Inter-layer interference for multi-layered tight gas reservoir in the absence and presence of movable water

Due to the dissimilarity among different producing layers,the influences of inter-layer interference on the production performance of a multi-layer gas reservoir are possible.However,systematic studies of inter-layer interference for tight gas reservoirs are really limited,especially for those reservoirs in the presence of water.In this work,five types of possible inter-layer interferences,including both absence and presence of water,are identified for commingled production of tight gas reservoirs.Subsequently,a series of reservoir-scale and pore-scale numerical simulations are conducted to quantify the degree of influence of each type of interference.Consistent field evidence from the Yan'an tight gas reservoir(Ordos Basin,China)is found to support the simulation results.Additionally,suggestions are proposed to mitigate the potential inter-layer interferences.The results indicate that,in the absence of water,commingled production is favorable in two situations:when there is a difference in physical properties and when there is a difference in the pressure system of each layer.For reservoirs with a multi-pressure system,the backflow phenomenon,which significantly influences the production performance,only occurs under extreme conditions(such as very low production rates or well shut-in periods).When water is introduced into the multi-layer system,inter-layer interference becomes nearly inevitable.Perforating both the gas-rich layer and water-rich layer for commingled production is not desirable,as it can trigger water invasion from the water-rich layer into the gas-rich layer.The gas-rich layer might also be interfered with by water from the neighboring unperforated water-rich layer,where the water might break the barrier(eg weak joint surface,cement in fractures)between the two layers and migrate into the gas-rich layer.Additionally,the gas-rich layer could possibly be interfered with by water that accumulates at the bottom of the wellbore due to gravitational differentiation during shut-in operations.

Pore network modeling of water block in low permeability reservoirs

A pore network model was used in this paper to investigate the factors, in particular, throat radius, wettability and initial water saturation, causing water block in low permeability reservoirs. A new term - ＇relative permeability number＇ （RPN） was firstly defined, and then used to describe the degree of water block. Imbibition process simulations show that the RPN drops in accordance with the extension of the averaged pore throat radius from 0.05 to 1.5 μm, and yet once beyond that point of 1.5 μm, the RPN reaches a higher value, indicating the existence of a critical pore throat radius where water block is the maximum. When the wettability of the samples changes from water-wet to weakly water-wet, weakly gas-wet, or gas（oil）-wet, the gas RPN increases consistently, but this consistency is disturbed by the RPN dropping for weakly water-wet samples for water saturations less than 0.4, which means weakly waterwet media are more easily water blocked than water-wet systems. In the situation where the initial water saturation exceeds 0.05, water block escalates along with an increase in initial water saturation.

Mechanisms of shale hydration and water block removal

Shale samples of Silurian Longmaxi Formation in the Changning area of the Sichuan Basin, SW China, were selected to carry out scanning electron microscopy, CT imaging, high-pressure mercury injection, low-temperature nitrogen adsorption and imbibition experiments to compare the hydration characteristics of montmorillonite and illite, analyze the main factors affecting the water block removal of shale, and reveal the mechanisms of pore structure evolution during shale hydration. The hydration characteristics of shale are closely related to the composition of clay minerals, the shale with high illite content is not susceptible to hydration and thus has limited room for pore structure improvement;the shale with high montmorillonite is susceptible to hydration expansion and thus has higher potential of pore structure improvement by stimulation;the shale with high illite content has stronger imbibition in the initial stage, but insufficient diffusion ability, and thus is likely to have water block;the shale with high montmorillonite content has weaker imbibition in the initial stage but better water diffusion, so water blocking in this kind of shale can be removed to some degree;the shale reservoir has an optimal hydration time, when it is best in physical properties, but hydration time too long would cause damage to the reservoir, and the shale with high illite content has a shorter optimal hydration time;inorganic cations can inhibit the hydration of clay minerals and have stronger inhibition to illite expansion, especially K^(+);for the reservoir with high content of montmorillonite, the cation content of fracturing fluid can be lowered to promote the shale hydration;fracturing fluid with high K^(+) content can be injected into reservoirs with high illite content to suppress hydration.

