Effects of Continuous Non-Invasive Blood Pressure Monitoring on Intraoperative Hemodynamics and Postoperative Myocardial Injury in Craniotomy:Comparison Between Groups Based on Self-Control and Propensity Score Matching

Objective:To explore the effect of continuous non-invasive blood pressure monitoring on intraoperative hemodynamics and postoperative myocardial injury in craniotomy.Methods:120 cases of elective craniotomy were divided into the self-control group(continuous non-invasive blood pressure monitoring and intermittent cuff non-invasive blood pressure monitoring,CNAP group)and propensity score matching group(only intermittent cuff non-invasive blood pressure measurement in previous craniotomy,PSM group);Goal-directed hemodynamic management in CNAP group included heart rate(HR),blood pressure(BP),stroke volume(SV),stroke variability(SVV),and systemic vascular resistance index(SVRI).The main index is to compare the troponin level within 72 hours after operation between the CNAP group and the PSM group;The secondary indicators are the comparison of the hemodynamic conditions between the CNAP group and the PSM at 10 specific time points.Results:The incidence of postoperative myocardial injury in the CNAP group was significantly lower than that in the PSM group(12%vs.30%,P=0.01);in the CNAP group hypotensive episodes(6 vs.3,P=0.01),positive balance of fluid therapy(700 vs.500 mL,P<0.001),more use of vasoactive drugs(29 vs.18,P=0.04),more stable hemodynamics medical status(P=0.03)were recorded.Conclusion:The hemodynamic management strategy based on continuous non-invasive blood pressure monitoring can reduce the incidence of myocardial injury after elective craniotomy and maintain a more stable hemodynamic state.

Clinical Study on Evaluation of Autonomic Nervous Dysfunction Based on Imaging Urodynamic Examination with Slow Filling and Synchronous Blood Pressure Monitoring in the Patients with Cervicothoracic Spinal Cord Injury

Objective: Explore the rule of autonomic nervous dysfunction in the patients with urination disorder after high level spinal cord injury, and seek a safe, objective and accurate method to evaluate autonomic nervous function. Patients and Method: 48 patients with dysuria after cervicothoracic SCI were selected. Before, during and after imaging urodynamic examination with slow filling in supine position, blood pressure and ECG were monitored simultaneously. The symptoms of sweating, shivering, headache, flushing and chills were observed and recorded. The study of the relationship among the changes of blood pressure, heart rate and urodynamic indexes and the above symptoms was analyzed. Results: They were divided into three groups: group A (no obvious abnormality), group B (hyperactivity) and group C (hypoactivity) according to their BP, HR and existing the symptoms or not. Conclusion: The incidence of autonomic dysfunction in the high level SCI patients with dysuria was very high (79.17%), most of them were hyperactivity, and a few were low function. The changes of SBP and DBP in the hypoactivity group all appeared an increasing and then declining trend, while the change of HR in the low function one was lower than normal and decreased continuously. The main inducements of AD are neurogenic detrusor overactivity, detrusor sphincter dyssynergia, elevated abdominal pressure and abnormal bladder sensitivity. The asymptomatic patients had a higher occurrence rate (43.75%). Only by imaging urodynamic examination with slow filling and synchronous blood pressure monitoring, can autonomic nervous function of the patients be evaluated safely, objectively, early and accurately.

Individualized Isonatremic and Hyponatremic Dialysate Improves Blood Pressure in Patients with Intradialytic Hypertension: A Prospective Cross-Over Study with 24-h Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring

