Relationship between neonatal respiratory distress syndrome pulmonary ultrasonography and respiratory distress score,oxygenation index,and chest radiography grading

BACKGROUND Accurate condition assessment is critical for improving the prognosis of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome(RDS),but current assessment methods for RDS pose a cumulative risk of harm to neonates.Thus,a less harmful method for assessing the health of neonates with RDS is needed.AIM To analyze the relationships between pulmonary ultrasonography and respiratory distress scores,oxygenation index,and chest X-ray grade of neonatal RDS to identify predictors of neonatal RDS severity.METHODS This retrospective study analyzed the medical information of 73 neonates with RDS admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of Liupanshui Maternal and Child Care Service Center between April and December 2022.The pulmonary ultrasonography score,respiratory distress score,oxygenation index,and chest Xray grade of each newborn before and after treatment were collected.Spearman correlation analysis was performed to determine the relationships among these values and neonatal RDS severity.RESULTS The pulmonary ultrasonography score,respiratory distress score,oxygenation index,and chest X-ray RDS grade of the neonates were significantly lower after treatment than before treatment(P<0.05).Spearman correlation analysis showed that before and after treatment,the pulmonary ultrasonography score of neonates with RDS was positively correlated with the respiratory distress score,oxygenation index,and chest X-ray grade(ρ=0.429–0.859,P<0.05).Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis indicated that pulmonary ultrasonography screening effectively predicted the severity of neonatal RDS(area under the curve=0.805–1.000,P<0.05).CONCLUSION The pulmonary ultrasonography score was significantly associated with the neonatal RDS score,oxygenation index,and chest X-ray grade.The pulmonary ultrasonography score was an effective predictor of neonatal RDS severity.

A modified HEART risk score in chest pain patients with suspected non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome

ObjectiveTo validate a modified HEART [History, Electrocardiograph （ECG）, Age, Risk factors and Troponin] risk score in chest pain patients with suspected non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome （NSTE-ACS） in the emergency department （ED）.Methods This retrospective cohort study used a prospectively acquired database and chest pain patients admitted to the emergency department with suspected NSTE-ACS were enrolled. Data recorded on arrival at the ED were used. The serum sample of high-sensitivity cardiac Troponin I other than conventional cardiac Troponin I used in the HEART risk score was tested. The modified HEART risk score was calculated. The end point was the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events （MACE） defined as a composite of acute myocardial infarction （AMI）, percu-taneous intervention （PCI）, coronary artery bypass graft （CABG）, or all-cause death, within three months after initial presentation.Results A total of 1,300 patients were enrolled. A total of 606 patients （46.6%） had a MACE within three months： 205 patients （15.8%） were diag-nosed with AMI, 465 patients （35.8%） underwent PCI, and 119 patients （9.2%） underwent CABG. There were 10 （0.8%） deaths. A progres-sive, significant pattern of increasing event rate was observed as the score increased （P ＆lt; 0.001 byχ2 for trend）. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.84. All patients were classified into three groups： low risk （score 0-2）, intermediate risk （score 3-4）, and high risk （score 5-10）. Event rates were 1.1%, 18.5%, and 67.0%, respectively （P ＆lt; 0.001）.ConclusionsThe modified HEART risk score was validated in chest pain patients with suspected NSTE-ACS and may complement MACE risk assessment and patients triage in the ED. A prospective study of the score is warranted.

