PANDERIVATIVE BLOWN-UP OF GROUND TEMPERATUREAND PREDICTING EARTHQUAKE

According to the blown-up theory (described in references [1,2]) for nonlinear dynamic system on the relationship of general pansystem transformation, optimisation and panderivative blown-up, by means of blown-up theory, we demonstrate that the blown-up of nonlinear heat conductive equation is similar to the evolution of observational ground temperature 'flow' in this paper. And a successful simulation of Tang Shan Earthquake in 1976 has been given. The result of simulation indicates that the blown-up of ground temperature 'flow' around earthquake can be applied to predict earthquake. As for Tang Shan Earthquake, the predicting time is about five months. If ground temperature 'flow' that embodies the earth's crust satisfies the unintegral panderivative equation, we can demonstrate its mechanism and forecast earthquake with enough information.

Analysis on the Theory of Blow-up and Verification on Numerical Prediction of Heavy Rain in Sichuan Basin

By dint of V-3θ diagram from the Blown-up theory,a continuous heavy rain process in western Sichuan basin from July 14 to 17,2009 is analyzed in this paper.Situation field and precipitation of ECWMF and T213 are verified and discussed.Results show that V-3θ diagram can describe the heavy rain process accurately.Combining with additional conventional weather charts,experience and numerical forecast products,the heavy rain falling area is determined.The forecast accuracy of situation field of EC is significantly higher than that of T213 and the forecast accuracy of T213 for heavy rain forecast is relatively low.

Blown sand motion within the sand-control system in the southern section of the Taklimakan Desert Highway

Although scientists have performed many studies in the Taklimakan Desert, few of them have reported the blown sand motion along the southern edge of the Taklimakan Desert Highway, which differs significantly from the northern region in terms of aeolian sand geomorphology and formation environment. Based on the field ob- servation data of airflow and aeolian sand transport, continuous monitoring data of erosional and depositional processes between 14 April 2009 and 9 April 2011 and data of surface sand grains from the classical section along the southern edge of the Taklimakan Desert Highway, this paper reported the blown sand motion within the sand-control system of the highway. The main results are as follows： 1） The existing sand-control system is highly effective in preventing and controlling desertification. Wind velocities within the sand-control system were ap- proximately 33%-100% of those for the same height above the mobile sand surface. Aeolian sand fluxes were approximately 0-31.21% of those of the mobile sand surface. Sand grains inside the system, with a mean diameter of 2.89 q）, were finer than those （2.15 q）） outside the system. In addition, wind velocities basically followed a loga- rithmic law, but the airflow along the classical section was mainly determined by topography and vegetation. 2） There were obvious erosional and depositional phenomena above the surface within the sand-control system, and these phenomena have very consistent patterns for all observation points in the two observed years. The total thicknesses of erosion and deposition ranged from 0.30 to 14.60 cm, with a mean value of 3.67 cm. In contrast, the deposition thicknesses were 1.90-22.10 cm, with a mean value of 7.59 cm, and the erosion thicknesses were 3.51-15.10 cm, with a mean value of 8.75 cm. The results will aid our understanding of blown sand within the sand-control system and provide a strong foundation for optimizing the sand-control system.

Influence of Golmud-Lhasa Section of Qinghai-Tibet Railway on Blown Sand Transport

The Qinghai-Tibet Railway(QTR) passes through 281 km of sandy land, 11.07 km of which causes serious sand damage to the railway and thus, the control of blown sand is important for the safe operation of the railway. Construction of the railway and sand prevention system greatly changed the blown sand transport of the primary surface. Effective and feasible sand-control measures include stone checkerboard barriers(SCBs), sand fences(SFs), and gravel coverings. This study simulated the embankments, SCBs and SFs of the QTR in a wind tunnel, and analyzed their respective wind profile, sand deposition, and sand-blocking rate(SBR) in conjunction with field data, aiming at studying the influence of Golmud-Lhasa section of the QTR and sand prevention system on blown sand transport. The results of wind tunnel experiments showed that wind speed increased by 67.7%–77.3% at the upwind shoulder of the embankment and decreased by 50.0%–83.3% at upwind foot of embankment. Wind speed decreased by 50.0%–100.0% after passing through the first SF, and 72.2%–100.0% after the first row of stones within the first SCB grid. In the experiment of sand deposition, the higher the wind speed, the lower the SBR of SCB and SF. From field investigation, the amount of sand blocked by the four SFs decreased exponentially and its SBR was about 50.0%. By contrast, SCB could only block lower amounts of sand, but had a higher SBR(96.7%) than SF. Although, results show that SFs and SCBs along the Golmud-Lhasa section of the QTR provide an obvious sand blocking effect, they lead to the deposition of a large amount of sand, which forms artificial dunes and becomes a new source of sand damage.

