The productivity evaluation model and its application for finite conductivity horizontal wells in fault block reservoirs

It is very difficult to evaluate the productivity of horizontal wells in fault block reservoirs due to the influence of fault sealing.On the basis of the method of images and source-sink theory,a semianalytical model coupling reservoir and finite conductivity horizontal wellbore flow dynamics was built,in which the influence of fault sealing was taken into account.The distribution of wellbore flow and radial inflow profiles along the horizontal interval were also obtained.The impact of the distance between the horizontal well and the fault on the well productivity was quantitatively analyzed.Based on this analysis,the optimal distance between the horizontal well and the fault in banded fault block reservoirs could be determined.According to the field application,the relative error calculated by the model proposed in this paper is within ±15%.It is an effective evaluation method for the productivity of horizontal wells in fault block reservoirs.The productivity of the horizontal well increases logarithmically as the distance between the horizontal well and the fault increases.The optimal distance between the horizontal well and the fault is 0.25-0.3 times the horizontal well length.

Study on Injection-Production System Adjustment of Fault Block Reservoir Based on Equilibrium Displacement

This paper proposed a method of injection-production system adjustment to solve the problem that the water flooding effect was restricted because of the horizontal and vertical contradictions during the development process of fault block reservoirs. Considering the heterogeneity of reservoir, the Buckley-Leverett water flooding theory was applied to establish the relationship between the recovery and cumulative water injection. In order to achieve the goal of vertically balanced recovery of each section, the calculation method of vertical sectional injection allocation was proposed. The planar triangular seepage unit was assumed and sweep coefficients of different oil-water distribution patterns were characterized using multi-flow tube method. In order to balance and maximize the plane sweep coefficient, the calculation method of plane production system optimization was obtained. Then the injection-production system stereoscopic adjustment method based on equilibrium displacement was proposed with vertical sectional injection allocation and plane production system optimization. This method was applied to injection and production adjustment of BZ oilfield in southern Bohai. The effect of water control and oil increase was obvious. This method can greatly improve the effect of water flooding of offshore fault block reservoirs with the adjustment of injection-production system.

Multi-parameter quantitative assessment of 3D geological models for complex fault-block oil reservoirs

In the field of 3 D geologic modeling, researchers often pay more attention to modeling methods and workflows, but neglect the quantitative evaluation of models. If the evaluation is narrowed to the same reservoir type, the comparability and practicality of quantitative assessment will be emerging. The evaluation system should include three parts: data verification, geological understanding and process check. Data verification mainly involves testing the accuracy of local prediction with actual data, and geological understanding is to examine whether the global estimation honors geological principles and prior insights. Process check is also indispensable to avoid occasionality. To this end, we produced a set of assessment criteria, taking complex fault-block sandstone oil reservoir as an example. To be specific, thirteen characteristic parameters were totally selected, setting weights according to their rated importance, formulating three-level evaluation standards in a centesimal system for each characteristic parameter, and obtaining the final assessment based on the cumulative score. The results indicate that such evaluation can not only access the quality of the model objectively and comprehensively, but also identify the aspects in need of improvement through the deduction items.

Reservoir Characteristics and Preservation Conditions of Longmaxi Shale in the Upper Yangtze Block, South China

The Upper Ordovician-Lower Silurian Longmaxi Shale in the Upper Yangtze block represents one of the most important shale gas plays in China. The shale composition, porosity, organic thermal maturity, and methane sorption were investigated at the Qilongcun section in the Dingshan area, southeastern Sichuan Basin. The results show that the Upper Ordovician-Lower Silurian Longmaxi Shale contains： （1） sapropelic I organic matter; （2） a 40-m thick bedded sequence where total organic carbon （TOC） content is 〉 2%; （3） a 30-m thick layer at the base of the Longmaxi Shale with a brittle mineral content higher than 50%; and （4） a mean methane adsorption capacity of 1.80 cm3/g （7 MPa pressure）. A positive correlation between TOC and sorbed gas indicates that organic matter content exerts an important control on methane storage capacity. Based on the analysis of the shale reservoir characteristics, the lower member of the Longmaxi Shale can thus be considered a favorable stratum for shale gas exploration and exploitation. It has similar reservoir characteristics with the Longmaxi Shale in the Jiaoshiba area tested with a high-yield industrial gas flow. However, based on tectonic analysis, differences in the level of industrial gas flow between the low-yield study area and the high-yield Jiaoshiba area may result from different tectonic preservation conditions. Evidence from these studies indicates the shale gas potential of the Longmaxi Shale is constrained by the reservoir and preservation conditions.