Acute Chest Syndrome in Children with Sickle Cell Anaemia: An Audit in Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Acute chest syndrome (ACS) is a leading cause of death from sickle cell disease worldwide accounting for about 25% of all deaths. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, clinical features and outcome in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cohort study during a five year period. Records of all patients with sickle cell anaemia (SCA) admitted into the Wards were examined. Those enrolled for the study satisfied two criteria: 1) lower respiratory tract symptoms and 2) new pulmonary infiltrates on the chest radiograph. Sociodemographics, genotype, clinical and laboratory features, treatment given and outcome were obtained. Data were analysed by descriptive statistics. Variables were compared by students’ t-test. P value ≤ 0.05 was regarded as significant. Results: A total of 345 children with sickle cell anaemia were admitted during the 5 year period. Twelve of them had acute chest syndrome (3.5%). Majority 7 (58.3%) of them were under 5 years. There were more males 8 (66.7%) than female 4 (33.3%). The most common clinical features were fever 12 (100%), cough 10 (83.3%), chest pain 5 (41.7%), pulmonary consolidation 12 (100%), and respiratory distress 12 (100%). The admitting diagnosis were bronchopneumonia 6 (50%), severe malaria 3 (25%) and vaso-occlusive crises 3 (25%). There were very high levels of leukocyte. Received ceftriaxone or ampicillin + gentamicin ± oral erythromycin), paracetamol 12 (100%), ibuprofen 8 (66.7%), tramadol 3 (25.0%), pentazocine 8 (66.7%) and blood transfusion 9 (75%). The average length of stay was 7 days (range 4 - 14 days). One patient died (8.3%). Conclusion: ACS is not uncommon in children with SCA in Port Harcourt. Education of parents on the need to recognize early symptoms of the disease is essential. Clinicians must be trained to correctly diagnose and manage it promptly and efficiently to avoid its related disastrous consequences.

Tietze’s Syndrome in the emergency department: A rare etiology of atraumatic chest pain

Tietze’s Syndrome is an uncommon disorder that presents with painful, tender, non-suppurative swelling of the anterior chest wall. We report a case of a female patient who presented to the emergency department with a chief complaint of atraumatic chest pain and swelling of the anterior chest wall. After a thorough history and physical examination, as well as basic laboratory tests and chest radiography, she was diagnosed with Tietze’s Syndrome. The expedient accurate diagnosis of Tietze’s Syndrome is important for the physical and emotional well-being of a patient, and avoids overlooking more dangerous pathologies. Tietze’s Syndrome needs to be considered in the differential diagnosis of a patient presenting with spontaneous swelling of the anterior chest.

Moderate Hypertriglyceridemia Revealed by Acute Chest Syndrome, a Milky Appearance Serum and Prior History of Recurrent Acute Pancreatitis in a Type 2 Diabetes Black Patient: A Case Report

Although the “triglyceride paradox” states that hypertriglyceridemia is less frequent in Blacks and the risk of pancreatitis increases with severe hypertriglyceridemia, we herein report on a case of moderate hypertriglyceridemia revealed by an acute chest syndrome and a milky appearance serum in a 47-year-old type 2 diabetes black patient with prior history of recurrent acute pancreatitis. In addition to insulin therapy and coronary angioplasty, the combination of a statin and a fibrate resulted two months later in a substantial improvement in triglyceride levels and a normal serum appearance.

Screening for potential biomarkers of traditional Chinese medicinechest impediment syndromesbased on plasma metabonomics

OBJECTIVE To have a systematic pathomechanism view of three chest impediment.syndromes of Qi Deficiency and Blood Stasis syndrome(QDBS),Qi Stagnation and Blood Stasis syn.drome(QSBS),Cold Obstruction and Qi Stagnation syndrome(COQS) and further investigate the changed metabolome and related pathways for screening potential biomarkers in rat plasma.METHODS According to clinical pathogeny,three kinds of syndrome models were established to simulate the disease of chest impediment.Plasma metabonomics based on UPLC-Q-TOF/MS was applied in this research to detected small molecule metabolites for identifyingthe special potential biomarkers of three chest impediment syndromes,respectively.RESULTS Significant metabolic differences were observed between thecontrol group and three syndrome groups.Furthermore,three syndrome groups were distinguished clearly by pattern recognition method.The particular metabolites contributing most to the classification of three chest impediment syndromes were identified.In the QSBS group,the potential biomarkers could include 2-keto-glutaramic acid,L-methionine,L-homocysteic acid,octadecanamide,stearoylglycine,behenic acid,linoleylcarnitine,lysoPC(14:1(9 Z)),indoxyl sulfate and cholic acid.In the COQS group,they could be aminoadipic acid,palmitic amide,oleamide,lysoPC(P-16:0),lysoPC(P-18:0),lysoPC(20:2(11 Z,14 Z)),9-HETE and tauroursodeoxycholic acid.Moreover,4-pyridoxic acid,L-palmi.toylcarnitine,lysoPC(20:0),lysoPC(22:5(4 Z,7 Z,10 Z,13 Z,16 Z)),3-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid and arachidonic acid could be the potential biomarkers for the QDBS group.CONCLUSION Three chest impediment syndromes have their own potential biomarkers.Each special metabolite has its owndifferent metabolic pathway.Both metabolismof cysteine and methionine,and metabolism of alanine,aspartate and glutamate are the main pathways in regulation of metabolic disorders in QSBS syndrome.Lysine biosynthesis and degradation,fatty acid metabolism,and glycerophospholipid metabolism are the main pathways in regulation of metabolic disorders in COQS syndrome.Arachidonic acid metabolism,fatty acid metabolism,fatty acid elongation in mitochondria,and vitamin B6 metabolism are the main pathways in regulation of metabolic disorders in QDBS syndrome.These endogenous substances were indicated as the special potential biomarkers for three chest impediment syndromes and worth studying in depth.

