Use of Plant-Based Accelerator to Enhance Rate of Gain of Strength of Kenyan Blended Cement

Concrete is the most widely used construction material in the world. The situation in the country is not an exception as most of the infrastructures in Kenya such as buildings, bridges, concrete drainage among others, are constructed using concrete. Sadly, the failure of buildings and other concrete structures is very common in Kenya. Blended Portland cement type 32.5 N/mm2 is the most widely used concrete binder material and is found in all parts of the country. Despite blended cement CEM 32.5 being the most commonly used cement type in construction industry in Kenya and most developing countries as a result of its low price and availability locally, its strength gain has been proven to be lower compared to when other types of cement are used due to quantity of pozzolanic material added to the blend. This paper outlines findings of an experimental investigation on the use of cypress tree extract as an accelerator to enhance rate of gain of strength on Kenyan blended cements. Six different blended cement brands locally available were used during the study. Cement chemical analysis was done using X-ray diffraction method while for the cypress extract, Atomic Absorption Spectrometer machine was used. Physical and mechanical properties were checked based on the British standards. The generation of the concrete mix design was done using the British DOE method and concrete was tested for the compressive strength at 7, 14, 21, 28, 56 and 90 days. It was observed that 15% dosage of the extract expressed as a mass percentage of the cement content gives the most improved compressive strength of concrete, 10.4% at 7 days and 9.5% at 28 days hence the optimum. It was further noted that when Cypress tree extract is used as an accelerator in the mix, the blended cement concrete achieves the design strength at 27 days saving 10 days of the project duration compared to when no accelerator is used while the ultimate strength is achieved at 67 days. The study therefore recommends the use of the cypress tree bark extract at a dosage of 15%, by mass, of the cement content as an accelerator when the structure is to be loaded at 28 days and waiting up to 39 days before loading the structure if no accelerator is used for blended cement concrete.

Effect of Coal Gangue with Different Kaolin Contents on Compressive Strength and Pore Size of Blended Cement Paste

The effects of activated coal gangue on compressive strength, porosity and pore size distribution of hardened cement pastes were investigated. Activated coal gangue with two different kaolin contents, one higher and one lower, were used to partially replace Portland cement at 0%, 10%, and 30% by weight. The water to binder ratio（w/b） of 0.5 was used for all the blended cement paste mixes. Experimental results indicate that the blended cement of activated coal gangue mortar with higher kaolin mineral content has a higher compressive strength than that with lower kaolin mineral content. The porosity and pore size of blended cement mortar were significantly affected by the replacement of activated coal gangue.

A Blended Cement Containing Blast Furnace Slag and Phosphorous Slag

Blended cement containing blast furnace slag (BFS) and phosphorous slag( PS) is a new kind of cement. The total content of blended materials could increase if two additives were used. Using the same admixtures , the properties of the blended cement with 70% additives could reach the standard of 525-grade slag cement according to GB. The strength of cement with 80% additives could reach the standard of 425-grade slag cement. The tests of strength, pore structure, hydration products, inhibiting alkali-aggregate reaction, resistance to sulfate corrosion of BFS-PSC were performed.

The Hydration of Blended Cement at Low W/B Ratio

The hydration process,hydration product and hydration heat of blended cement paste mixed with mineral admixture and expansive agent at low W/B ratio are studied by XRD,thermo analysis,and calorimetry instrument,and they were compared with those of pure cement paste.The results show that pure cement and blended cement at low W/B ratio have the same types of hydration products,but their respective amounts of hydration products of various blended cements at same ages and the variation law of the amount of same hydration products with ages are different;The joint effect of tumefaction of gel-ettringite due to water absorption and the expansive pressure on the pore and rift caused by the crystalloid ettringite is the impetus of the volume expansion of cement paste,and the former effect is much greater than the latter one.