高地层倾角油藏高低部位油井液量配比研究

在高倾角断块油藏中,受重力作用影响,高、低部位油井开发效果差异大。运用物理模拟实验分析了地层倾角对高、低部位油井开发效果的影响,推导了考虑均衡驱替的水驱断块倾角油藏高、低部位油井产液量配比计算方法,并通过与数值模拟结果对比,验证了油井产液量配比计算方法的准确性。研究发现:随着储层倾角的增加,高部位流线变少、水驱波及区域变小、采出程度变低。随着储层倾角增加,达到均衡动用所需的油井产液量配比(高部位油井产液量与低部位油井产液量比)增加。在相同储层倾角的情况下,随着原油密度和注水强度增加,倾角对达到均衡驱替所需的油井产液量配比的影响变弱,油井产液量配比降低。该研究对高倾角断块油藏均衡开发具有指导意义。

高含水复杂断块油藏单层系边外注水开发模式

复杂断块油藏在开发后期面临综合含水率高、地层能量不足、剩余油分布复杂、井网适应性差等问题。以济阳坳陷沾化凹陷中部垦71断块油藏为例,基于水驱油藏的油包水和水包油2种油水分布状态,利用理论模型推导和数值模拟方法,开展了单层系边外注水开发模式研究。结果表明:从采液端和注水端的受力分析可获得单层系开发的合理注水量、合理采液量和合理注采井距,单层系开发的合理注水压差、合理注水量、合理采液量是影响其剩余油饱和度、含水饱和度的关键因素,对油层合理地层压力水平及剩余油二次富集起主要控制作用。通过加大注采井距至油水边界外围,以2.9倍含油条带宽度为合理注采井距的临界值,采用短注长静置的非对称周期注采方式,建立单层系边外注水开发模式,有利于保持单层系的压力系统稳定和提高剩余油波及率,从而提高原油采收率。矿场实践表明,采用单层系边外注水开发模式后,垦71断块油藏日产油量提高至254 t/d,含水率控制在93.7%,采收率提高至31.53%,采油速率提高4.9%,显示出良好的增产效果。单层系边外注水开发模式解决了高含水复杂断块油藏开发中的剩余油分布分散、水驱波及率低和井网适应性差等难题,可为复杂断块油藏开发提供指导和借鉴。

断块油藏高含水井关井后剩余油再动用运移规律微观模拟

基于微观可视化光刻玻璃模型,从微观角度定性、定量研究了断块油藏高含水井关井后剩余油再动用运移规律,并开展了影响因素分析。结果表明:水驱后关井期间剩余油再动用类型主要为滴状、柱状和簇状。关井期间剩余油会沿模型倾斜方向向高部位运移聚集,有利于后续水驱阶段进一步提高驱油效率。地层倾角的增大、原油黏度的减小有利于剩余油再动用;关井时间的增加有利于剩余油向高部位采出端接近聚集;后续水驱阶段注入速度的增大会增加波及面积。

断块油藏注采耦合提高采收率机理及矿场实践

针对渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷东营凹陷古近系断块油藏水驱开发后期流线固定导致注入水无效循环的问题,基于渗流力学和油藏工程原理,通过室内物模模拟和油藏数值模拟,提出了“细分开发层系、轮注轮采”的注采耦合开发调整技术,并验证了该技术可提高采收率的原理。研究结果表明:(1)利用注采耦合开发技术建立的“注入期间的高渗通道与低渗通道吸水量比模型”和“采油期间主流线和非主流线产油量比模型”均揭示了“改变压力场促进渗流场调整,实现均匀注入和均匀采出,扩大水驱波及系数和增加驱油效率”的注采耦合渗流力学机制。(2)注采耦合技术可以实现“扩大波及系数、增加驱油效率”,起到类似“调剖”的作用,高含水期通过此项技术可将低渗透岩心的分流率由1.0%提到18.6%,模型驱替更均衡;经过2个轮次的注采耦合调整,高、低渗透岩心的原油采收率分别提高了10.3%和16.1%。(3)研究区D断块古近系沙河街组沙二段Es236含油小层油藏注采耦合开发数值模拟结果显示,主流线和非主流线驱替更均匀,两者压力梯度极差由2.3下降至1.4。经过3个轮次注采耦合开发调整,沙二段3—6砂层组油藏平均综合含水率下降了3.2%,累计增油1 760 t,提高原油采收率2.1%,增油降水效果显著。