Pathophysiology, clinical features and radiological findings of differentiation syndrome/all-trans-retinoic acid syndrome

In acute promyelocytic leukemia, differentiation thera-py based on all-trans-retinoic acid can be complicated by the development of a differentiation syndrome(DS). DS is a life-threatening complication, characterized by respiratory distress, unexplained fever, weight gain, interstitial lung infiltrates, pleural or pericardial effusions, hypotension and acute renal failure. The diagnosis of DS is made on clinical grounds and has proven to be difficult, because none of the symptoms is pathognomonic for the syndrome without any definitive diagnostic criteria. As DS can have subtle signs and symptoms at presentation but progress rapidly, end-stage DS clinical picture resembles the acute respiratory distress syndrome with extremely poor prognosis; so it is of absolute importance to be conscious of these complications and initiate therapy as soon as it was suspected. The radiologic appearance resembles the typical features of cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Diagnosis of DS remains a great skill for radiologists and haematologist but it is of an utmost importance the cooperation in suspect DS, detect the early signs of DS, examine the patients' behaviour and rapidly detect the complications.

Origin of and therapeutic approach to cardiac syndrome X:Results of the proton pump inhibitor therapy for angina-like lingering pain trial (PITFALL trial)

AIM: To investigate the frequency of gastroen-terological diseases in the etiology and the efficacy of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in the treatment of cardiac syndrome X (CSX) as a subform of non-cardiac chest pain (NCCP). METHODS: We investigated 114 patients with CSX using symptom questionnaires. A subgroup of these patients were investigated regarding upper gastrointestinal disorders (GIs) and treated with PPI. Patients not willing to participate in investigation and treatment served as control group. RESULTS: Thirty-six patients denied any residual symptoms and were not further evaluated. After informed consent in 27 of the remaining 78 patients, we determined the prevalence of disorders of the upper GI tract and quantifi ed the effect of treatment with pantoprazole. We found a high prevalence of gastroenterological pathologies (26/27 patients, 97%)with gastritis, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and acid reflux as the most common associated disorders. If treated according to the study protocol, these patients showed a significant improvement in the symptom score. Patients treated by primary care physicians, not according to the study protocol had a minor response to treatment (n = 19, -43%), while patients not treated at all (n = 26) had no improvement of symptoms (-0%). CONCLUSION: Disorders of the upper GI tract are a frequent origin of CSX in a German population and can be treated with pantoprazole if given for a longer period.

Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in a Patient with Sickle-Cell Anemia Requiring Veno-Venous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Therapy: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Background: Sickle cell anemia is caused by a mutation in the beta globin gene, resulting in the production of sickle hemoglobin, which is less soluble than normal hemoglobin. The main disease features are related to hemolytic anemia and blood vessels occlusion, causing ischemia and infracts. Acute chest syndrome is one of its most dangerous manifestations, and may cause severe hypoxemia and acute respiratory failure. Conservative management is often successful, but in rare cases the syndrome may be refractory. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support may be life-saving in these extreme situations. Case Report: A 31-year-old male admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) in our hospital due to acute chest syndrome and massive aspiration. Due to extreme hypoxemia and severe acute respiratory distress syndrome, veno-venous ECMO support was initiated with rapid improvement in both oxygenation and hemodynamic status. The patient was weaned of ECMO after 7 days. He was discharged 4 weeks later. Although initiation of ECMO in sickle cell patients is uncommon, in selected refractory cases it may be life-saving. Conclusion: Although initiation of ECMO therapy in sickle cell anemia patients is uncommon, and may be even controversial, in selected refractory cases it may be life-saving.