Research on Hydraulic Block Scenarios in the Land Conservation Zone of the Headwaters Area of Jinshu Bay

[Objective] The aim was to study the hydraulic block scenarios in the water source land conservation zone in Jinshu Bay so as to ensure the water quality in the water sources in Jinshu Bay.[Method] By dint of one dimension water amount and water quality mode in the river net in Taihu,the water flow movement characteristics and pollutants transportation rules in the water sources areas in Jinshu Bay under five kinds of hydraulic block scenarios were compared and discussed.[Result] After demolishing the temporary soil dam in the water source conservation zone in Jinshu Bay,water amount and pollutants increased and water quality deteriorated.It was necessary to take certain hydraulic power to block and control the pollutants in the preservation area;after demolishing the dam,there was less water amount and pollutants.The water quality improved significantly.The hydraulic block facility in the preservation area and its surroundings were all releasing and not introducing;the one along the mouth of the river of Mentianji Gang,Jinshugang and Longtanggang were introducing and not releasing,which only restricted poor-quality water in Beijing-Hangzhou Canal and Huguang Canal flowing into the conservation zone.The water into the conservation zone was all from Gonghu.The water mobility within the conservation zone was good.The regional water quality improved to the largest scale.[Conclusion] Judging from the water flow movement characteristics and pollutants transportation rules in Jinshu Bay,the fifth proposal was more appropriate.

Cause analysis and solutions of water blocking damage in cracked/non-cracked tight sandstone gas reservoirs

After hydraulic fracturing treatment,a reduction in permeability caused by the invasion of fracturing fluids is an inevitable problem,which is called water blocking damage.Therefore,it is important to mitigate and eliminate water blocking damage to improve the flow capacities of formation fluids and flowback rates of the fracturing fluid.However,the steady-state core flow method cannot quickly and accurately evaluate the effects of chemical agents in enhancing the fluid flow capacities in tight reservoirs.This paper introduces a time-saving and accurate method,pressure transmission test(PTT),which can quickly and quantitatively evaluate the liquid flow capacities and gas-drive flowback rates of a new nanoemulsion.Furthermore,scanning electron microscopy(SEM)was used to analyze the damage mechanism of different fluids and the adsorption of chemical agents on the rock surface.Parallel core flow experiments were used to evaluate the effects of the nanoemulsion on enhancing flowback rates in heterogeneous tight reservoirs.Experimental results show that the water blocking damage mechanisms differ in matrices and fractures.The main channels for gas channeling are fractures in cracked cores and pores in non-cracked cores.Cracked cores suffer less damage from water blocking than non-cracked cores,but have a lower potential to reduce water saturation.The PTT and SEM results show that the permeability reduction in tight sandstones caused by invasion of external fluids can be list as guar gum fracturing fluid>slickwater>brine.Parallel core flow experiments show that for low-permeability heterogenous s andstone reservoirs with a certain permeability ratio,the nanoemulsion can not only reduce reverse gas channeling degree,but also increase the flowback rate of the fracturing fluid.The nanoemulsion system provides a new solution to mitigate and eliminate water blocking damage caused by fracturing fluids in tight sandstone gas reservoirs.

Water blocking effect caused by the use of hydraulic methods for permeability enhancement in coal seams and methods for its removal

To research techniques for removing the water blocking effect caused by hydraulic applications in coal seams,the use of surfactants is proposed,based on the mechanics of the water blocking effect.Centrifugal experiments were used to validate the effects of using surfactants;the results show that after dealing with vacuum saturation with water,the volume of micropores decreases,which results in a larger average pore size,and the volume of transitional pores,mesopores,macropores and total pores increases.Based on the distribution of pore size,the operation mode of ‘‘water infusion after gas extraction,then continuing gas extraction" is recommended to improve the volume of coal mine gas drainage.When the reflectance of vitrinite in coal samples is less than 1,using the surfactants Fast T,1631,APG,BS can mitigate the damage caused by the water blocking effect.But when the reflectance of vitrinite is larger than 1.4,the damage caused by the water blocking effect can be increased.When the surfactant CMC is used in hydraulic applications,the capillary forces of coal samples are almost negative,which means the capillary force is in the same direction as the gas extraction.The direction of capillary forces benefits the gas flow.So,using CMC can play an active role in removing the water blocking effect.Centrifugal experiments confirm that using CMC can effectively remove the water blocking effect,which has a beneficial effect on improving the gas drainage volume.