Background. Intradialytic hypertension, a paradoxical rise in systolic blood pressure from pre- to postdialysis, is a poorly understood and difficult-to-treat phenomenon. We examined the effects of individually adjusted isonatremic and hyponatremic dialysate on intradialytic and interdialytic blood pressure in patients with intradialytic hypertension. Methods. We enrolled 11 patients with intradialytic hypertension in a prospective randomized cross-over study, with 4 treatment periods of different dialysate sodium concentrations. Period 1 (run-in) and 3 (wash-out) were standardized at 140 mEq/L;period 2 and 4 with iso- or hyponatremic sodium dialysate. Blood pressure was recorded each dialysis session, and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring was performed at the end of each treatment period. Results. Isonatremic and hyponatremic dialysate were associated with significantly lower pre- and post-dialysis blood pressure as compared to baseline 140 mEq/L dialysate (predialysis 148.3 ± 24.7/67.7 ± 12.0 and 144.4 ± 16.5/68.8 ± 13.3 vs. 158.0 ± 18.3/75.6 ± 11.4 mmHg, resp p = 0.04 and 0.007 for systolic and p = 0.004 and 0.04 for diastolic blood pressure;postdialysis 154.2 ± 25.5/76.6 ± 14.1 and 142.5 ± 20.7/73.0 ± 12.9 vs. 159.1 ± 21.6/80.3 ± 12.1 mmHg, resp NS and p = 0.01 for systolic and NS and p = 0.04 for diastolic blood pressure). Postdialysis and 24 h systolic blood pressure tended to be lower with hyponatremic compared to isonatremic dialysate. Conclusion. Individually tailoring dialysate sodium concentration, based on the sodium set-point of each patient, resulted in a lower pre- and post-dialysis blood pressure in patients with intradialytic hypertension. 24 h blood pressure values tended to be lower as well with hyponatremic dialysate.

Home Blood Pressure Monitoring and Its Association With Blood Pressure Control Among Hypertensive Patients With High Cardiovascular Risk in China

Objective:Home blood pressure monitoring(HBPM)is viewed as a facilitating factor in the initial diagnosis and long-term management of treated hypertension.However,evidence remains scarce about the effectiveness of HBPM use in the real world.This study aimed to examine the associations of HBPM use with blood pressure(BP)control and medication adherence.Methods:This prospective cohort study included hypertensive patients with high cardiovascular risk who were aged≥50 years.At baseline,information about types of BP monitor,frequency of HBPM,perception of anti-hypertensive treatment,and measured office BP were collected.During the 1-year follow-up(visits at 1,2,3,6,and 12 months),information on medication adherence was collected at each visit.The 2 major outcomes were BP control at baseline and medication adherence during the 1-year follow-up.A log-binomial regression model was used to examine the association between frequency of HBPM and outcomes,stratified by the perceptions of anti-hypertensive treatment.Results:A total of 5,363 hypertensive patients were included in the analysis.The age was(64.6±7.2)years,and 41.2%(2,208)were female.Of the total patients,85.9%(4,606)had a home BP monitor and 47.8%(2,564)had an incorrect perception of anti-hypertensive treatment.Overall,24.2%(1,299)of patients monitored their BP daily,37.6%(2,015)weekly,17.3%(926)monthly,and 20.9%(1,123)less than monthly.At baseline,the systolic BP and diastolic BP were(146.6±10.8)mmHg and(81.9±10.6)mmHg,respectively,and 28.5%(1,527)of patients had their BP controlled.Regardless of whether the patients had correct or incorrect perceptions of anti-hypertensive treatment,there is no significant association between HBPM frequency and BP control at baseline.During the 1-year follow-up,23.9%(1,280)of patients had non-adherence to medications at least once.In patients with an incorrect perception of anti-hypertensive treatment,those monitoring BP most frequently(daily)had the highest non-adherence rate(29.9%,175/585).Compared with those monitoring their BP less than monthly,patients who monitored their BP daily were more likely not to adhere to anti-hypertensive medications(adjusted relative risk=1.38,95%confidence interval:1.11–1.72,P=0.004).Conclusions:HBPM performance among hypertensive patients in China is,in general,sub-optimal.No association was observed between using HBPM alone and hypertension control,indicating that the effects of HBPM could be conditional.Patients’misconceptions about anti-hypertensive treatment may impair the role of BP monitoring in achieving medication adherence.Fully incorporating the correct perception of hypertension into the management of hypertensive patients is needed.

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring for the management of hypertension

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring(ABPM)has become indispensable in the current management of hypertension.ABPM is particularly useful in the accurate diagnosis of hypertension.Its diagnostic thresholds had been recently established based on hard clinical outcomes.Cross-classification of patients according to office and ambulatory blood pressure identifies white-coat,masked,and sustained hypertension.ABPM is also useful in cardiovascular(CV)risk assessment.It provides information on daytime and nighttime blood pressure and circadian rhythm,particularly nighttime blood pressure dipping.Nighttime blood pressure is predictive of CV risk independent of office and daytime blood pressure.Isolated nocturnal hypertension is a special form of masked hypertension,with normal daytime but elevated nocturnal blood pressure.It also helps in the evaluation of blood pressure fluctuation and variation,such as morning blood pressure surge and reading-to-reading blood pressure variability.ABPM may derive several other indexes,such as ambulatory blood pressure index and salt sensitivity index,which may be useful in CV evaluations.