CT Manifestations of Lung Changes and Complications in Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

Objective:To investigate the rol e of CT scanning in diagnosing severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS). Methods: One hundred and twelve times of spiral CT scanning, 106 t imes on the chest with standard pulmonary and mediastinal window, 5 on the brain and once on the abdomen, were performed in 82 patients (37 males and 45 females ) of SARS. Results: Bilateral shadows showed in 66 patients (80.48%) and unil ateral shadow in 16 (19.52%). The lung CT findings were sub pleural focal con solidation in 26 patients (31.70%), flaky cloudy opacity in 53 (64.63%), large a rea consolidation in 9 (10.97%), ground glass blurry shadow in 31 (37.80%), a lveolar substantive shadow in 14 (17.07%) and interstitial changes in 16 (19.51% ). The pulmonary CT signs of SARS were relatively characterized by: (1) The lesi ons tending to multiply occur, mostly to be bilaterally distributed and commonly involved in the lower lung field. (2) The lung shadows mostly showed as sub pleural focal consolidation, flaky cloudy shadow, large area consolidation, grou nd glass blurry shadow, and often accompanied with signs of broncho inflat ion. (3) Having opacified nodular shadows in the alveolar cavities. (4) Rapid pr ogressions or changes on the size, amount, and distribution of the lesions likel y to be found in dynamic observation of chest X ray and CT scanning, i.e., ma rkedly dynamic changes found within 24 to 48 hrs. Lesions with these characteris tics may be recognized as pulmonary changes possibly induced by SARS. Complicati ons were found in 6 patients (7.31%), including tuberculosis of lung and brain a ccompanied with pneumomediastinum in one patient, secondary infection of lung in 2, pneumothorax in 1, pulmonary fungus in 1, and pyothorax in 1.Conclusion: CT scanning is a sensitive method for diagnosis of SAR S, by which more accurate assessment of the abnormal changes of lung and occurre nce of complications in SARS patients can be made.

Acute Thoracic Syndrome in Children: Epidemiological, Diagnostic and Evolutionary Aspects at the Albert Royer National Children’s Hospital in Dakar Senegal

Acute chest syndrome (ACS) is a serious pulmonary complication of sickle cell disease. It is estimated to be responsible for a quarter of deaths in the pediatric sickle cell population. In Senegal, there are not enough pediatric studies in this area. The objective of our study was to determine the epidemiological, diagnostic and evolutionary characteristics of ATS at the Albert Royer National Children’s Hospital (CHNEAR) in Dakar. This was a retrospective study in patients hospitalized at CHNEAR for ATS from January 1, 2021 to March 31, 2022. We included patients hospitalized and diagnosed with ATS. We had collected 102 patients, i.e. a hospital incidence of 2.96%. The average age of the children was 9 years old;the sex ratio was 1.04. The main symptoms on admission were hypoxemia (97.06%), chest pain (77.45%), dyspnea (77.45%) and fever (65.69%). 52.94% of patients had an associated vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC). The chest x-ray was abnormal in 92 patients, a rate of 90.20% and showed images of pneumonia (71%);bronchitis (17.65%) and pleurisy (0.98%). None of the children benefited from a pulmonary ultrasound. The treatment associated with analgesics (100%), broad-spectrum antibiotics (100%), oxygen therapy (100%), hydration (95.09%), transfusion (73.53%), non-ventilation invasive (6.86%), intubation (2.94%) and beta 2 mimetics (12.75%). No patient benefited from incentive spirometry. Almost all of the patients 95.10% (n = 97) had a favorable clinical evolution. However, five children (4.90%) had an unfavorable outcome including one case of complication such as stroke (0.98%) and four (4) cases of death. The average hospital stay was 8 days. ATS is common in children with sickle cell disease in Senegal and its etiologies seem to be dominated by infectious causes in our context.

