Analysis on the Eutrophication and Algae Blooms of Hongfeng Lake Reservoir in Guizhou

[Objective] The research aimed to know the ecological environment pollution characteristics of Hongfeng Lake water area and the evolution rule,which provided the theory basis for improving the water quality condition.[Method] Based on the investigation and research of indoor and outdoor,the water quality,aquatic ecosystem,pollution characteristic of sediment and occurrence law of algae blooms in Hongfeng Lake were comprehensively analyzed by combining with the relevant literatures.[Result] Hongfeng Lake was in moderate-heavy eutrophication situation,and the water quality was V-bad V class.The sediment accumulated a lot of nutrient salt,which was the important pollution source of eutrophication in Hongfeng Lake Reservoir.The aquatic ecosystem degraded,and it was easy to form the algae blooms.[Conclusion] The pollution treatment of Hongfeng Lake was extremely urgent.

Analysis of the Meteorological Conditions for Outbreak of Blue-green Algae in Hongze Lake

Based on the data of 18 cases during the past 30 years from 1978 to 2007,the major meteorological conditions for outbreak of blue-green alga in Hongze Lake were analyzed.The results showed that the main meteorological conditions that affected the production and outbreak of blue-green alga were unusual high monthly average temperature,less precipitation and more sunshine hours in ten days.Through the selection of 1 or 0 factors on the values of above meteorological conditions over the years,if the conditions were accorded with the outbreak of blue-green alga,the factor was signed as 1,or it would be signed as 0;if there was outbreak of blue-green alga within ten days,it was signed as 1,or it would be signed as 0;crossing interrelated and integrated prediction method was adopted to establish the prediction equation for outbreak of blue-green alga,the historical fitting rate was 87.5%,and the predicting accuracy rate in 2008-2009 was 87.5%.In addition to meteorological conditions,outbreak of blue-green alga was also influenced by industrial pollutions,etc.,which should be considered in the forecasting procedures.

Air–water CO2 flux in an algae bloom year for Lake Hongfeng,Southwest China:implications for the carbon cycle of global inland waters

The carbon cycle of global inland waters is quantitatively comparable to other components in the global carbon budget. Among inland waters, a significant part is man-made lakes formed by damming rivers. Manmade lakes are undergoing a rapid increase in number and size. Human impacts and frequent algae blooms lead to it necessary to make a better constraint on their carbon cycles. Here, we make a primary estimation on the air–water CO_2 transfer flux through an algae bloom year for a subtropical man-made lake—Hongfeng Lake, Southwest China. To do this a new type of glass bottles was designed for content and isotopic analysis of DIC and other environmental parameters. At the early stage of algae bloom,CO_2 was transferred from the atmosphere to the lake with a net flux of 1.770 g·C·m^(-2). Later, the partial pressure(pCO_2) of the aqueous CO_2 increased rapidly and the lake outgassed to the atmosphere with a net flux of 95.727 g·C·m^(-2). In the remaining days, the lake again took up CO_2 from the atmosphere with a net flux of 14.804 g·C·m^(-2). As a whole, Lake Hongfeng released 4527 t C to the atmosphere, accounting for one-third of the atmosphere/soil CO_2 sequestered by chemical weathering in the whole drainage. With an empirical mode decomposition method, we found air temperature plays a major role in controlling water temperature, aqueous pCO_2 and hence CO_2 flux. This work indicates a necessity to make detailed and comprehensive carbon budgets in man-made lakes.

BLUE-GREEN ALGAE TOXINS AND LIVER CANCER

Microcystins (MCYSTs) isolated from blue-green algae,are hepatotoxic polypeptides.It will induce severe intrahepatic hemorrhage and liver necrosis at low concentrations in rats and mice.MCYST- LR is one of MCYSTs which consists of 2 variable L- amino acids(leucine and arginine),3 D-amino acids and 2 unusualamino acids(including Adda).MCYSTs bind to protein phosphatase 1 and 2A,and strongly inhibit their activities.The resultant increase of phosphoprotein was referred to be involved in tumor-promoting activity in liver.According to the above results and animal study,MCYST-LR is a potent liver tumor promoter.There were 9 positive from 30 samples of pond-ditch water in high endemic county-Haimen by high-peformance liquid chromatograph and 3 already confirmed by liquid chromograph/mass spectrometer.The quantities of MCYSTs were different between drinking water of liver cancer cases and controls groups.122±0.057and 0.072±0.044μg/200ml respectively) by ELISA. It is not easy to remove by conventional water treatment procedures.The relationship between MCYSTs and oncogenes and anti-oncogenes are under studying.