Hydrothermal Characteristics of Blended Cement Pastes Containing Silica Sand Using Cement Kiln Dust as an Activator

The hydrothermal reactivity of silica sand was studied using cement kiln dust (CKD) as an activator in addition to the Portland cement fraction of El-Karnak cement (a blend of ordinary Portland cement and ground sand). Autoclaved EI-Karnak cement pastes were studied at pressures of 0.507, 1.013 and 1.520 MPa of saturated steam with respect to their compressive strength, kinetics of hydrothermal reaction and the phase composition of the formed hydrates. The role of CKD in affecting the physicochemical and mechanical properties of EI-Karnak cement pastes was studied by autoclaving of several pastes containing 5, 7.5, 10 and 20% CKD at a pressure of 1.013 MPa of saturated steam. CKD was added either as a raw CKD (unwashed) or after washing with water (washed CKD). The results of these physicochemical studies obtained could be related as much as possible to the role of CKD (raw or washed) in affecting the hydrothermal reactivity of silica sand in EI-Karnak cement pastes.

A Method for Semi-quantitative Analysis of C-S-H Gel in a Blended Cement Paste

An amended method for accurate measuring the quantity of calcium silicate hydrate(C-S-H) in pure cement paste and blended cement paste by water adsorption was made, which based on R.A.Olson’s method. Two improvements to this method, such as using C-S-H gel by hydro-thermal synthesis as standard sample and the stoichiometry of C-S-H gel is partitioned based on hydration time and the amount of mineral admixture. The result of C-S-H gel content in pure cement paste and blended cement paste is higher than by R.A.Olson’s method.

Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Blended Cement Containing Modified Quartz Tailing

The amount of inert quartz tailing used in concrete construction is limited due to the low strength development of cementitious materials that may be caused by the quartz tailing. We manage to increase the strength of blended cement by modifying quartz tailing through solid-phase reaction of quartz tailing with carbide slag at high temperature. The mineral composition and morphology of the modified quartz tailing were examined by X-ray diffraction（XRD） and scanning electron microscopy（SEM）. The mechanical properties and microstructure of blended cement mortars containing modified quartz tailing were investigated. Results showed that the strengths of blended cement mortars containing modified quartz tailing were close to those of the corresponding blended cement mortars containing quartz tailing at early age of 3 d, but increased significantly to be similar to that of plain Portland cement mortars at late ages of 90 d. This is attributed to the microstructure densification and the enhancement of interface between quartz tailing and cement paste due to the hydration of b-C_2 S surface layer on modified quartz tailing.

Sustainable Construction—Use of Stone Dust as Plasticiser in High Strength SCC with Blended Cement

Extensive growth in the developing countries due to infrastructure development is resulting into massive consumption of concrete thereby increasing the demand on concrete materials. Quite large amounts of fine aggregates are required for concrete in developing countries thus shortages of quality river sand is putting pressure on availability of fine aggregates. To fulfill the high demand of fine aggregates, a search for alternative materials is in process. Stone crushing and processing industry is a large industry which generates large amounts of stone dust and slurry which is a waste produced from this process. Tons of such waste generated has no useful purpose except as landfill material. Some preliminary studies have been conducted into use of marble/ limestone waste for use in concrete [1] [2].?This study aims at using stone dust as partial replacement of sand in concrete to observe its effects on workability and other mechanical properties. This would result in useful consumption of this waste product thereby eliminating environmental issues related to its disposal. Partial replacement of 10% and 20% sand replacement with stone dust is carried out with the use of self-compacting concrete with blended cement. Blended cement used contains 50% rice husk ash and 50% Portland cement. Such high strength SCC with blended cement containing 50% rice husk ash and 50% Portland cement has already been tested to provide better quality concrete [3]. Wide ranging investigations covering most aspects of mechanical behavior and permeability were carried out for various mixes for compressive strengths of 60?MPa & 80?MPa. Compressive strengths of high strength SCC with blended cements and 10% and 20% replacement of sand with stone dust for 60?MPa and 80?MPa were observed to be higher by about 10% to 13% than the control specimen. Higher elastic moduli and reduced permeability were observed along with better sulphate and acid resistance. Better strengths and improved durability of such high strength SCC make it a more acceptable material for major construction projects thereby reducing the burden on environment and use of such waste product for a useful purpose promoting sustainable construction.