Study on the optimization of the combined blown converter process in Chongqing Iron and Steel Company

The effects of lance height and bottom blown flowrate on the mixed time, the splashing amount, the penetrating depth, and the level fluctuation of an 85 t combined blown converter have been studied using a water model. The results show that the maximal stirring energy is provided to the bath at the top lance height of about 50-100 mm. When the top lance height is in the range ofg0- 110 mm, the splashing amount caused by the top jet can reach the maximal value. The appropriate operational parameters of Chongqing Iron and Steel Company （CISC） converter have been established that the top lance height is 1600-1760 mm and the bottom blowing flowrate is 240-480 Nm^3/h in the primary phase of a heat, 1100-1300 mm and 160-200 Nm^3/h in the second phase, and 1040-1120 mm and 200-350 Nm^3/h in the end phase. Also, the trial shows that the metallurgical result of the studied blow pattern is better than that of the former pattern. At the starting 3-4 min of a heat, the strong splashing is eliminated. 2008 University of Science and Technology Beijing. All rights reserved.

Desertification and Blown Sand Disaster in China

Approximately 331 million ha, one-third of China＇s total land, is prone to desertification processes, leading to natural disasters and economic losses. In this study, the situation, tendency, their influences and their risk governance of desertification and blown sand disaster in China were examined using satellite images, field photographs, field data and a literature review. The desiccated areas in Lop Nor and the lower Heihe River fluvial plain covered about 50,000 km2 and 40,000 km2, respectively. In Ejina, about 100 species of vegetation became extinct. The rate of wind erosion in China was between 1,000 tons/km2/year and 2,000 tons/km2/year. There were 12 sand deserts and sandy lands, occupying a total of 710,000 km2. Salinized soils occurred across 99.1 million ha. The two main sand and dust storm-prone areas in China were the Tarim Basin and its surroundings, and the Alxa Plateau and its surroundings. From 1981 to 2007, the annual average frequency of sand and dust storms varied from 1 d to 37 d with a general increase from southeast to northwest. Since 1978, China has implemented a number of ecological construction projects that have reduced desertification from 1999 to 2004 and from 2005 to 2009, and the number of dust and sand storm days from 9.3 d between 1954 and 1959 to 4.4 d between 2000 and 2007. The results could improve understanding of desertification and blown sand disasters in China and provide valuable experiences for global desertification control.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION ON FLOW AND MIXING PROCESSES IN BOTTOM BLOWN LADLES

An improvement on the flow and mixing conditions in bottom blown ladles may be made by either shifting the nozzle from centre to off-centre or changing from one to two nozzles. Thus the shorter time for homogeneous mixing in ladle seems to be available.

Measurement of radial temperature distributions of the blown CO2 arcs under different conditions