The influence of high-yield-water characteristics on productivity of CBM wells and expulsion and production method carried out in Yanchuannan block of the Ordos basin, China

In order to further study the influence of high-yield-water on the productivity of CBM （coalbed methane） wells and the expulsion and production method carried out in CBM wells, by means of analyzing and researching production characteris- tics and geologic condition of the CBM wells with high water yield in Yanchuannan block located at the eastern margin of Or- dos basin, the mechanism of high water yield decreasing the productivity of CBM well was discussed, and the expulsion and production method for this type of CBM well was proposed. The results show that high water yield would decrease the produc- tivity of CBM wells, and the mechanism is： first, in some circumstances, high water yield could reflect that there was dissipa- tion during the process of coalbed methane reservoir forming, which would lower the gas saturation of coal gas reservoir and reduce the productivity of CBM well; second, a large quantity of coalbed methane dissipated in the form of solution gas, caus- ing the practical reservoir pressure when gas appeared in casing to be lower than critical desorption pressure of the coal bed; finally, the CBM well with high water yield would have higher requirements of discharge and mining installation, system and continuity, and any link with problems would have a great impact on the well＇s productivity and would increase the difficulty of discharge and mining. In the case of wells with high water yield, the key is to select applicable discharge and mining installa- tion, which should be able to make the bottom hole flowing pressure decline smoothly and fast, and make the wells produce gas as quickly as possible but able to slow down the rate of discharge and mining properly when gas has appeared. In addition, in view of the CBM wells with high water yield, an installation lectotype method based on Darcy＇s law was proposed, which was found with good accuracy and practicability through field application.

Technology of reinforcement maintenance and blocking against water for large section chamber

The scheme and construction measurement of reinforcement and blocking against water for winder chamber after destroyed by mining influence have been introduced in this paper. The basic principle and advantages of bolting and grouting lining have been also listed. Bolting and grouting lining can increase the integrity and load-carrying capacity of supporting framework and it can assure the stability of supporting framework. It possesses not only the flexible and yielding capacity of bolting and shotcrete lining, but also the effect of rigid support such as metal support and brickwork, forming many kinds of support system, maintaining the stability of roadway together.

断块油藏高含水井关井后剩余油再动用运移规律微观模拟

基于微观可视化光刻玻璃模型,从微观角度定性、定量研究了断块油藏高含水井关井后剩余油再动用运移规律,并开展了影响因素分析。结果表明:水驱后关井期间剩余油再动用类型主要为滴状、柱状和簇状。关井期间剩余油会沿模型倾斜方向向高部位运移聚集,有利于后续水驱阶段进一步提高驱油效率。地层倾角的增大、原油黏度的减小有利于剩余油再动用;关井时间的增加有利于剩余油向高部位采出端接近聚集;后续水驱阶段注入速度的增大会增加波及面积。

深部煤层孔隙结构与流体差异赋存特征研究

【目的】鄂尔多斯盆地东缘已打破深部煤层气勘探禁区,多个区块呈现“单点突破、区域差异开发”特征,深部煤储层孔裂隙结构作为流体赋存与产出的物质空间,对于深部煤层气区块差异开发至关重要。【方法】系统采集鄂尔多斯盆地东缘神府区块深部煤样品,基于常规孔渗物性测试、CO_(2)吸附、低温N2吸附、压汞和核磁共振等测试,以神府区块8+9号煤为例,系统总结深煤层孔隙结构及流体赋存模式。【结果和结论】结果表明:(1)深部煤孔隙结构差异较大,神府煤介孔−宏孔均发育,多为墨水瓶型和开放型孔。综合认为中阶煤孔隙结构的跨尺度效应稍有减弱,相对有利扩散、渗流。(2)中阶煤吸附能力降低,等温吸附曲线高压段曲线平缓,初期解吸效率低;含水饱和度增高,其介孔−宏孔的束缚水含量较高导致可动水孔隙率减小,降低了游离气的储集空间。(3)研究区存在“宏孔−微裂缝主控的游离气−自由水赋存”型、“微孔−介孔−宏孔主控的吸附气−束缚水赋存”型两类气水赋存模式,导致煤层气排采差异明显,其中“宏孔−微裂缝主控的游离气−自由水赋存”型是深部煤层气快速高产模式,该模式具有“见气时间短、中高产气、低产水”的生产特征,且由于应力对中大孔−微裂缝的伤害较强,建议该模式下的气井排采需适当控制排采速度以减小储层伤害,防止产量陡降;“微孔−介孔−宏孔主控的吸附气束缚水赋存”型模式具有“短期排水、缓慢见气”生产特征,排采仍需遵循“缓慢、连续”原则保证气井稳产;此外,由于孔隙以微孔、介孔为主,束缚水含量高,气井短期难获高产,需进一步探索加大压裂改造规模提高该类气藏产量。