Properties and Thermal Stress Analysis of Blended Cement Self-Compacting Concrete

Self-Compacting concrete is a concrete that is able to flow and consolidate under its own weight, completely fill the formwork even in the presence of dense reinforcement, whilst maintaining homogeneity and without the need for any additional compaction. Self-Compacting concrete is achieved by using high proportions of powder content and super?plasticizers. Due to this, pronounced thermal cracking is anticipated. Thermal cracking in concrete structures is of great concern. The objective of this research is to carry out experiments and investigate fresh and hardened properties of SCC developed using a blend of ordinary Portland cement and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), to evaluate the applicability of Japan Concrete Institute (JCI) model?equations and?to find out any similarities and differences between Self-?Compacting concrete and normal vibrated concrete—Portland blast furnace slag concrete class B. Thermal stress analysis of the proposed Self-Compacting concrete and normal vibrated concretes were investigated by simulation using 3D FEM analysis. To carry out these objectives, concrete properties such as autogenous shrinkage, adiabatic temperature rise, drying shrinkage, modulus of elasticity, splitting tensile strength and compressive strength were determined through experiments. From experimental results, it was observed that except for the fresh properties, the hardened properties of Self-Compacting exhibit similar characteristics to those of normal vibrated concrete at almost similar water to binder ratios. It was also established that Self-Compacting concrete at W/B of 32% with a 50% replacement of ground granulated blast furnace slag has better thermal cracking resistance than SCC with 30% GGBFS replacement. It is also found that provided the relevant constants are derived from experimental data, JCI model equations can be applied successfully to evaluate hardened properties of Self-Compacting concrete.

Polymer Modified Concrete of Blended Cement and Natural Latex Copolymer: Static and Dynamic Analysis

This paper deals with the effect of blended cement and natural latex copolymer to static and dynamic properties of polymer modified concrete. The polymer was used copolymer of natural latex methacrylate (KOLAM) and copolymer of natural latex styrene (KOLAS) with composition of 1%, 5%, and 10% w/w of weight of blended cement in concrete mixture. They are tested for compressive strength, flexural strength, splitting tensile strength, and modulus elasticity for static analysis, and impact load and energy dissipation profile for dynamic analysis. The result shows that KOLAM with concentration 1% give better performance in static and dynamic properties. The KOLAM 1% gives improvement in flexural strength, splitting tensile strength and modulus elasticity about 4%, 13% and 3% compared to normal concrete. And for dynamic properties, KOLAM 1% could reduce impact load up to 35% and improve energy dissipation capacity about 45% compared to normal concrete. The concentration of KOLAM higher than 1% resulting negative effect to static and dynamic properties, except modulus of elasticity. For KOLAS, there were no positive trends of static and dynamic properties.

机制砂复配的非线性效应研究

为了探究复配对机制砂关键技术指标及应用性能的影响,考察了复配机制砂与原料机制砂的关键技术指标、所配制水泥砂浆的流动性及试块强度之间的关系。结果表明:复配机制砂的颗粒级配、石粉含量、MB值、表观密度和片状颗粒含量与原料砂的相应指标呈线性关系,而松散堆积密度与原料砂呈非线性关系;相同流动度的复配砂水泥砂浆用水量小于原料砂水泥砂浆用水量的线性相加值;复配砂水泥砂浆试块孔隙率小于原料砂水泥砂浆试块孔隙率的线性相加值,其强度大于原料砂水泥砂浆试块强度的线性相加值。

Formulation Design of the Multi-component Cement Additive by Using Engineering Statistics

A novel methodology for the formulation design of the multi-component cement additive for the low early strength blend cement was presented by using engineering statistics.Components of cement additive such as triethanolamine,chloride,saccharide and a kind of divalent alcohol were simultaneously tested according to the arrangement of response surface methodology.Mathematical models were established to express the quantitative relationship between the chemical components of cement additive and the compressive strength of treated blend cement.The effectiveness and the possible interactions of these four chemicals contributing to the strength development of blend cement were further explored by the pareto chart and the contour plot.Finally according the performance analysis of four chemicals,the optimized formulations were brought forward and were validated in practical trials by Turkey＇s multiple comparison.