Present Situation and Control Ideas of Outbreak of Blue-green Algae in Freshwater Lakes in China

Based on the experience and lessons from previous control of lakes, as well as the present situation of water eutrophication and outbreak of blue-green algae in lakes, general ideas of controlling outbreak of blue-green algae in large and middle lakes were proposed. Firstly, it is needed to control serious outbreak of blue-green algae and then build health aquatic ecosystems and corresponding control goals finally. Secondly, quantity of blue-green algae in lakes and lake eutrophication should be reduced at the same time. Thirdly, quantity of reduced blue-green algae must exceed the natural increase of them in quantity persistently, so that outbreak of blue-green algae will reduce and even be eliminated. Fourthly, engineering measures and corresponding safeguard measures to control outbreak of blue-green algae in lakes should be combined.

The possibility analysis of habitats,origin and reappearance of bloom green alga(Enteromorpha prolifera) on inshore of western Yellow Sea

Combining some information from field investigation of algae along the coastal areas in China and a few pictures materialized from the western Yellow Sea in 2008,authors analyze the necessary conditions and possible water area in China producing a large biomass,some reasons for firestorm,and the possibility of the reappearance of marine bloom green alga Enteromorpha prolifera.The change of habitats and the increase of nutritional levels related to the water area could be considered as direct reasons.It was transferred northward by the combination of the flow of rainwater,wind and alongshore marine current.The original region of large biomass produced is possibly located in the southwestern Yellow sea.It will possibly be appearing again in the coming years or in the future.A summary is also given referring to its reproduction,development and distribution worldwide.

Environmental characteristics of annual pico/nanophytoplankton blooms along the Qinhuangdao Coast

Abstract Blooms of some pico/nanophytoplankton have occurred frequently along the Qinhuangdao coast since 2009, and it is necessary to identify the critical environmental factors inducing them. In this study, variations in the physical and nutrient characteristics of the seawater were analyzed following the development of local blooms in 2013. The local environmental characteristics were also compared with those of the Changjiang River estuary, China, and the Long Island estuaries in the USA, which are also prone to blooms of special algal species. In Qinhuangdao the local water temperature varied seasonally and rose above 15~C in 2013 early summer, coincident with the water discoloration. The salinity was more than 28 with a variation range of 〈3 throughout the year. Our results suggest that the physical conditions of the Qinhuangdao coastal area were suitable for the explosive proliferation of certain pico/nanophytoplankton, e.g. Aureococcus anophagefferens. The water supporting the bloom was not in a condition of serious eutrophication, but there were relatively high concentrations of reduced nitrogen （especially ammonium）, which acted as an important nitrogen source for the pico/nanophytoplankton bloom. There was also a large gap between total nitrogen （TN） and dissolved inorganic nitrogen （DIN）. Although the phosphate concentration was relatively low, there was no evidence of phosphorus limitation to the growth of pico/ nanophytoplankton during bloom events.

Isolation and algae-lysing characteristics of the algicidal bacterium B5

Water blooms have become a worldwide environmental problem. Recently, algicidal bacteria have attracted wide attention as possible agents for inhibiting algal water blooms. In this study, one strain of algicidal bacterium B5 was isolated from activated sludge. On the basis of analysis of its physiological characteristics and 16S rDNA gene sequence, it was identified as Bacillusfusiformis. Its algaelysing characteristics on Microcystis aeruginosa, Chlorella and Scenedesmus were tested. The results showed that： （1） the algicidal bacterium B5 is a Gram-negative bacterium. The 16S rDNA nucleotide sequence homology of strain B5 with 2 strains of B. fusiformis reached 99.86%, so B5 was identified as B. fusiformis; （2） the algal-lysing effects of the algicidal bacterium B5 on M. aeruginosa, Chlorella and Scenedesrnus were pronounced. The initial bacterial and algal cell densities strongly influence the removal rates of chlorophyll-a. The greater the initial bacterial cell density, the faster the degradation of chlorophyll-a. The greater the initial algal cell density, the slower the degradation of chlorophyll-a. When the bacterial cell density was 3.6 × 10^7 cells/ml, nearly 90% of chlorophyll-a was removed. When the chlorophyll-a concentration was less than 550 μg/L, about 70% was removed; （3） the strain B5 lysed algae by secreting metabolites and these metabolites could bear heat treatment.