Blood pressure monitoring via double sandwich-structured triboelectric sensors and deep learning models

Real-time blood pressure monitoring is essential for the timely diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease.Many traditional prediction methods estimate blood pressure by measuring multiple sets of physiological signals with energyconsuming sensors.Herein,a continuous,cuffless and self-powered blood pressure monitoring system was developed based on a new double sandwich-structured triboelectric sensor and a novel blood pressure method estimation.A pyramid-patterned sensor based on the double sandwich structure realizes a sensitivity of 0.89 V/kPa in a linear range of 0–35 kPa,which is more than twice of the conventional single electrode structure.The sensor processes a low pressure detection limit of 1 g andfast response time of 32 ms.Hence,it can easily capture the pulse signal at the radial artery.Furthermore,a novel method for estimating blood pressure using pulse waves accompanied by the user’s background information was proposed.This method measures only one set of pulse signals and is portable.A deep learning model with multi-network structures was developed to improve the estimation accuracy.The mean absolute error and standard deviation of error for systolic and diastolic blood pressure(SBP and DBP)estimations were 3.79±5.27 and 3.86±5.18 mmHg,respectively.This work reveals a new sensing structure of triboelectric sensors and offers a novel method for blood pressure estimation.

The relation between prognosis and nocturnal blood pressure variation in hypertensive patients with lacunar infarct

Objective We conducted a study using MRI and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring(ABPM) to determine whether an in-apporpriately low nocturnal blood pressure, or an excess fall in nocturnal blood pressure, might be responsible for lacunar infarct. Method ABPM and Casul blood pressure(CBP) were examined in 35 hypertentives with lacunar infarct(LI)and 33 hypertentives without lacunar infarct as control group. Results There is no significant difference of CBP between two groups. But the mean nighttime systolic blood pressure (nSBP) and diastolic blood pressure (nDBP) in patients with lacunar infarct were significantly smaller than in patients without lacunar infarct. The ratio of nSBP/dSBP and nDBP/dDBP in SI were smaller than in control group respectively. Conclusions The results indicate that an inap-propriately low nocturnal blood pressure, or an excessive fall in nocturnal blood pressure, is associated with lacunar infarct. It is necessary not only to control high blood pressure but also to pay attention to circadian changes of blood pressure during the course of anti-hypertensive treatment.

The Relationship between Abnormal Circadian Blood Pressure Rhythm and Risk of Readmission in Patients with Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

Objective:Abnormal circadian blood pressure rhythm has been revealed to be associated with hypertensive target organ damage and cardiovascular events,but its association with readmission risk in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction(HFpEF)remains unknown.We conducted a retrospective study to explore the relationship between circadian blood pressure rhythm and readmission risk in HFpEF patients.Methods:We retrospectively collected baseline and follow-up data on HFpEF patients who underwent ambulatory blood pressure monitoring(ABPM)from May 2015 to October 2019.Patient circadian blood pressure rhythms defi ned by ABPM were grouped as dipper,nondipper,or riser patterns.Univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses were performed to assess the association between circadian blood pressure rhythm and readmission risk.Results:A total of 122 patients were enrolled in this study.The mean age and ejection fraction were 69.87 years and 61.44%,respectively,with mean the N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide(NT-proBNP)level being 1048.15 pg/mL.There were signifi cant differences in the 24-hour systolic blood pressure(SBP),sleep SBP,and sleep diastolic blood pressure(DBP)among the three groups,where the 24-hour SBP,sleep SBP,and sleep DBP in the riser pattern group were markedly higher than in the dipper pattern group.Notably,serum NT-proBNP levels,the proportion of patients readmitted for heart failure and the mean number of admissions differed markedly among three groups.Instructively,multivariate linear regression analysis showed that the riser pattern was a signifi cant and independent risk factor for increased serum NT-proBNP level(β=929.16,95%confi dence interval 178.79–1679.53,P=0.016).In multivariate logistic regression analysis,the riser pattern was demonstrated to be a signifi cant risk factor for readmission(odds ratio 11.23,95%confi dence interval 2.01–62.67,P=0.006)in HFpEF patients.Conclusion:The riser blood pressure pattern is a potential risk factor for elevated serum NT-proBNP level and readmission in HFpEF patients.