基于RSM的超细水泥注浆材料配比及性能优化模型

注浆堵水技术已成为水害措施防范向工程治理不可缺少的技术之一,超细材料的研究也成为了目前注浆材料发展的新方向。为了解决矿井水害注浆治理工程中注浆材料优选和配比优化问题,采用单因素试验与响应曲面法(RSM)相结合的方法进行超细水泥注浆材料优化配比研究。首先通过单因素试验对不同水灰比、硅灰(SF)掺量及高效聚羧酸减水剂(PCS)掺量条件下浆液黏度、泌水率及7 d单轴抗压强度进行分析,以确定RSM最佳基准水平,其次构建以浆液黏度、泌水率及7 d单轴抗压强度为响应目标的二次多项式预测模型,结合方差、残差及响应曲面分析各响应变量对响应目标的影响规律,确定注浆材料最优配比。通过单因素试验结果对比分析,发现最优水灰比、SF掺量及PCS掺量分别为1∶1、35%及0.3%。通过RSM研究发现,浆液黏度、泌水率及7 d单轴抗压强度不仅受单一因素影响,且存在多因素交互作用。根据建立的二次多项式响应面回归预测模型可知,当水灰比、SF掺量及PCS掺量分别为0.7∶1、38%及0.2%时,注浆材料性能最优,其回归模拟预测浆液黏度、泌水率及7 d单轴抗压强度分别为210.82 mPa·s、1.0%及12.22 MPa。通过室内试验,其结果与预测模型结果吻合度较高,进一步验证了模型的可靠性,证明了该模型能够用于注浆材料优化配比设计研究。

塔里木盆地塔河北部“过溶蚀残留型”断溶体发育特征及其成因

为了研究塔里木盆地塔河北部强剥蚀区海西早期古岩溶洞穴发育特征,用古地貌恢复、岩溶水系统分析、测井-岩心洞穴识别和地震属性刻画等方法进行了YQ5井区的洞穴类型样式识别、缝洞结构刻画和洞穴成因演化研究。研究结果表明:YQ5井区在塔河油田Ⅱ号和Ⅲ号古岩溶台地北部的地势平缓区,总体为多期次岩溶叠加改造后的残留地貌,主要发育幅差较小的溶峰洼地、溶丘洼地和溶丘平原,南部发育NE向展布的峰丛垄脊沟谷。与塔河油田主体区及斜坡区不同,YQ5井区地下和地表水系的流向与地貌趋势不一致,岩溶水系统遭受构造作用破坏,导致补给、径流和排泄的岩溶水循环过程不完整。YQ5井区主要发育暗河型洞穴和“过溶蚀残留型”断溶体。暗河型洞穴充填较为严重,洞穴的有效储集空间受到破坏,影响油气开发效果。岩溶台地的构造抬升造成区域侵蚀基准面的下降,顺走滑断裂的垂向侵蚀作用有利于“过溶蚀残留型”断溶体的持续发育和保存,油气开发效果好。“过溶蚀残留型”断溶体的发育主控因素为走滑断裂、地层剥蚀强度和负向地貌。与塔河古岩溶台地演化过程一致,YQ5井区的岩溶演化经历深切曲流期、岩溶改造期和下渗断溶期3个阶段。暗河型洞穴被持续改造破坏,断溶体则持续建造。

福州挡水檐装饰文化的民俗学考察

福州挡水檐的装饰蕴含着极为丰富的民俗文化信息,其透析出来的符号形式、审美风尚、世俗追求与福州当地的民俗文化具有潜质同构的关系,形成以装饰为特征的综合文化现象。因此,对福州挡水檐装饰的具象特征研究,存在其更本质的社会民俗、信仰民俗、游艺民俗等因素是构成其装饰形式、题材的完整逻辑维度,映射出福州人民客观生活的、主观内在的、叙事抒情的民俗文化。