Electrocardiographic Analysis of Patients with Suspicion of Acute Coronary Syndrome in Yaounde, Cameroon

Background: Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. IHD was thought to be an extremely rare occurrence in Sub-Saharan Africa, but the increasing economic development with changes in lifestyle has led to an increase in IHD risk factors which has motivated the interest of our study. Objectives: The aim was to study a group of patients with suspicion of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), in order to determine those with and without electrocardiographic diagnosis of ACS. Methods: It was an observational cross-sectional descriptive study over a period of six months, which included concerned patients who presented with retrosternal or precordial chest pain of onset being less than two weeks with at least one cardiovascular risk factor, in the cardiology units of three reference hospitals in Yaounde. Ethical clearance and authorizations were obtained from the competent authorities. We used a preformed questionnaire to obtain information from the patients concerning the demographic data, clinical presentation and electrocardiographic findings. Results: We recruited 100 patients with suspicion of ACS. 56 patients presented with electrocardiographic diagnosis of ACS and 44 patients did not. The mean age was 60.6 ± 11.5 years with age limits of 32 - 85 years in patients with ACS and 55.3 ± 16.6 years with age limits of 19 - 90 years in patients without ACS. The predominant age group was 60 - 69 years in both groups. The sex ratio (male/female) was 0.6 in patients with ACS and 0.7 in patients without ACS. The main complaints presented in both groups were;chest pain, fatigue, dyspnea and palpitation. The frequent cardiovascular risk factors in both groups were hypertension, age and overweight/obesity. In patients with ACS, 55.4% presented with ST-segment elevated acute coronary syndrome (STE-ACS) and 44.6% presented with non-ST-segment elevated acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS). The Antero-Septal territory represented 77.4% of patients with STE-ACS and the lateral territory represented 56.0% of patients with NSTE-ACS. Conclusion: This study shows that 56.0% of patients with suspicion of ACS had an electrocardiographic diagnosis of ACS. Further studies should be undertaken to determine the prevalence of ACS in our community.

基于网络药理学探讨柴胡加龙骨牡蛎汤治疗冠心病合并焦虑抑郁的机制

目的通过网络药理学探讨柴胡加龙骨牡蛎汤(Chaihu Longgu Muli Decoction,CLMD)治疗冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(简称“冠心病”)合并焦虑抑郁的机制。方法运用中药系统药理学数据库与分析平台(TCMSP)获得CLMD的药物靶点,GeneCards与在线人类孟德尔遗传(OMIM)数据库获取冠心病、焦虑症和抑郁症的疾病靶点,应用Cytoscape 3.9.1构建“药物-成分-疾病-靶点”网络,基因本体论(GO)与京都基因与基因组百科全书(KEGG)富集分析生物学过程及主要通路。结果CLMD中槲皮素、山柰酚、β-谷甾醇、豆甾醇、汉黄芩素为治疗冠心病合并焦虑抑郁的关键成分,涉及白蛋白(ALB)、丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶1(AKT1)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤蛋白P53(TP53)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)等40个靶点,GO和KEGG分析结果显示其作用机制与高级糖基化终末产物-受体(AGE-RAGE)、流体剪切应力与动脉粥样硬化、C型凝集素受体、磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(PI3K)-Akt、FoxO等通路有关。结论此研究证实了CLMD治疗冠心病合并焦虑抑郁的多成分、多靶点、多途径机制,为双心疾病的治疗提供了理论依据。

Accuracy of gestalt perception of acute chest pain in predicting coronary artery disease

AIM To test accuracy and reproducibility of gestalt to predict obstructive coronary artery disease(CAD)in patients with acute chest pain.METHODS We studied individuals who were consecutively admitted to our Chest Pain Unit.At admission,investigators performed a standardized interview and recorded14 chest pain features.Based on these features,a cardiologist who was blind to other clinical characteristics made unstructured judgment of CAD probability,both numerically and categorically.As the reference standard for testing the accuracy of gestalt,angiography was required to rule-in CAD,while either angiography or non-invasive test could be used to rule-out.In order to assess reproducibility,a second cardiologist did the same procedure.RESULTS In a sample of 330 patients,the prevalence of obstructive CAD was 48%.Gestalt’s numerical probability was associated with CAD,but the area under the curve of0.61(95%CI:0.55-0.67)indicated low level of accuracy.Accordingly,categorical definition of typical chest pain had a sensitivity of 48%(95%CI:40%-55%)and specificity of 66%(95%CI:59%-73%),yielding a negligible positive likelihood ratio of 1.4(95%CI:0.65-2.0)and negative likelihood ratio of 0.79(95%CI:0.62-1.02).Agreement between the two cardiologists was poor in the numerical classification(95%limits of agreement=-71%to 51%)and categorical definition of typical pain(Kappa=0.29;95%CI:0.21-0.37).CONCLUSION Clinical judgment based on a combination of chest pain features is neither accurate nor reproducible in predicting obstructive CAD in the acute setting.