In this paper, the radial temperature distributions of the blown CO2 arcs in a model gas circuit breaker were investigated by optical emission spectroscopy methods. The CO2 flows with different flow rates(50, 100 and 150 1 min^-1) were created to axially blow the arcs burning in a polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA) nozzle. Discharges with different arc currents(200 and 400A) were conducted in the experiment. The absolute intensity method was applied for a carbon ionic line of 657.8 nm to obtain the radial temperature profiles of the arc columns at a cross-section 1 mm above the nozzle. The calibration for the intensity of the CⅡ 657.8 nm line was achieved by the Fowler–Milne method with the help of an oxygen atomic line of 777.2 nm.The highest temperature obtained in the arc center was up to 19 900 K when the arc current was 400 A and the CO2 flow rate was 50 1 min^-1, while the lowest temperature in the arc center was about 15 900 K when the arc current was 200 A and the CO2 flow rate was 150 1min^-1. The results indicate that as the arc current increases, the temperature in the arc center would also increase apparently, and a larger gas flow rate would lead to a lower central temperature in general. It can also be found that the influence of the CO2 flow rate on the arc temperature was much less than that of the arc current under the present experimental conditions. In addition,higher temperature in the arc center would cause a sharper temperature decrease from the central region towards the edge.

Simulation of Melt Blown Web and the Effect of Its Pore Size Distribution on Filtration Performance

In this paper melt blown webs with different fiber dis-tributing density were simulated by the computer,and then their pore size distribution was calculated with the image analysis.Based on simulated fiber webs,the effect of 10% big pores on the filtration properties was ana-lyzed theoretically.It is found that the pore radius be-comes smaller and its distribution becomes more uniformwith increasing line density,i.e.,the fiber distributing density.The flow proportion in these 10% big pores is linearly increased with increasing the standard

The Effects of Applying Organic Matter in Wind Blown Soil on Microbial Biomass and Enzyme Activity

Field experiment was conducted to study the effect of applying organic matter in wind blown soil on microbial biomass and enzyme activity.The results showed that microbial biomass and enzyme activity keep dynamic changes during wheat growing season in wind blown soil,and reached the peak level in wheat booting stage.Compared with chemical fertilizer,all the other treatments could increase the microbial biomass in different degree,the same as catalsae and alkaline phosphatase activity,But urease activity was slightly difference from them.

Relationships between the Processing Parameters of Melt Blown Nonwoven Fabric and Its Structure and Filtration Property

Based on the processing experiment and sodium flame test this paper deals with the relationship between processing parameters, structure, and filtration property of melt blown fabric. Through the image analysis of Questar micro-images in combination with the SEM observation and the measurement of some macrostructure indices, the relationship between the processing parameters and the structure especially the microstructure is emphasized Finally the effect of somestructure factors on filtration properties is discussed theoretically.

Sinopec Yizheng Chemical Fiber Co.,Ltd.accelerates the construction of 8 meltblown nonwovens production lines

On March 2,the feasibility report of Sinopec Yizheng Chemical Fiber 4,000t Polypropylene Meltblown Nonwovens Project was formally completed.The project is expected to be completed in mid-April.By then,the daily output of meltblown nonwovens can reach 12 tons,which can be used to process 12 million medical flat masks.

Protective benefits of HDPE board sand fences in an environment with variable wind directions on Gobi surfaces:wind tunnel study

The Golmud-Korla Railway in the Gobi area faces operational challenges due to sand hazards,caused by strong and variable winds.This study addresses these challenges by conducting wind tunnel tests to evaluate the protective benefits of High Density Polyethylene(HDPE)board sand fences,focusing on their orientation relative to various wind directions(referred to as'wind angle').This study found that the size of the low-velocity zone on the leeward side of the sand fences(LSF)expanded with an increase in the wind angle(WA).At 1H(the height of the sand fence)and 2H positions on the LSF,the wind speed profiles(WSP)exhibited a segmented logarithmic growth,constrained by Z=H at varying WAs.The efficacy of the sand fence in obstructing airflow escalated as WA increased.The size of the WA has a significant impact on the protective efficiency of HDPE board sand fences.Furthermore,compared to typical sandy surfaces,the rate of sand transport across the Gobi surface diminishes more slowly with height,attributed to the gravel's rebound effect.This phenomenon allows some sand particles to bypass the fences,rendering them less effective at blocking wind and trapping sand than in sandy environments.This paper offers scientific evidence supporting the practical use and enhancement of HDPE board sand fences in varied wind conditions.

