeond blasting are built. In the models, influential factors such as delay interval and charge quantity, are considered. The calculated vibration velocity is compared with the field test results, which shows that the theoretical values are close to the experimental ones. Meanwhile, the particle vibration velocity decreases quickly with time due to the damping of rock mass and has a harmonic motion, and the particle vibration velocity of millisecond blasting has short interval. The superposition of particle vibration velocities may reduce vibration because of wave interference, or magnify the surrounding rock response to the blastinginduced vibration.

Destabilization analysis of overlapping underground chambers induced by blasting vibration with catastrophe theory

According to the main characters of overlapping underground chambers, the roof (floor) of two adjacent underground chambers is simplified to the mechanical model that is the beam with build-in ends. And vibration load due to blasting is simplified to harmonic wave. The catastrophic model of double cusp for underground chambers destabilization induced by blasting vibration has been established under the circumstances of considering deadweight of the beam, and the condition of destabilization has been worked out. The critical safety thickness of the roof (floor) of underground chambers has been confirmed according to the destabilization condition. The influence of amplitude and frequency of blasting vibration load on the critical safety thickness has been analyzed, and the quantitative relation between velocity, frequency of blasting vibration and critical safety thickness has been determined. Research results show that the destabilization of underground chambers is not only dependent on the amplitude and frequency of blasting vibration load, but also related to deadweight load and intrinsic attribute. It is accordant to testing results and some related latest research results of blasting seismic effect. With increasing amplitude, the critical safety thickness of underground chambers decreases gradually. And the possibility of underground chambers destabilization increases. When the frequency of blasting vibration is equal to or very close to the frequency of beam, resonance effect will take place in the system. Then the critical safety thickness will turn to zero, underground chambers will be damaged severely, and its loading capacity will lose on the whole.

Study of blasting vibrations in Sarcheshmeh copper mine

Ground vibration is one of the side effects of blasting, in which way considerable amount of explosive energy is exhausted, and causes decrease in production and even decline in mine development workings. In this study, 57 recorded 3-C seismograms from 11 blasts in Sarcheshmeh copper mine, Kerman, Iran, are processed and analyzed. These data were recorded by digital seismograph PDAS-100 and analyzed by DADISP software. Finally, blasting parameters, such as explosive weight and type, distance between the structures and blasting site, blasting delays, affecting ground vibration are reviewed and their influence on peak particle velocity (PPV) are studied. Based on this study, suitable detonation delays and explosive type is determined. Considering these data, a graph of PPV versus scaled distance for Sarcheshmeh copper mine is prepared, by the help of which, safe distance for structures and accordingly explosive quantity could be determined.

Effect Blasting Excavation of Yujiapeng Tunnel on Stability of Nearby Giant Dangerous Rock Masses (DRM)

On the basis of the interpretation of engineering geology of the tunnel and of its adjacent dangerous rock masses (DRM), this paper presents the energy and vibration parameters of the explosion that propagates in different blasting modes according to the experimental formulas now usually employed. Then the stability checking computation of T 8-T 12 area, the most dangerous area of DRM, is conducted under the limited blasting condition and with the limited equilibrium method. The result shows that the effect on the stability is only 5.5 % and that this area also contains certain safety reserves.

爆破振动作用下桥梁桩孔稳定性振动台试验研究

为了解爆破振动对邻近桥梁桩基成孔后桩孔稳定性的影响,以与山体爆破工程计划同时施工的某主跨280 m的斜拉桥为背景,设计、制作土箱和缩尺比1∶40桩孔模型开展振动台试验,研究桩孔孔壁的破坏特征、土体振动速度和动土压力的变化规律。结果表明:土体的振动速度峰值和动土压力峰值均随着爆破强度的增大而增大,在土体产生破坏后,土体的振动速度峰值和动土压力峰值均呈现出非线性增大趋势;爆破强度较小时土体的动土压力峰值曲线为U形,爆破强度较大时桩孔区域土体的动土压力峰值曲线为W形,桩孔中上部区域的动土压力峰值较大;山体爆破振动会使钢护筒底部与土体交界面以下桩孔的中上部区域出现破坏,应对山体爆破施工加强现场监测,桩孔附近的振动速度峰值不宜超过2 cm/s,以保障桩孔的稳定性。