New scoring system for acute chest pain risk stratification: Is it worth SVEAT-ing it?

The emergency room is a very potent environment in the hospital.With the growing demands of the population,improved accessibility to health resources,and the onslaught of the triple pandemic,it is extremely crucial to triage patients at presentation.In the spectrum of complaints,chest pain is the commonest.Despite it being a daily ailment,chest pain brings concern to every physician at first.Chest pain could span from acute coronary syndrome,pulmonary embolism,and aortic dissection(all potentially fatal)to reflux,zoster,or musculoskeletal causes that do not need rapid interventions.We often employ scoring systems such as GRACE/PURSUIT/TIMI to assist in clinical decision-making.Over the years,the HEART score became a popular and effective tool for predicting the risk of 30-d major adverse cardiovascular events.Recently,a new scoring system called SVEAT was developed and compared to the HEART score.We have attempted to summarize how these scoring systems differ and their generalizability.With an increasing number of scoring systems being introduced,one must also prevent anchorage bias;i.e.,tools such as these are only diagnosis-specific and not organ-specific,and other emergent differential diagnoses must also be kept in mind before discharging the patient home without additional workup.

冠心病中医证素分布及与危险因素的相关性研究

目的 研究冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(简称“冠心病”)患者的中医证素分布及其与危险因素的相关性。方法 纳入冠心病患者473例,综合中医四诊资料进行辨证;利用Logistic回归分析检测中医证素和危险因素的相关性。结果 473例冠心病患者中包含8种中医证素,所占比例由多到少依次为血瘀、热毒、痰浊、气虚、阴虚、气滞、阳虚、寒凝。中医证素和危险因素的相关性分析显示,男性是热毒证的危险因素,女性、年龄是其保护因素;血脂异常史是血瘀证的危险因素;女性、年龄、家族史是气虚证的危险因素;年龄是阴虚证的危险因素。结论 危险因素与冠心病患者中医证素存在一定相关性,性别与热毒证、气虚证相关,年龄与热毒证、气虚证、阴虚证相关,血脂异常与血瘀证相关,家族史与气虚证相关。

王阶从“虚-痰-瘀-热-滞”论治冠状动脉狭窄经验

冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块导致冠状动脉狭窄是冠心病发病的关键和病理基础。目前,冠心病的常规治疗措施包括药物治疗和血运重建,在一定程度上能改善症状,但仍有发生不良心血管事件的风险。全国名中医王阶教授临证经验丰富,在中医辨治冠心病及用药方面独具特色。王教授提出,冠心病的核心病机是“痰瘀滞虚”,四大证候要素紧密结合,互相转化,贯穿于冠心病发生、发展的全过程。王教授认为,冠状动脉狭窄与“虚、痰、瘀、热、滞”病机密切相关,其中“虚”为内在致病之本,“血瘀、痰浊”是主要病理因素,“热毒内蕴”是重要病机,“气滞”是加重病情、干扰疾病转归的重要因素。王教授临证时强调治病求本,病机结合病理,脏腑辨证和病证结合,方证相应指导处方用药,药性结合药理,灵活配伍。治疗上,以益气补肾、活血化痰、清热解毒之法立法组方,擅用经方加减化裁,守机用之,遵旨变通;或合方治疗,兼顾病情;善用对药配伍,强化药效,颇具特色。现将王阶教授在冠状动脉狭窄治疗方面的临床经验总结如下,并附医案一则,以飨同道。