ISOLATION OF PLASMID FROM THE BLUE-GREEN ALGA SPIRULINA PLATENSIS

CCC plasmid was isolated from an economically important blue-green alga- Spirulina platensis (1.7×106 dalton from the S6 strain and 1.2×106 dalton from the F, strain) using a rapid method based on ultrasonic disruption of algal cells and alkaline removal of chromosomal DNA. The difference in the molecular weight of the OOC DNAs from the two strains differing in form suggests that plasmid may be related with the differentiation of algal form. This modified method, which does not use any lysozyme, is a quick and effective method of plasmid isolation, especially for filamentous blue-green algae.

Numerical simulation of an algal bloom in Dianshan Lake

A hydrodynamic model and an aquatic ecology model of Dianshan Lake,Shanghai,were built using a hydrodynamic simulation module and the water quality simulation module of Delft3D,which is an integrated modelling suite offered by Deltares. The simulated water elevation,current velocity,and direction were validated with observed data to ensure the reliability of hydrodynamic model. The seasonal growth of different algae was analyzed with consideration of observed and historical data,as well as simulated results. In 2008,the dominant algae in Dianshan Lake was Bacillariophyta from February to March,while it was Chlorophyta from April to May,and Cyanophyta from July to August. In summer,the biomass of Cyanophyta grew quickly,reaching levels much higher than the peaks of Bacillariophyta and Chlorophyta. Algae blooms primarily occurred in the stagnation regions. This phenomenon indicates that water residence time can influence algal growth significantly. A longer water residence time was associated with higher algal growth. Two conclusions were drawn from several simulations: reducing the nutrients inflow had little effect on algal blooms in Dianshan Lake; however,increasing the discharge into Dianshan Lake could change the flow field characteristic and narrow the range of stagnation regions,resulting in inhibition of algal aggregation and propagation and a subsequent reduction in areas of high concentration algae.

Culture observation and molecular phylogenetic analysis on the blooming green alga Chaetomorpha valida (Cladophorales, Chlorophyta) from China

The marine green alga Chaetomorpha valida fouls aquaculture ponds along the coastal cities of Dalian and Rongcheng, China. Unialgal cultures were observed under a microscope to determine the developmental morphological characters of C. valida. Results reveal that gametophytic filaments often produce lateral branches under laboratory culture conditions, suggesting an atypical heteromorphic life cycle of C. valida between unbranched sporophytes and branched gametophytes, which differs from typical isomorphic alternation of Chaetomorpha species. The shape of the basal attachment cell, an important taxonomic character within the genus, was found variable depending on environmental conditions. The 18S rDNA and 28S rDNA regions were used to explore the phylogenetic affinity of the taxa. Inferred trees from 18S rDNA sequences revealed a close relationship between C. valida and Chaetomorpha moniligera. These results would enrich information in general biology and morphological plasticity of C. valida and provided a basis for future identification of green tide forming algae.

Setting up the Goal of Eliminating Outbreaks of Blue-green Alga, Innovating the Idea of Controlling the Taihu Lake, and Ensuring the Safety of Water Supply in the Taihu Lake