安徽及周边爆破塌陷特殊地震动特征识别

本文依据安徽省测震台网的数据,根据爆破、塌陷记录的短周期瑞利型面波Rg特性、Rg面波能量分配、衰减特征、波形震相特征,在类型、震源特点、震中距离范围等方面,存在一定的差异,通过比较、分析和研究,得出爆破、塌陷特殊地震动的一些基本规律、特征和部分指标。

昆仑山北麓地貌过程对风沙危害形成的影响

昆仑山北麓地跨昆仑-阿尔金山与塔里木盆地两大地貌单元,毗邻塔克拉玛干沙漠,区内沙源物质丰富,东北风与西北风盛行,风沙活动强烈,沙漠化程度达0.62,是目前我国风沙危害最严重的区域。地貌过程与风沙危害发生的关系,主要表现为风沙地貌过程加强引起风沙危害发生,流水地貌过程减弱使风沙危害加重,人工地貌过程对风沙危害有加强与减弱两方面的作用。区内风沙危害严重与地貌结构,沙漠、砾漠(戈壁)和雅丹面积占73.5%,风沙地貌面积大,沙源物质丰富;气候干旱少雨,荒漠区植被稀疏,风力强劲,风蚀风积强烈;河流稀少,流水地貌过程弱;水资源不足且分布不均,绿洲面积仅占13.49%,绿洲区人工地貌过程对荒漠环境扰动破坏大等有关。针对地貌及其过程对风沙危害的影响及发展趋势,提出了6条防治地貌过程加剧引起风沙危害的措施。

关于溃变理论在湖北省春季短期强对流天气预报中的应用

依据溃变理论将非均匀信息在突发性、强烈天气过程预报中进行了应用．使用不连续参数把湖北省春季发生的强天气过程（如暴雨、强对流）划定出来，再结合强对流预报判据分辨出强对流天气，用于湖北省春季短期强对流天气预报．其效果经过了１９９５．０３．１５～１９９５．０５．

突发性灾害天气的结构预测与应急对策

以V-3θ图的非规则信息结构分别分析了北京2004年7月10日和上海7月12日出现的突发性强对流降水、风暴和川东北的区域性特大暴雨天气过程的结构特征,并简单地讨论了突发灾害天气的预测原理和分析、预测方法。结果表明,局地强对流降水天气或区域性大暴雨在V-3θ图的结构上事先有明显的征兆而可预测;并作为有效的防灾、减灾和相应城市建设应考虑的排水、储水和防风等的特殊性应急措施。

流体溃变与天气系统的转折性变化

简单介绍了溃变图方法,并运用溃变观点研究了天气系统的转折性变化问题。研究表明,溃变图比通常的天气图具有更为丰富的信息,尤其是非均匀和不连续信息。

四川盆地一次暴雨天气过程溃变分析及数值预报检验

利用溃变理论之V-3θ图对2009年7月14~17日出现在四川盆地西部的连续暴雨天气进行分析,并对此过程中ECWMF、T213数值预报产品的形势场和降水进行检验分析。结果表明,V-3θ图能对该次暴雨过程进行准确地描述;结合常规天气图、经验及数值预报产品可以确定暴雨的落区;ECWMF形势场的预报准确率明显高于T213;T213对于暴雨的预报准确性较低。

PE–LD 2426H吹膜工艺研究

对大庆石化公司生产的低密度聚乙烯（PE-LD）2426H的分子量及其分布、熔融结晶性能、流变性能进行了测试，结果表明PELD2426H的重均分子量约为9．4×10^4，分子量分布为5.25，熔点为112．8℃，结晶度为38．5％，具有分子量分布较宽、熔点低、结晶度低的特点，适于吹制薄膜；流变性能测试结果表明，PE—LD2426H在吹膜时的加工温度区间为170～190℃。在保持牵引速度、冷却温度、薄膜厚度不变的条件下，研究了吹胀比和加工温度对薄膜性能的影响，结果表明当吹膜加工温度为170℃、吹胀比为3．0时，薄膜的生产过程稳定，具有较高的横向拉伸强度、冲击强度和较好的透明性。