沁水盆地南部中深部煤层气储层特征及开发技术对策

为了实现沁水盆地南部中深部煤层气高效开发,以郑庄北-沁南西区块为研究对象,基于参数井取心分析测试、注入/压降测试、地应力循环测试结果和大量动静态数据,通过与浅部对比,阐述了中深部煤储层特征,分析了从浅部到中深部煤层直井压裂和水平井分段压裂两种开发技术的改进,进而提出了中深部煤层气主体开发技术。结果表明,郑庄北-沁南西区块3号煤平均埋深1200 m左右,为中深部煤层气储层。随着埋深增加,研究区含气量和吸附时间均先增加后降低,含气量和吸附时间峰值分别位于埋深1100~1200 m和800~1000 m;随着埋深增加,研究区地应力场类型发生了2次转换,埋深小于600 m时,为逆断层型地应力场类型,水力压裂易形成水平缝,利于造长缝;埋深大于1000 m时为走滑断层型地应力场类型,水力压裂易形成垂直缝,裂缝延伸较短;埋深为600~1000 m时,地应力场由逆断层型向走滑断层型转换阶段,水力压裂形成的裂缝系统较为复杂。与浅层相比,中深部储层含气量、解吸效率和应力场发生明显转变。随着埋深增加,无论是直井(定向井)还是水平井,均应采用更大的压裂规模才能获得较好的效果。对于直井,埋深大于800 m后,压裂液量达到1500 m^(3)以上、排量12~15 m^(3)/min以上、砂比10%~14%以上,单井日产气量可以达到1000 m^(3)以上;对于水平井,埋深大于800 m后,压裂段间距控制在70~90 m以下,单段液量、砂量分别达到2000、150 m^(3)以上,排量达到15 m^(3)/min以上开发效果较好,单井产量突破18000 m^(3)。随着埋深增加,水平井开发方式明显优于直井,以二开全通径水平井井型结构、优质层段识别技术和大规模、大排量缝网压裂为核心的水平井开发方式是适用于沁水盆地南部中深部煤层气高效开发的主体工艺技术。

复杂断块油藏井震联合建模数模一体化技术研究

【目的】为解决复杂断块油藏面临的油藏构造碎小、低序级断层数量多、准确识别难度大和油藏描述效率低等问题。【方法】充分应用地震资料、测井数据等储层信息,开展井震联合建模数模一体化技术研究,利用三维地震资料,结合现场生产动态响应情况开展断层精细解释、断裂系统精细刻画,准确落实低序级断层发育及组合方式,在精细地层对比研究的基础上,建立三维地质模型,利用数值模拟与模型互检,迭代修正更新模型,尽可能保证模型精准,以便厘清剩余油分布规律,指导后期开发。【结果】该技术在胜利油田复杂断块区D块、L块等多个区块先后进行了应用,结果显示,断点吻合率均达到100%,数模含水拟合率达到90%以上。【结论】该技术能够实现复杂断块构造的精细描述,对特高含水期自然断块剩余油潜力认识、提高老区采收率具有重要意义,对其他同类型油藏的剩余油挖潜具有指导意义和良好的推广价值。

Application of 3D Reservoir Geological Model on Es1 Formation, Block Nv32, Shenvsi Oilfield, China

Three-dimensional geological modeling of reservoirs is an essential tool to predict reservoir performance and improve the understanding of reservoir uniqueness in Es1 formation. The paper focuses on the use of petrel software to build three-dimensional reservoir geological model which characterizes and assesses block Nv32 that located in the west of the Shenvsi oilfield in the south of Cangzhou city, Hebei province of China, and has an oil-bearing area of 1.4 km2. This study is depending on integration data from well logs of 22 wells which provided from geology, geophysics, and petrophysics to identify and provide precise depict of the subsurface internal structure and the reservoir heterogeneity. Input data was used to build the structural model, sedimentary facies model, petrophysical properties (porosity, permeability, saturation, and N/G model, and finally to determine the reservoir volume. The lithological facies were simulated using the assigned value method. Moreover, Petrophysical properties (Porosity, permeability, oil saturation and net to gross) were constructed for each zone using the Sequential Gaussian Simulation method to guide the distribution of petrophysical properties of Es1 formation, block Nv32. Statistical analysis of the porosity, permeability, oil saturation and N/G model present that the porosity occurrence distribution is mainly concern between 0.2% - 36.39% of block Nv32 with an average porosity value of 17.5%, permeability between 0.017 mD to 974.8 mD, having an average permeability of 59.44 mD, oil saturation between 0.00 to 0.95 having an average value of 0.22, and N/G is mainly concentrated between 0.01 to 1.00 within an average value of 0.61. This research has indicated the reliability of the three-dimensional model technique as a suitable tool to provide a sufficient understanding of petrophysical distribution. The south-western and north-western indicate that oilfield is very promising an exploratory well should be drilled to find out the thickness and size of the reservoir.