Since the water supply crisis in the Taihu Lake on May 29,2007,the control of the Taihu Lake has achieved remarkable results,and the eutrophication has been greatly reduced.Existing problems are as follows:outbreaks of blue-green alga still appear seriously every year,and there is no goal to eliminate outbreaks of blue-green alga;the load into the lake greatly exceeds the environmental capacity;reed wetlands are greatly reduced;there is still the possibility of a water supply crisis;the research of eliminating outbreak of blue-green alga is weak.In this paper,the experience of controlling the Taihu Lake is summarized,and the ultimate goals of eliminating eutrophication and outbreaks of blue-green alga and restoring wetlands and biodiversity are proposed.Control measures are proposed,such as deepening the promotion of the lake chief system,establishing the lake chief system in an all-round way,and increasing applied scientific and technological efforts and capital investment.The necessity and possibility of further controlling the Taihu Lake to eliminate outbreaks of blue-green alga should be recognized.Relying on controlling eutrophication alone cannot eliminate outbreaks of blue-green alga.The point that phosphorus control is the key to eliminate outbreaks of blue-green alga is not suitable for the Taihu Lake.The integration ideas of"three types"of technologies should be innovated.The first one is"double reduction and double increase"measures to eliminate eutrophication,of which"double reduction"is to reduce external point sources and non-point sources and internal blue-green alga in sediment;for external sources,the treatment standard of sewage plants should be paid special attention to.The second one is"double algae removal"measures to salvage blue-green alga,suppresses and kills algae.The blue-green alga on the surface,middle and bottom of water should be thoroughly salvaged and eliminated from various water areas.The third one is"double restoration"measures to restore wetlands and biodiversity.The area of wetlands should be restored to the area from the 1960s to the 1970s before outbreaks of blue-green alga,and vegetation coverage reaches 25%-30%.The Taihu Lake is controlled in different waters to ensure water supply safety in water sources.Five suggestions are proposed,such as revising the"Overall Plan for the Comprehensive Treatment of Water Environment in the Taihu Lake Basin"again,incorporating the goal of eliminating outbreaks of blue-green alga in the plan,setting up this research topic,greatly improving sewage treatment standards in local legislation.

大洋硅藻席沉积与冰期旋回中的碳-氮循环

成席硅藻勃发与沉积埋藏过程链接了海洋有机碳生成-输出-埋藏以及大洋深部溶解无机碳的生成与储存的全过程,该过程及其对大洋碳-氮循环的潜在重大影响正引起学术界的关注。通过搜集整理一系列文献及数据,对成席硅藻在细胞层面的特殊功能、勃发机制以及硅藻席沉积物的时空分布特征进行了总结,尝试讨论硅藻席沉积对轨道时间尺度上全球碳-氮循环的潜在影响。由于成席硅藻具有一系列特点,包括在弱光条件下生存、利用大液泡来存储营养盐和调控浮力、与固氮蓝细菌共生、尿素循环等,导致成席硅藻在寡营养的层化水体中或者大洋锋面处容易获得生存竞争优势并发生勃发。根据沉积记录,在第四纪冰期,热带-亚热带大西洋以及热带西太平洋-东印度洋出现大规模的Ethmodiscus rex硅藻席勃发并向海洋内部输出大量有机碳。有机碳中的绝大部分都在水柱中发生降解,只有少部分保存到海底沉积物中。推测硅藻席勃发贡献了冰期深海内部“呼吸碳库”的增长以及大气二氧化碳浓度的降低。由于E.rex勃发加快了海洋上层营养盐的周转速率,因此也可能促进了冰期海洋氮储库的扩张。此外,氧同位素14/12期和4/2期间同时出现大洋无机碳碳同位素重值事件和热带-亚热带硅藻席勃发事件,二者之间可能存在机制上的关联。因此,成席硅藻是耦合大洋碳-氮循环的重要组成部分,进一步厘清地质历史时期硅藻席勃发规模及其在海洋元素循环中的作用,有助于解开冰期旋回尺度上的全球碳-氮循环之谜。

2022年夏季汉江中下游水华生消驱动因子及其贡献率量化研究

为探究2022年夏季长江流域“汛期反枯”极端水文条件下汉江中下游首次出现的蓝藻水华成因,选取叶绿素浓度为水华表征指标,考虑各环境因子间的多重共线性关系,采用偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)量化了不同环境因子对汉江中下游仙桃、宗关断面蓝藻水华生消的贡献率。结果表明:(1)仙桃断面叶绿素a浓度与水温、pH、溶解氧和总磷均呈显著正相关关系,与氮磷比呈显著负相关关系;宗关断面叶绿素a浓度与水温、pH、溶解氧均呈显著正相关关系,与日均水位、水位日变幅、流量、总磷和氨氮均呈显著负相关关系;(2)溶解氧、pH和水温对水华生消的贡献程度较高,对仙桃断面的贡献率分别为15.18%、13.68%和14.50%,对宗关断面的贡献率分别为18.06%、15.93%和15.65%;(3)基于偏最小二乘路径模型(PLS-PM)的环境因子解析显示,气象因子是2022年夏季汉江中下游蓝藻水华暴发的诱导因子,水华“萌发”时段可能与汉江中下游涝旱急转时段重叠。建议后续研究结合准确的中长期气象预报信息,在涝旱急转时段优化汉江中下游水华防控调度的下泄流量与下泄时机,提高水华防控效果。