Early Hydration of Composite Cement with Thermal Activated Coal Gangue

Composite cement samples were prepared by mixing clinker, gypsum with burnt coal gangues which was calcined at various temperatures. The mechanical strength and Ca（OH）2 content in the cement paste were tested, and the paste composition and microstructure were analyzed by thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis （TG-DSC）, X-ray diffraction（XRD）, scanning electronic microscopy （SEM） and pore structure analysis. Results demonstrate that the thermal activated coal gangue could accelerate the early hydration of cement clinker obviously, which promotes the gangue hydration itself. The early hydrated products of the cement are C-S-H gel, Ca（OH）2 and AFt. The cement with 30% （in mass） the gangue exhibits higher mechanical strength, and among all the cement samples the one with the gangue burnt at 700 ℃ displays the highest hydration rate, mechanical strength, the most gel pores and the lowest total porosity.

高密实多元复合水泥浆体组成设计与抗侵蚀性能研究

Cl^(-)与SO_(4)^(2-)侵蚀是造成海洋环境下水泥混凝土劣化的主要原因,掺入辅助胶凝材料(SCMs)是改善水泥浆体抗侵蚀性能的有效方法。引入细粒度、高活性胶凝材料能加速复合水泥力学性能的发展并改善其抗蚀性,但会造成浆体流变性差、收缩应力大、开裂风险高等问题。基于Dinger-Andersen颗粒级配模型,在硅酸盐水泥基础上引入细矿渣、粗粉煤灰以及偏高岭土活性组分,设计并制备了SCMs含量高达60%的高密实度多元级配复合水泥。研究结果表明:多元级配复合水泥强度接近硅酸盐水泥,抗Cl^(-)与SO_(4)^(2-)侵蚀性能显著提升,采用快速氯离子迁移系数法(RCM)测得氯离子扩散系数降低81%,30次干湿循环硫酸盐侵蚀后耐蚀系数仍有77%。高密实度多元级配复合水泥浆体初始堆积密实、持续水化,使得孔隙显著细化,同时水化产物对氯离子固化作用强,有效阻滞有害离子向内部迁移。此外,SCMs的高效水化大量消耗Ca(OH)_(2),抑制了二次钙钒石等侵蚀产物的生成。通过颗粒级配调控与组成设计,可充分发挥胶凝材料的水化特性,显著提升浆体的密实性与抗蚀性。

Optimization of Blended Mortars Using Steel Slag Sand

A new kind of mortar made of ground granulated blast-furnace slag （GGBFS）, gypsum, clinker and steel slag sand （〈4.75 mm） was developed. The ratio of steel slag sand to GGBFS was 1 ： 1 and the amount of gypsum was 4% by weight while the dosage of clinker ranged from 0% to 24%. The optimization formulation of such mortar was studied. The content of steel slag sand should be less than 50% according to the volume stability of blended mortar, and the dosage of clinker is about 10% based on the strength development. Besides strength, the hydration heat, pore structure and micro pattern of blended mortar were also determined. The experimental results show the application of steel slag sand may reduce the dosage of cement clinker and increase the content of industrial waste product such as GGBFS, and the clinker is also a better admixture for blended mortar using steel slag sand.