Predictive Value of Blood Pressure,Heart Rate,and Blood Pressure/Heart Rate Ratio in a Chinese Subpopulation with Vasovagal Syncope

Objective:The head-up tilt test(HUTT)is widely used but is time-consuming and not cost-effective to evaluate patients with vasovagal syncope(VVS).The present study aims to verify the hypothesis that ambulatory blood pressure(BP)monitoring(ABPM)and the simplistic tilt test may be potential alternatives to the HUTT.Methods:The study consecutively enrolled 360 patients who underwent the HUTT to evaluate VVS.BP),heart rate(HR),and BP/HR ratios derived from ABPM and the simplistic tilt test were evaluated to predict the presence,pattern,and stage of syncope during the HUTT.Results:Mixed response was the commonest pattern,and syncope occurred frequently with infusion of isoproterenol at a rate of 3μg/min.During the simplistic tilt test,the cardioinhibitory group had higher tilted BP/HR ratios than the vasodepressor group,while the vasodepressor group had a faster tilted HR and a larger HR difference than the cardioinhibitory group.The higher the BP/HR ratio in the tilted position,the higher the isoproterenol dosage needed to induce a positive response.During ABPM,BP/HR ratios were signifi cantly higher in the cardioinhibitory group than in the vasodepressor group.The higher the ABPM-derived BP,the higher the dosage of isoproterenol needed to induce syncope.There were signifi cant correlations in BP/HR ratios between ABPM and the supine position in the vasodepressor group,while signifi cant correlation was found only for the diastolic BP/HR ratio between ABPM and the tilted position in the cardioinhibitory group.The mixed pattern shared correlative features of the other two patterns.Conclusion:ABPM and the simplistic tilt test might be used as promising alternatives to the HUTT in VVS evaluation in clinical settings.

THE CIRCADIAN ALTERATIONS OF BLOOD PRESSURE IN PATIENTS WITH SECONDARY HYPERTENSION

Objective To study the pattern of circadian blood pressure changes in patients with se-condary hypertension. Methods The 24h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring was performed in 80 patients with secondary hypertension (SH) including primary aldosteronism in 44, pheochromocytoma in 11, renovas-cular hypertension in 10, renoparenchymal hypertension in 15 and compared with 80 patients with essential hy-pertension (EH) matched by age and sex. Results The diurnal rhythm in patients with SH was different from that of patients with EU. The diurnal curves in SU and EU was overlapped in daytime and separated from each other at nighttime. The nocturnal blood pressure fall was less and average blood pressure at nighttime was higher in patients with SH than those in patients with Eli (P <0. 01). The nighttime blood pressure loading and non-dipper phenomenon were much more frequently seen in patients with SH than those in patients with Eli (P <0. 01). The nighttime blood pressure/daytime blood pressure ratio was significantly higher in patients with SH than that in patients with Eli (P <0. 01). Conclusion The non-invasive 24h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring may be a useful method in screening for

Characteristic of Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Normotensive Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Objectives To observe the characteristic of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in normotensive diabetic subjects with normoalbuminuria or microalbuminuria. Methods Fifty-two normotensive patients with type 2 diabetes received ambulatory blood pressure monitoring were divided into normoalbuminuric and microalbuminuric groups according to their albumin excretion rate, the other 28 normotensive subjects without diabetes were contributed as control group. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring was performed on a working day and measurement of blood pressure circadian rhythm was analyzed. Results Normotensive microalbuminuric diabetic patients had higher night-time systolic blood pressure and more blood pressure burden than normotensive normoalbuminuric diabetic patients. Additionally, the microalbuminuric patients had a higher frequency of non-dippers than normoalbuminuric ones, although they were all normotensive. Compared to the normotensive non-diabetic control subjects, the night- time systolic blood pressure and frequency of non- dippers of the normoalbuminuric diabetic patients were significantly higher. Conclusions Intensive attention should be paid in control of blood pressure in diabetic patients to prevent and limit damage of target organ including kidney, even in those normotensive subjects.