胸痹心痛热毒血瘀证血管病变及相关特征分析

【目的】基于冠状动脉(简称冠脉)、颈动脉、心脏病变及其相关指标回顾性研究胸痹心痛患者热毒血瘀证血管及其相关因素的辨证特征。【方法】回顾性收集221例胸痹心痛患者,根据中医辨证分型情况将患者分为热毒血瘀证154例和非热毒血瘀证67例,进行人口学特征、心血管危险因素相关疾病、理化指标、冠脉Gensini评分、颈动脉超声、心脏超声等指标的采集。比较热毒血瘀证与非热毒血瘀证患者各项指标的差异,并采用Spearman或Pearson分析探讨胸痹心痛热毒血瘀证与冠脉、颈动脉病变及其相关指标的相关性。【结果】(1)人口学特征及相关疾病分析结果提示,与非热毒血瘀证相比,胸痹心痛热毒血瘀证患者以男性发病为主(P=0.001),吸烟史及不稳定型心绞痛(UA)、急性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死(NSTEMI)、急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)等冠心病类型的比例较高,且多合并血脂异常(P<0.01或P<0.001),而热毒血瘀证与非热毒血瘀证在合并其他疾病方面比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(2)理化指标分析结果提示,胸痹心痛热毒血瘀证患者的甘油三酯(TG)及肌酸激酶同工酶MB(CK-MB)较高,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)较低,与非热毒血瘀证比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01),而2组的糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、空腹血糖(FBG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、总胆固醇(TC)、血清尿酸(UA)、同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、B型钠尿肽(BNP)、体质量指数(BMI)比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(3)冠脉狭窄Gensini评分分析结果提示,热毒血瘀证患者的冠脉狭窄Gensini评分较非热毒血瘀证显著升高(P<0.01);且热毒血瘀证患者的冠脉狭窄以中重度为主,占54.55%(84/154),非热毒血瘀证患者以正常或轻度狭窄为主,占76.12%(51/67),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。(4)颈动脉斑块分析结果提示,与非热毒血瘀证比较,热毒血瘀证患者的左、右侧颈动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT)均增厚,存在斑块的比例较高[占79.79%(75/94)],差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。(5)心脏结构及功能分析结果提示,热毒血瘀证与非热毒血瘀证之间的左室舒张末期内径(LVDd)、左室射血分数(LVEF)、左心房收缩末期前后径(LA)、二尖瓣侧壁瓣环舒张期e’值及E/e’值均未见显著性差异(P>0.05),但左室舒张功能相关指标e’值较低、E/e’值较高,提示热毒血瘀证患者可能存在舒张功能受损。(6)相关性分析结果提示,胸痹心痛热毒血瘀证与冠心病类型、基于Gensini评分的冠脉狭窄程度及左、右侧颈动脉IMT相关,相关系数分别为0.418、0.320、0.269、0.205(P<0.001);与男性、吸烟、血脂异常、CK-MB具有一定相关性,相关系数分别为0.216、0.186、0.266、0.193(P<0.01)。【结论】胸痹心痛热毒血瘀证大多处于不稳定阶段,冠脉及颈动脉血管病变均较严重,与血脂异常及左、右侧颈动脉IMT有关,临证时应抓住中医热毒血瘀证的辨证特征,诊病于微,已病防变。

从“诸气膹郁”与“诸湿肿满”探讨恶性胸腔积液病机与治疗

恶性胸腔积液是胸部恶性肿瘤的常见并发症,严重影响患者生存时间与生活质量。当前中医肿瘤理论认为恶性胸腔积液的发病与中焦运化、津液代谢失常密切相关,主要病理改变离不开肺、脾两脏,与《黄帝内经》病机十九条“诸湿肿满,皆属于脾”“诸气膹郁,皆属于肺”的理论相符,而不是单一脾脏病变所主导。肺、脾之间不仅存在“亢害承制”关系,还共同调节肿瘤患者机体的津液代谢、气机升降、气血运行以及邪正盛衰,密切影响恶性胸腔积液的形成与反复蓄积。临证中诸多医家也以肺脾同治、扶正祛邪为基本法则。文章基于“诸湿肿满,皆属于脾”“诸气膹郁,皆属于肺”中医经典理论,从津液代谢、气机升降、气血运行以及邪正盛衰等方面探讨恶性胸腔积液病机,以及对恶性胸腔积液临床治疗的指导,以期为临证提供有益参考。