矿物掺合料对硅酸盐水泥净浆氯离子结合能力的影响

以掺粉煤灰(FA)和粒化高炉矿渣粉(GGBS)的硅酸盐水泥净浆为研究对象,开展其在不同浓度NaCl溶液中的浸泡试验.通过硝酸银滴定、X射线衍射(XRD)和热力学模拟,分析了溶液中氯离子浓度和水泥净浆中各物相含量的变化特点.结果表明:GGBS和FA的掺入可降低溶液中氯离子浓度,提高水泥净浆的氯离子结合能力;且GGBS可提高水泥净浆中水化铝酸钙(AFm)相含量及其对氯离子的化学吸附能力;FA可提高水泥净浆中水化硅(铝)酸钙C-(A)-S-H凝胶的物理吸附能力,当FA掺量为40%时,其物理吸附能力达到最大.

机制砂掺量对水泥混凝土力学性能影响研究

合理控制水泥混凝土的机制砂掺量是改善混凝土工作性能的有效措施。文章结合潍坊地区实际工程,研究机制砂掺量对水泥混凝土性能的影响,在相同水灰比下向天然河砂中掺配5种比例的机制砂,制备水泥混凝土试块,测试其和易性和抗压强度。结果表明:机制砂掺配比例为50%时,坍落度下降速率最快,初期坍落度相对于未掺配机制砂的混凝土减少了11.9%,1 h后坍落度减少了15.7%,但仍能满足坍落度要求;水泥混凝土7、28 d的抗压强度相对于未掺机制砂的水泥混凝土分别提高了约3.4%、5.5%;综合考虑和易性、抗压强度以及经济性,推荐机制砂掺配比例≤50%。

磷酸镁水泥研究进展

针对磷酸镁水泥在工程应用中需求的问题,采用文献综述的方法,研究磷酸镁水泥的研究现状、水化机理、性能影响因素及掺合料对改性磷酸镁水泥的影响,发现磷酸镁水泥具有早强、黏结性好、低温条件下稳定等优点。此外,总结了影响磷酸镁水泥性能的主要因素,探讨了掺合料对改性磷酸镁水泥的作用,指出了磷酸镁水泥在工程应用中存在的问题和今后的研究方向。

橡胶颗粒水泥稳定砂砾基层性能影响因素研究

为明确橡胶颗粒表面处理技术及掺配工艺对橡胶颗粒水泥稳定砂砾力学性能的影响,以NaOH作为表面处理剂,探明了表面处理技术对橡胶颗粒水泥稳定砂砾力学强度的提升效果,揭示了橡胶颗粒表面处理技术的作用机理。采用等体积替换2.36 mm、等体积替换0~5 mm和外掺3种掺配工艺制备橡胶颗粒水泥稳定砂砾,对比评价了不同掺配工艺下橡胶颗粒水泥稳定砂砾力学性能的变化规律,并推荐了橡胶颗粒最佳掺配工艺。结果表明:经NaOH处理后,橡胶颗粒水泥稳定砂砾7 d无侧限抗压强度提升了9.4%;3种掺配工艺下橡胶颗粒水泥稳定砂砾的力学强度均能满足规范要求,其中,等体积替换0~5 mm工艺最优,该工艺下的橡胶颗粒水泥稳定砂砾7 d无侧限抗压强度为3.5 MPa,抗压回弹模量为319.8 MPa,韧性指数为1.54,因此推荐等体积替换0~5 mm为橡胶颗粒水泥稳定砂砾最佳掺配工艺。

粉煤灰、矿渣对水泥水化热的影响

研究了不同水灰比硅酸盐水泥净浆的水化放热过程,以及用粉煤灰、矿渣粉配制成的混合水泥的水化放热过程,并研究了硅酸盐水泥和混合水泥的强度发展规律。试验结果表明:用粉煤灰、矿渣粉等量取代部分水泥,胶凝材料的水化热比硅酸盐水泥的水化热要低,但降低的幅度不完全与粉煤灰、矿渣粉的掺量成比例。单从降低胶凝材料水化热的角度看,掺粉煤灰的效果最好,掺矿渣粉的效果次之。强度试验结果表明,用粉煤灰和矿渣取代部分水泥的试件比同水灰比的水泥净浆试件的早期抗压强度小,但是后期强度增加快,从28d强度看还是不及纯水泥净浆的强度。