Association of blood pressure variability with target organ damage in older patients with essential hypertension

Background:Although multiple measures of blood pressure variability(BPV)have been proposed,whether they are better than mean blood pressure in predicting target organs is unclear.We aimed to determine the relationship between short term BPV and target organ injury.Methods:This study was a retrospective study,and 635 inpatients in the Department of Cardiology from 2015 to 2020 were selected.We divided participants into four groups on the basis of the quartiles of BPV.One-way analysis of variance was used to compare the differences between the groups,and linear regression was used to analyze the relationship between BPV and target organ damage.Results:The average age of 635 patients was 74.36±6.50 years old.Among them,354 of 627 patients had diminished renal function(56.5%),221of 604 patients had associated left ventricular hypertrophy(36.6%),and 227 of 231 patients had carotid plaque formation(98.3%).The baseline data indicated significant differences in fasting glucose,total cholesterol,low-density lipoprotein,creatinine,glomerular filtration rate,sex,calcium channel blocker use,and the rate of diminished renal function.Multiple linear regression analysis showed that BPV was negatively correlated with renal injury(creatinine:r=0.306,p<0.01;estimated glomerular filtration rate:r=0.058,p<0.01),and BPV is positively correlated with cardiac injury(r=0.083,p<0.01).Elevated BPV was not found to be associated with vascularinjury.Conclusion:Renal function decreases with increasing BPV and left ventricular mass increases with increasing BPV.

Effects of Chinese herbal medicine Yiqi Huaju Formula on hypertensive patients with metabolic syndrome:a randomized,placebo-controlled trial

BACKGROUND： Patients with hypertension coupled with metabolic syndrome （MetS） are among the high risk population in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. To reduce the prevalence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, it is essential to appropriately control b^ood pressure together with other cardiovascular risk factors. OBJECTIVE： The current study was designed to investigate the therapeutic effects on blood pressure, blood pressure variability and other cardiovascular risk factors by giving Yiqi Huaju Formula, a compound traditional Chinese herbal medicine, in addition to routine treatment to hypertensive patients coupled with MetS. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTIONS： A total of 43 patients with hypertension coupled with MetS were recruited into this study. The enrolled patients were randomly divided into the Chinese herbal formula group （anti-hypertensive drugs plus Yiqi Huaju Formula, CHF） and the control group （anti-hypertensive drugs plus placebo）. The CHF group enrolled 22 patients while the control group received 21 cases. Treatments were given for 12 weeks in both groups. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Parameters examined include 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance （HOMA-IR）, fasting glycosylated hemoglobin （HbAlc）, fasting plasma glucose, 2-hour postprandial plasma glucose （PPG）, fasting plasma insulin, serum lipid, etc. RESULTS： Compared with the control group, the CHF group had significant improvement （P〈0.01） in anthropometric parameters, FPG, HOMA-IR, blood pressure amplitude, blood pressure variability and blood pressure load. CONCLUSION： This study showed that integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine treatment can achieve better results in controlling blood pressure as well as other cardiovascular risk factors. The mechanism of controlling of blood pressure may be associated with the improvement of insulin sensitivity due to the Yiqi Huaju intervention. TRIAL REGISTRATION IDENTIFIER： ChiCTR-TRC-11001633.

Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension with Parkinson's disease as a cause of syncope:A case report

BACKGROUND Syncope presents with diagnostic challenges and is associated with high healthcare costs.Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension(nOH)as one cause of syncope is not well established.We review a case of syncope caused by nOH in a patient with Parkinson's disease.CASE SUMMARY We describe a case of syncope caused by nOH in Parkinson's disease and review the literature.A 70-year-old man with Parkinson's disease had uncontrolled blood pressure for 1 mo,with blood pressure ranging from 70/40 to 220/112 mmHg,and once lost consciousness lasting for several minutes after getting up.Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring indicated nocturnal hypertension(up to 217/110 mmHg)and morning orthostatic hypotension(as low as 73/45 mmHg).Seated-to-standing blood pressure measurement showed that the blood pressure dropped from 173/96 mmHg to 95/68 mmHg after standing for 3 min from supine position.A diagnosis of nOH with supine hypertension was made.During the course of treatment,Midodrine could not improve the symptoms.Finally,the patient's blood pressure stabilized with simple strategies by strengthening exercises,reducing the duration of lying in bed in the daytime,and consuming water intake before getting up.CONCLUSION nOH is one of the causes of syncope.Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring is a cost-effective method for its diagnosis,and non-pharmacological measures are still the primary management methods.