周边眼偏位空孔爆破设计优化研究与应用

依据已有研究对空孔效应和设置空孔时裂纹扩展规律进行探讨,发现空孔有利于裂纹贯通,对提升爆破效果有一定帮助,但也发现传统的直线型空孔布置会导致裂纹偏向,即在空孔附近转向、偏离原发展路径,影响原设计开挖轮廓。若设置偏位空孔,则可充分利用空孔效应及导向作用以提高开挖质量。对于偏位空孔在爆破中的效应,采用数值模拟研究了不同炮孔间距、空孔偏位角下的裂纹扩展规律和炮孔间贯通情况,探讨了最优偏位角度设计,并根据模拟结果对现场爆破方案进行优化,研究实际应用效果。研究结果表明:偏位空孔对爆生裂纹具有较直线空孔更明显的导向作用,主要表现在爆生裂纹尖端向空孔本身发展或被空孔裂纹引导偏向、最终主裂纹与空孔连通或在空孔范围之外主裂纹相贯通,更利于炮孔主裂纹扩展与贯通;通过提取模拟结果并测量裂纹范围,对于孔间距在60 cm及以下时,适用于周边眼爆破设计的最优偏位角为15°,在此情况下炮孔连线方向形成了与孔心连线相平行的裂纹,能显著提升贯通效果;对于优化后的福厦铁路某隧道爆破施工方案,通过振速监测及超欠挖断面扫描分析,发现周边眼起爆引起的爆破振速降低了超过50%,超欠挖值也由平均25 cm降低至15 cm以内,整体应用效果良好。该项研究可为隧道爆破减振及超欠挖控制研究提供一定参考。

基于爆破荷载等效施加方法的振动波形预测与古建筑安全评估

隧道爆破开挖产生的振动对邻近的古建筑有着不容忽视的安全影响,为研究爆破振动波的传播规律以及预测地面振动效应和分析临近古建筑结构的安全性,以拉卜楞隧道为依托,采用现场实测结合数值模拟分析的方法,预测爆破荷载作用下拉卜楞寺的动力响应。结果表明:(1)随着单响总药量的增加,质点振动速度增大,衰减比也随之增大,说明高频振动衰减快,低频振动衰减慢;(2)通过理论计算将爆破荷载等效施加在弹性边界或隧道开挖轮廓面上,动力模拟结果表明在大于40 m的中远区两者振速变化规律趋于一致,故将荷载施加在开挖轮廓面上是合理的;(3)爆破地震波自由界面处体波经过反射形成沿表面传播的Rayleigh波,结合数值模拟山体内部地震波的传播规律发现,经反射叠加山体内部形成复杂的振动区;(4)当地震波到达拉卜楞寺最近点时,径向振速峰值为0.000672 cm/s,垂向振速峰值为0.000448 cm/s,合成振速峰值为0.000807 cm/s,远小于古建筑安全振动控制标准。

不耦合装药系数对岩体爆破损伤的影响

在爆破工程中,选择合适的装药结构能够有效提高炸药利用率,从而改善爆破效果。基于RHT(Riedel-Hiermaier-Thomamodel)动态响应力学关系,采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件研究了偏心不耦合装药条件下不耦合系数K对岩体爆破荷载的影响,以及爆破过程中岩体的损伤情况。通过建立单孔偏心不耦合爆破模型,分析了不耦合系数K为1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0和3.5条件下的有效应力、振动速度、爆破地震波能量和损伤状况。同时,研究了不同不耦合系数K条件下爆心距(l)与损伤度(D)、质点振动速度(PPV)与爆心距(l),以及振动速度(vpp)与损伤度(D)之间的关系。结果表明:随着不耦合系数K的增大,耦合侧与不耦合侧有效应力和峰值振动速度、地震波峰值能量略微减小;粉碎区和裂隙区范围逐渐减小,且粉碎区损伤半径较裂隙区减小速率更大。岩体损伤程度和质点振动速度(vpp)均随着爆心距的增大而逐渐减小。质点振动速度越大损伤程度也越大,当vpp=50.4 cm/s时,岩体中的损伤变量达到损伤破坏阈值(D=0.19);当vpp>140.6 cm/s时,损伤度D>0.80。

预裂缝宽度对爆破效果影响研究

采用LS-DYNA软件建立数值模型,模拟分析了预裂缝宽度分别为3 cm和5 cm时对爆破效果的影响。结果表明,预裂缝越宽,减振效果越好,相差比例最高可达46%。选择不同孔径预裂爆破进行现场爆破振动监测试验,验证了数值模拟所得规律的正确性。预裂爆破参数的选取需结合现场实际工况和周围建(构)筑物的保护进行综合分析。