断块油藏注采耦合提高采收率机理及矿场实践

针对渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷东营凹陷古近系断块油藏水驱开发后期流线固定导致注入水无效循环的问题,基于渗流力学和油藏工程原理,通过室内物模模拟和油藏数值模拟,提出了“细分开发层系、轮注轮采”的注采耦合开发调整技术,并验证了该技术可提高采收率的原理。研究结果表明:(1)利用注采耦合开发技术建立的“注入期间的高渗通道与低渗通道吸水量比模型”和“采油期间主流线和非主流线产油量比模型”均揭示了“改变压力场促进渗流场调整,实现均匀注入和均匀采出,扩大水驱波及系数和增加驱油效率”的注采耦合渗流力学机制。(2)注采耦合技术可以实现“扩大波及系数、增加驱油效率”,起到类似“调剖”的作用,高含水期通过此项技术可将低渗透岩心的分流率由1.0%提到18.6%,模型驱替更均衡;经过2个轮次的注采耦合调整,高、低渗透岩心的原油采收率分别提高了10.3%和16.1%。(3)研究区D断块古近系沙河街组沙二段Es236含油小层油藏注采耦合开发数值模拟结果显示,主流线和非主流线驱替更均匀,两者压力梯度极差由2.3下降至1.4。经过3个轮次注采耦合开发调整,沙二段3—6砂层组油藏平均综合含水率下降了3.2%,累计增油1 760 t,提高原油采收率2.1%,增油降水效果显著。

高铁隧道内地下水作用下双块式无砟轨道道床板裂缝扩展研究

针对我国高速铁路隧道内CRTSⅠ型双块式无砟轨道施工阶段道床板开裂问题,运用有限元软件建立隧道-无砟轨道三维实体模型,研究地下水作用下隧道内无砟轨道各结构层位移隆起变化规律,并结合FRANC3D软件,在道床板结构受力最不利位置插入不同形状的预制三维裂缝,分析水压、裂缝长度对道床板裂缝扩展的影响。研究结果表明:(1)三角形荷载作用相较于均布荷载作用时,道床板位移隆起量虽有所减小,但地下水压的反复作用始终会影响轨道结构的平顺性,甚至导致道床板与仰拱填充间出现离缝;(2)裂缝长度是裂缝失稳扩展的控制因素,在排水系统完全堵塞时,建议将裂缝长度控制在200 mm以内;(3)水压为裂缝扩展的关键影响因素,同等条件下水压越大,道床板裂缝扩展越迅速,均布荷载下道床板裂缝尖端应力强度因子是对应三角形荷载下的1.2~1.4倍。

托普台南区块断溶体油藏栅状断片结构数值模拟

塔河油田托普台南区块断溶体油藏开发初期产量高,后期暴性水淹和快速见水井多,产量递减快,针对此类特征,目前尚未建立较好的模拟方法。结合断溶体油藏岩溶特征、地震特征、实钻井井储关系以及三带结构提出断溶体油藏栅状断片结构,根据此认识,通过融合断层自动提取技术和蚂蚁体属性,得到断裂指示因子,用以刻画栅状断片储集体,利用张量属性刻画溶蚀孔洞型储集体,建立双重介质组分模型,开展数值模拟研究。结果表明:栅状断片结构是断溶体油藏的主要导流通道;断裂指示因子比断层自动提取技术和最大似然更适合表征栅状断片结构,并在通水源处与张量属性匹配度高,在其他区域匹配性差;与单重介质模型相比,基于栅状断片结构的双重介质模型拟合精度更高,更能反映断溶体油藏生产动态特征。