A new approach for detecting sudden hypotension in hemodialysis by using dual-channel optical system

Dialysis hypotension is one of the most prevalence symptoms of dialysis and occurs in 40%of treatment sessions.Detection and prediction of hypotension is important for the well-being of the patient and for optimizing treatment.The aim of this study was to construct optical system to monitor blood pressure(BP)continuously and without cuff in hemodialysis based on pulse transit time(PTT)method.To measure the BP changes,dual channel optical system were developed.In this study,individuals were classified into two groups of normal and hemodialysis.In both groups,BP and consequently PTT were earned three times in different positions.After the initial calibration,the regression equation was drawn for each subject.In normal group,each subject was placed in the supine position and BP was measured both by designed system and sphyg-momanometer cuff.During BP measurements,in addition to BP,blood pressure decline was also monitored by optical system.For hemodialysis group,the same measurement setup was adopted.In both groups,the error between cuff method and PTT was calculated.Correlation coefficients for BPcuf vs BP pTT were calculated and Bland-Altman plot was performed for the normal and hemodialysis groups.In this study 16 subjects participated.The results for normal group showed that maximum difference between cuff method and the present method was 14 mmHg and for.dialysis group was 16 mmHg.Bland-A ltman plot in normal group revealed limits of agreement from-13.98 to 13.18 mmHg.Considering hemodialysis group,limits of agreement were from-15.94 to 13.88 mmHg.The correlation coefficient was 0.74 for normal group and was 0.72 for hemodialysis group.The proposed system can monitor BP continuously and diagnose sudden hypotension.So it can be recommended as a useful method to indicate hypotension and can be used for dialysis unit.

Association of circadian blood pressure pattern and left heart chamber enlargement in hypertensive patients:A cross-sectional study

Background Non-dipping blood pressure(BP)pattern is a potential risk factor contributing to cardiac geometry change.Relationship between BP pattern and left atrium(LA)enlargement besides left ventricle(LV)structural change is seldom studied.Methods A total of 237 hypertensive and hospitalized adults were enrolled.Left heart chamber parameters were measured by 2-dimensional echocardiography,and BP circadian rhythm was evaluated by 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.Night-day ratios of systolic BP(NDR-SBP)were calculated and BP patterns were classified into dippers,reduced-dippers,and risers,which were defined as NDR-SBP<0.9,≥0.9 and<1,≥1,respectively.Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the factors associated with increased left ventricular end-diastolic internal diameter and left atrial diameter.Results Among enrolled participants,there were 62(26.2%)dippers,136(57.4%)reduced-dippers and 39(16.5%)risers.Briefly,57.8%were male and the mean age was 57.0±13.9 years.Compared to the dippers,both left ventricular end-diastolic diameter(44.4±4.3 mm in dippers,45.5±4.0 mm in reduced-dippers,46.5±4.5 mm in risers,P=0.045)and left atrial diameter(32.7±4.1 mm in dippers,34.3±4.7 mm in reduced-dippers,35.7±4.3 mm in risers,P=0.004)were progressively increased in reduced-dippers and risers.Logistic regression analyses showed that after adjusted for age,male gender,history of diabetes,blood lipid profiles,mean diurnal BP and estimated glomerular filtration rate,the association between increased LV diameter and riser BP pattern was significant(OR:2.621,95%CI:1.030-6.678)while the association between increased LA diameter and riser BP pattern was marginally significant.Conclusions The riser BP pattern is associated with the enlargement of LV and probably that of LA in hypertensive patients independent of 24-hour systolic BP level.

The Circadian Rhythm of Yin and Yang Syndrome on Hypertension

Objective: To study the relationship between the circadian rhythm of Yin and Yang Syndrome on essential hypertension. Methods: The noninvasive ambulatory blood pressure monitoring was used in the clinical evaluation of 84 hypertensive inpatients. Results: The profile of ambulatory blood pressure in traditional Chinese medicine is characterized by the usual nocturnal decline in blood pressure, as well as by a prominent secondary fall in the early afternoon. The blood pressure to be highest is at Chen （辰, 8:00am） on excess of Yang Syndrome and at You （酉, 17: 00 pm）on deficiency of Yin Syndrome, the lowest is at Zi （子,0: 00 am）and Wei （未, 11 ：00am). The inverse circadian blood pressure is discovered in spontaneously hypertension rats （SHR）. Conclusion: The pathogenesis of hypertension is due to the excessive Yang that is caused by incoordination between Yin and Yang. The TCM pattern differentiation of hypertension can be identified by Yin and Yang.