油藏不同开发阶段层面建模算法及实例

由于油藏不同开发阶段特征及其研究目的不同,三维地质建模中层面建模采取的模拟方法和模型精度均有所区别。从三维地质建模角度出发,将油藏开发划分为油藏评价、新区建产和老区调整3个阶段,通过港东二区五断块层面模拟过程中各种模拟算法分析及筛选,提出了层面模拟时,油藏评价阶段建模采用Kriging算法,网格精度为100 m×100 m×5.0 m;新区建产阶段建模采用Kriging算法或Global B-spline算法,网格精度为50 m×50 m×1.5 m;老区调整阶段建模采用Local B-spline算法或Converging average算法,网格精度为10 m×10 m×0.5 m,使层面模拟结果更符合地质情况及研究需要。

页岩储层钻井液-压裂液复合损害机理及保护对策

为了分析钻井液与压裂液复合作用导致的储层损害,考虑油基钻井液侵蚀页岩矿物诱发的裂缝延伸,建立钻井液动态侵入深度预测方法,评价页岩裂缝面力学性质弱化、裂缝闭合与岩粉堵塞导致的天然/水力裂缝损害,提出钻井液-压裂液复合作用储层损害模式,揭示页岩油气层钻完井损害机理并提出保护对策。研究表明,钻开储层过程中,钻井液通过页岩诱导裂缝和天然裂缝深度侵入储层,侵蚀页岩矿物并导致侵入带页岩力学性质普遍弱化;水力压裂过程中,钻井液-压裂液复合作用进一步弱化页岩力学性质,导致生产过程裂缝更易闭合并发生岩粉脱落,诱发天然/水力裂缝应力敏感损害和固相堵塞损害,造成钻井液-压裂液复合作用带裂缝导流能力大幅降低,制约页岩油气井高产稳产。提出了防塌防漏加速储层段钻进、化学成膜防止页岩裂缝面力学性质弱化、强化页岩裂缝封堵减少钻井液侵入范围、优化压裂液体系保护裂缝导流能力的页岩储层保护对策。

迪北区块深层致密砂岩气藏氮气钻完井技术应用及认识

针对塔里木油田迪北区块目的层阿合组致密砂岩储层岩性致密、地层压力高、煤层发育,应用常规液体介质的钻完井技术对储层损害严重,为此特引入氮气钻完井技术,并在DX1井开展现场试验,获得日产气量82.39×104m3,日产油量100.8 m3的高产。但由于地层岩性的复杂性,氮气钻完井过程中,出现了井壁垮塌严重、内防喷工具失效、井控装备冲蚀等问题,制约了氮气钻完井技术在该区块的推广应用。通过对井身结构、钻具组合、井口装备、排砂管线、内防喷工具以及配套工艺流程等关键工艺、装备的改进优化,形成适用于高压高产深层致密砂岩储层的氮气钻完井配套工艺技术,并在DB104井开展了现场试验,试验效果显著。与同区块液体介质钻井的钻完井方式相比,DB104井日产气增加了400余倍,日产油量增加了6倍。通过DX1井和DB104井证明,只要工艺、装备、措施得当,氮气钻完井技术在迪北区块这类高温高压深层致密砂岩气藏中对储层具有重要的保护作用,可为塔里木油田乃至全国高压高产致密砂岩储层的高效勘探开发提供技术支撑。

柿庄南区块煤储层地应力和破裂压力特征及其耦合关系

以柿庄南区块112口煤层气井为研究对象,采用水力压裂法计算煤储层地应力,获取了研究区地应力及破裂压力展布特征,分别建立了破裂压力与水平主应力、有效应力之间的相关模型,揭示了该区块3号煤储层地应力与破裂压力之间的耦合关系,并剖析了地应力对破裂压力的影响。研究结果表明:柿庄南区块3号煤储层整体为中等至高应力区,地应力场类型在垂向上发生转换,埋深400~640 m区域以逆断层应力场型为主,640~810 m区域以走滑断层应力场型为主,810 m以深区域以正断层应力场型为主;侧压系数一般为0.38~1.99,埋深600 m以浅区域,绝大多数大于1,埋深600~800 m区域,侧压系数为0.52~1.93,埋深800 m以深区域,侧压系数均小于1;该区块破裂压力为12.89~36.10 MPa,破裂压力梯度为1.47~6.09 MPa/hm,破裂压力与埋深呈现反“S”形变化,810 m以浅破裂压力离散性较大,整体与埋深呈现负相关,810 m以深破裂压力与埋深呈现正相关;该区块最大水平主应力、最小水平主应力及其各自应力梯度与煤储层破裂压力在一定程度上呈现正相关,但相关性不强;同一埋深条件下,破裂压力随着水平主应力的变化而变化,但最小水平主应力对破裂压力的影响明显大于最大水平主应力;煤储层破裂压力与水平主应力差呈反“N”形变化,与有效应力呈正相关;在水平应力差为2~4MPa时,破裂压力随应力差的增大而减小;在水平应力差为4~8 MPa时,破裂压力随应力差的增大而增大;当水平应力差高于8 MPa时,破裂压力随应力差的增大而减小。

大庆油田海外多类型油藏高效开发配套技术

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