公路隧道爆破振动对洞口区域建筑物的影响研究

在贵州省高速公路某隧道进行爆破开挖时,采用现场监测的方法研究隧道爆破振动对洞口区域建筑物的影响。依据测点布设原则,选取爆破振动影响区域具有代表性的4栋区域建筑物开展监测,根据第一次监测结果,结合现场的实际情况,确定区域建筑物的爆破振动安全允许标准为2.0 cm/s,以此推算爆破作业最大段装药量的限定范围为12.3~13.2 kg,据此将最大段装药量调整为13.0 kg。调整爆破方案后的监测结果表明:4个测点的峰值振速均小于2.0 cm/s,结合调整爆破方案前和调整爆破方案后的现场调研情况,验证选定的区域建筑物振动控制标准和最大段装药量取值的建议是合理可行的。

爆破震动作用下高地应力巷道动力响应特征与稳定性研究

为了研究爆破震动作用下高地应力巷道的动力响应特征及其稳定性,以淮南潘三矿超前预裂卸压爆破扰动瓦斯综合治理巷为工程背景,通过理论分析建立了爆破作业扰动巷道围岩模型,并根据应力波传播理论及波前动量守恒定理推导出了爆破震动作用下巷道围岩振动方程。使用数值模拟研究了巷道围岩质点峰值振动速度(Peak Particle Velocity,PPV)的衰减特征,从应力分布规律的角度对理论分析进行了补充,并根据模拟结果对巷道围岩稳定性进行了分析。结果表明:巷道围岩振动方程显示,爆炸应力波入射角度的不同会导致巷道围岩不同区域的动态响应特征存在差异。随着爆心距增大,巷道轮廓面附近围岩PPV出现波动,并在自由面处获得最大峰值振速;地应力对巷道围岩PPV具有抑制作用,地应力越大抑制作用越明显,且不同位置围岩的PPV对地应力敏感度存在差异;随着地应力增大,爆破震动作用下巷道围岩受力状态从拉剪变为压剪,最大主应力和剪切应力也随之增大。研究认为随着埋深增加,在对爆破震动作用下巷道围岩的稳定性进行评估时地应力因素不可忽略。对于潘三矿超前预裂卸压爆破工程现场而言,除了巷道的直墙外,墙角、拱墙也是危险区域,应当着重予以加固并加强监测。

近接既有隧道爆破激发地震波成分构成及特性研究

为研究新建隧道爆破地震波不同成分对既有隧道结构安全的影响,基于地震学极化偏振原理,结合现场爆破振动监测和ANSYS/LS-DYNA数值模型,分析既有隧道衬砌振动波型的成分构成及特性,探讨既有隧道衬砌动拉应力与P波峰值合振速的关联性。研究结果表明:新建隧道MS1、MS3、MS5、MS7、MS9、MS11和MS13段毫秒延期爆破P、S和R波对既有隧道衬砌质点振动均有贡献,各段别前期均由传播速度最快的P波主导,而后S波和R波相继成为主导波型;地震波传播路径及测振点的位置与波型成分密切相关,新建隧道已开挖和未开挖2个区域所对应的既有隧道质点振动特性存在显著差异,当L/D>1.58(L为距爆源中心的水平距离,D为隧道净距)时,未开挖区域的S波最大幅值超过P波最大幅值,成为后续区段质点振动的主导波型;既有隧道衬砌动拉应力与P波峰值合振速线性相关性较好,安全振速阈值为10.53 cm/s。

隧道爆破减振孔减振效果研究

为探究不同减振孔布置方式对隧道爆破时减振效果的影响,采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件构建隧道爆破数值模型,从围岩振速、应力和损伤3个方面对比分析无减振孔、常规减振孔、加密减振孔和加大减振孔4种工况的减振效果。研究结果表明:加大减振孔孔径后,在振速和应力方面的减振效率相对较高,分别达到27.7%,27.9%;减振孔的设置可以有效阻碍爆破应力的传播和损伤裂纹的扩展,加大孔径的减振孔阻碍效果更好,使隧道爆破时的围岩应力辐射半径和损伤半径均减少约1/2,常规减振孔和加密减振孔的阻碍效果均相对较小。研究结果可为隧道钻爆法施工中进一步优化减振孔布置方式提供参考。