基于哨兵2号时序影像的水华提取

水华现象给人类生活和社会发展造成了负面影响,而目前设计的水华指数较难应用于哨兵2号影像。以哨兵2号遥感影像为数据源,通过分析水华、水体、水田等地物的时序光谱特征,提出从时序特征的角度区分水体与水田,再利用多元逐步线性回归的思想进行水华提取的方法;并与常用的浮游藻类指数(FAI)进行了对比实验。结果表明,该方法的提取精度优于FAI,总体精度达到90%以上,Kappa系数达到0.8以上,并能有效减少水田、水生植物、薄云等虚警,具有良好的提取精度与普适性。

湖泊水华蓝藻汲取装备水力性能数值模拟研究

蓝藻汲取盘是一种利用水动力对水华蓝藻进行打捞的设备,通过数值试验可以实现检验其水力性能,评价富藻水的汲取收集效果。采用计算流体动力学(CFD)技术,通过数值模拟的方法,对蓝藻汲取盘汲取头内部流动进行了计算分析。得到了设计流量工况和大流量工况条件下,藻汲取盘内部的整体流动特性、不同截面的流动情况、内部流动水头损失及不同过流断面的流动均匀性。经过数值试验的验证,蓝藻汲取盘整体流动基本无扰动,没有出现明显的旋涡、回流等紊乱流动形态,内部流动性能良好,汲取蓝藻水的效率较高。

风场对鄱阳湖丰水期表层蓝藻密度的影响

目前,在风场对蓝藻的影响研究方面,国内针对太湖、滇池、巢湖等浅水湖泊的研究较多,针对鄱阳湖的研究则多集中于蓝藻群落特征及其与营养盐之间的关系。近年来,作为长江流域重要的通江湖泊,处于轻度富营养化状态的鄱阳湖水体蓝藻水华在局部库湾和部分水域出现,风场如何影响鄱阳湖表层蓝藻密度是一个值得探讨的问题。20192021年,在鄱阳湖布设13~49个采样点,于平水期、丰水期和枯水期现场采集各个点位表层水样、藻类、风场和流场数据,分析风场对鄱阳湖丰水期表层蓝藻密度的影响。结果表明,20192021年鄱阳湖丰水期风速与表层蓝藻密度呈显著正相关性,风场对水体的充分混合及驱动水体形成的风生流是促进蓝藻生长的原因之一。在流速较高(>0.05 m/s)的区域,无论风速高于还是低于临界风速(3~4 m/s),鄱阳湖表层蓝藻密度的空间分布受流场的影响更大;在流速较低(<0.05 m/s)的区域,风速在临界风速以下时,鄱阳湖表层蓝藻密度的空间分布受风场影响更大。20192021年鄱阳湖丰水期蓝藻密度超过水华暴发的阈值,但在高风速高流速的共同作用下未能发生大范围的蓝藻水华,仅能在风速适宜(<3~4 m/s)、流速较低(<0.05 m/s)的内湾、尾闾区等区域发生小面积的蓝藻水华。鄱阳湖丰水期水体处于长江顶托的低流速且微风条件下时,发生大面积蓝藻水华的概率可能会明显上升。

伊姆裸甲藻溶藻菌LD-B3的分离鉴定及溶藻作用

近年来,有害藻华频繁发生给海洋生态系统甚至人类健康带来严重影响。伊姆裸甲藻(Gymnodinium impudicum)是一种典型有害藻华原因种,开展其溶藻菌筛选工作,将有利于该种藻华的防控研究。本研究从伊姆裸甲藻藻华发生海域,分离一株针对藻华原因种的溶藻菌LD-B3,16S rDNA序列分析表明,该菌株属于假交替单胞菌属(Pseudoalteromonas)。菌藻共培养结果显示,2.0%终浓度LD-B3菌液添加72 h后,伊姆裸甲藻溶藻率达81.06%,且溶藻效应呈现浓度和时间依赖性。显微观察和生理参数测定结果表明,菌株LD-B3可导致伊姆裸甲藻细胞链断裂,最大光合效率(Fv/Fm)下降。溶藻方式研究发现,菌株LD-B3主要通过分泌胞外物质实现溶藻,且这类物质对温度较为敏感,初步推断其可能为蛋白类物质。本研究结果表明菌株LD-B3在伊姆裸甲藻溶藻剂开发方面有一定应用前景。