Although some species that accumulate only cyanidin(Cy)in nature can produce blue flowers through iron ions,there has been no evidence of blue chrysanthemums being generated in this manner.This study revealed that fla...Although some species that accumulate only cyanidin(Cy)in nature can produce blue flowers through iron ions,there has been no evidence of blue chrysanthemums being generated in this manner.This study revealed that flavonoid extracts from the ray florets of the chrysanthemum cultivar‘Wandai Fengguang’turned blue when exposed to Fe^(3+).Samples that could turn blue were labeled as CB(Cy-determined blue flowers),while samples that did not turn blue were labeled as CN(Cy-determined non-blue flowers).After a series of experiments,a stable screening system was established using flavonoid extracts containing NaAc buffer at pH 5.5 and a total anthocyanin concentration(TAC)of 30 μmol·L^(-1),and the addition of Fe^(3+)from 0 to 0.25 μmol·L^(-1)allowed for the selection of five CB samples from 39 chrysanthemum cultivars.All five CB samples exhibited flower color phenotypes that belonged to Cluster-I with redness(a*)values ranging from 29.03 to 45.99,yellowness(b*)values from-11.31 to 3.77,and brightness(L*)values from 29.07 to 45.99.Additionally,the ratio of TAC to total luteolin concentration(TLC)was found to be a critical factor for distinguishing between CB and CN samples.To realize the desired blue hue in the flavonoid extracts with the participation of Fe^(3+),a TAC to TLC ratio of 2.25 and above is required.Moreover,the protoplasts and ray florets of CB samples that turned blue with the involvement of Fe^(2+)showed great potential for cultivating blue chrysanthemums through ferric-anthocyanin chelate.Overall,this study reveals that blue flowers can be cultivated through the increase in the iron ion concentration,combined with the accumulation of Cy.展开更多
以蓝紫色月季“紫霞仙子”(Rosa‘Nightingale’)花发育5个时期的花瓣为材料,基于转录组分析,从分子水平上探索其花发育期花色相关基因的表达模式。结果表明,初开期相比花蕾期(N_S2 vs N_S1)、半开期相比初开期(N_S3 vs N_S2)、盛开期...以蓝紫色月季“紫霞仙子”(Rosa‘Nightingale’)花发育5个时期的花瓣为材料,基于转录组分析,从分子水平上探索其花发育期花色相关基因的表达模式。结果表明,初开期相比花蕾期(N_S2 vs N_S1)、半开期相比初开期(N_S3 vs N_S2)、盛开期相比半开期(N_S4 vs N_S3)、落花期相比盛开期(N_S5 vs N_S4)分别有386、1492、830、255个上调表达的差异基因和607、1849、150、783个下调表达的差异基因。在类黄酮与花青素的合成通路中共找到差异表达基因15个,类黄酮与花青素合成在半开期到盛开期达到顶峰;R2R3MYB转录因子MYB6和MYB113与类黄酮、花青素合成相关基因的表达趋势相同,可能参与了花青素合成的调控。在类胡萝卜素合成通路中共找到了14个差异表达基因,类胡萝卜素的合成在初开期到半开期达到顶峰。可见,类胡萝卜素的合成较花青素提前,因此可避免黄色对“紫霞仙子”的蓝紫色花色造成干扰。展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.32171849 and 32271946).
文摘Although some species that accumulate only cyanidin(Cy)in nature can produce blue flowers through iron ions,there has been no evidence of blue chrysanthemums being generated in this manner.This study revealed that flavonoid extracts from the ray florets of the chrysanthemum cultivar‘Wandai Fengguang’turned blue when exposed to Fe^(3+).Samples that could turn blue were labeled as CB(Cy-determined blue flowers),while samples that did not turn blue were labeled as CN(Cy-determined non-blue flowers).After a series of experiments,a stable screening system was established using flavonoid extracts containing NaAc buffer at pH 5.5 and a total anthocyanin concentration(TAC)of 30 μmol·L^(-1),and the addition of Fe^(3+)from 0 to 0.25 μmol·L^(-1)allowed for the selection of five CB samples from 39 chrysanthemum cultivars.All five CB samples exhibited flower color phenotypes that belonged to Cluster-I with redness(a*)values ranging from 29.03 to 45.99,yellowness(b*)values from-11.31 to 3.77,and brightness(L*)values from 29.07 to 45.99.Additionally,the ratio of TAC to total luteolin concentration(TLC)was found to be a critical factor for distinguishing between CB and CN samples.To realize the desired blue hue in the flavonoid extracts with the participation of Fe^(3+),a TAC to TLC ratio of 2.25 and above is required.Moreover,the protoplasts and ray florets of CB samples that turned blue with the involvement of Fe^(2+)showed great potential for cultivating blue chrysanthemums through ferric-anthocyanin chelate.Overall,this study reveals that blue flowers can be cultivated through the increase in the iron ion concentration,combined with the accumulation of Cy.
文摘以蓝紫色月季“紫霞仙子”(Rosa‘Nightingale’)花发育5个时期的花瓣为材料,基于转录组分析,从分子水平上探索其花发育期花色相关基因的表达模式。结果表明,初开期相比花蕾期(N_S2 vs N_S1)、半开期相比初开期(N_S3 vs N_S2)、盛开期相比半开期(N_S4 vs N_S3)、落花期相比盛开期(N_S5 vs N_S4)分别有386、1492、830、255个上调表达的差异基因和607、1849、150、783个下调表达的差异基因。在类黄酮与花青素的合成通路中共找到差异表达基因15个,类黄酮与花青素合成在半开期到盛开期达到顶峰;R2R3MYB转录因子MYB6和MYB113与类黄酮、花青素合成相关基因的表达趋势相同,可能参与了花青素合成的调控。在类胡萝卜素合成通路中共找到了14个差异表达基因,类胡萝卜素的合成在初开期到半开期达到顶峰。可见,类胡萝卜素的合成较花青素提前,因此可避免黄色对“紫霞仙子”的蓝紫色花色造成干扰。