沁水盆地樊庄区块煤系水分布及其对排采效果的影响

樊庄区块为高煤阶煤层气田具有典型代表性的区块之一,精细化表征煤系水的分布特征,分析其控气作用,对于指导类似区块煤层气开发意义重大。据此,采用数理统计、回归分析及数据拟合的方法,建立了煤层及砂岩的测井识别特征,构建了含水量计算模型,探究了煤系水分布与排采效果之间的关系。研究表明:研究区3#煤层测井识别特征为高电阻率(853.86~5 968.9Ω·m),低体积密度(1.26~1.49 g/cm^(3)),低自然伽马(18.4~60.51API);砂岩含水层测井识别特征为低电阻率(70~316.2Ω·m),高体积密度(2.51~2.68g/cm^(3)),低自然伽马(56.4~116.19API);研究区纵向上岩性以煤、泥岩、砂岩及砂质泥岩为主,横向上煤层分布稳定,砂岩含水层分布不均匀,井控水量区域差异性大;研究区煤层分布较为稳定,在不考虑二次压裂影响的情况下,将累计产水量1 200m^(3)作为煤层是否接受外来水源补给的界线;煤层气井开发过程中,在构造及沉积条件相似的情况下,煤系水的来源越广泛、规模越大,则煤层气井见气时间越久、排水降压阶段持续时间愈长,产水量越高、产气量越低。

江苏油田复杂小断块高含水油藏注采井网优化技术

江苏油田复杂小断块油藏经过长期的注水开发后,目前处于中高含水开发期。现阶段储层非均质性对注采井网的影响更加突出,局部存在低效无效注水循环问题,亟需优化调整注采井网。根据非均质油藏剩余油富集类型和影响因素,在原井网基础上,利用油藏数值模拟方法,开展相控条件下的注采井网优化技术政策研究。根据模拟结果,确立了抽稀井网和转注高含水油井两种注采井网优化技术的政策界限,指导陈2断块、韦2断块注采井网优化调整,取得了良好的应用效果,为改善高含水油藏水驱开发效果提供了技术支撑。

陆相页岩储集层含水饱和度测井计算方法——以川东南复兴区块凉高山组为例

陆相页岩储集层具有低孔特低渗特征,其黏土矿物含量高,岩石组成变化快,地层非均质性强,利用传统阿尔奇公式及常规数理统计模型计算的含水饱和度误差大。为提高陆相页岩储集层含水饱和度计算精度,以川东南复兴区块下侏罗统凉高山组页岩为例,分析了现有含水饱和度测井计算方法的局限性,阐述了利用阵列声波测井中的纵横波时差与测井密度组合重构的复合波阻抗计算含水饱和度的可行性。在此基础上,提出了陆相页岩储集层含水饱和度计算方法。该方法考虑了岩石矿物的影响,有效避开了电法测井和非电法测井的局限性,提高了适用性。在川东南复兴区块多口井凉高山组页岩储集层的应用效果好,计算得到的含水饱和度与岩心分析含水饱和度较吻合,绝对误差为1.3%~2.2%,满足测井评价要求。

海南热带雨林不同林分凋落物储量及其持水特性

以海南热带雨林地区3种典型林分——橡胶林、原始林和次生林为研究对象,通过测定其凋落物储量、持水量、持水率及凋落物吸水速率,探究热带雨林不同林分凋落物储量及持水特性。结果表明:1)原始林的凋落物储量(2.791 t/hm^(2))最大,显著高于次生林(2.077 t/hm^(2))和橡胶林(1.660 t/hm^(2),P<0.05)。2)对于凋落物持水量和持水率,原始林和次生林均随着浸水时间的变化而增大,原始林的凋落物持水量和持水率高于次生林,随后趋于相对平稳,而橡胶林凋落物持水量和持水率随着浸水时间无明显趋势。整体而言,各林分凋落物吸水速率与浸水时间之间的关系呈较好的幂函数关系。3种林型最大持水量表现为:原始林(8.041 t/hm^(2))>次生林(6.251 t/hm^(2))>橡胶林(4.896 t/hm^(2));3)对于吸水速率和失水速率而言,失水率表现为:橡胶林>次生林>原始林;最大失水量表现为原始林(5.225 t/hm^(2))>次生林(4.626 t/hm^(2))>橡胶林(4.079 t/hm^(2)),而最大失水率表现为:橡胶林(246.319%)>次生林(222.649%)>原始林(189.748%);4)因原始林凋落物储量最大,其最大拦蓄量和有效拦蓄量均表现为原始林>次生林>橡胶林;最大拦蓄率和有效拦蓄率均表现为原始林≈橡胶林>次生林。综上,不同林分凋落物储量和持水性存在显著差异,原始林凋落物相比于其他2种林分具有较高凋落物储量和凋落物持水量以及较低的失去率,表明热带原始林凋落物的累积对于调节森林水量和减弱地表径流的发生具有重要作用。