BLUE-GREEN ALGAE TOXINS AND LIVER CANCER

Microcystins (MCYSTs) isolated from blue-green algae,are hepatotoxic polypeptides.It will induce severe intrahepatic hemorrhage and liver necrosis at low concentrations in rats and mice.MCYST- LR is one of MCYSTs which consists of 2 variable L- amino acids(leucine and arginine),3 D-amino acids and 2 unusualamino acids(including Adda).MCYSTs bind to protein phosphatase 1 and 2A,and strongly inhibit their activities.The resultant increase of phosphoprotein was referred to be involved in tumor-promoting activity in liver.According to the above results and animal study,MCYST-LR is a potent liver tumor promoter.There were 9 positive from 30 samples of pond-ditch water in high endemic county-Haimen by high-peformance liquid chromatograph and 3 already confirmed by liquid chromograph/mass spectrometer.The quantities of MCYSTs were different between drinking water of liver cancer cases and controls groups.122±0.057and 0.072±0.044μg/200ml respectively) by ELISA. It is not easy to remove by conventional water treatment procedures.The relationship between MCYSTs and oncogenes and anti-oncogenes are under studying.

Present Situation and Control Ideas of Outbreak of Blue-green Algae in Freshwater Lakes in China

Based on the experience and lessons from previous control of lakes, as well as the present situation of water eutrophication and outbreak of blue-green algae in lakes, general ideas of controlling outbreak of blue-green algae in large and middle lakes were proposed. Firstly, it is needed to control serious outbreak of blue-green algae and then build health aquatic ecosystems and corresponding control goals finally. Secondly, quantity of blue-green algae in lakes and lake eutrophication should be reduced at the same time. Thirdly, quantity of reduced blue-green algae must exceed the natural increase of them in quantity persistently, so that outbreak of blue-green algae will reduce and even be eliminated. Fourthly, engineering measures and corresponding safeguard measures to control outbreak of blue-green algae in lakes should be combined.

ISOLATION OF PLASMID FROM THE BLUE-GREEN ALGA SPIRULINA PLATENSIS

CCC plasmid was isolated from an economically important blue-green alga- Spirulina platensis (1.7×106 dalton from the S6 strain and 1.2×106 dalton from the F, strain) using a rapid method based on ultrasonic disruption of algal cells and alkaline removal of chromosomal DNA. The difference in the molecular weight of the OOC DNAs from the two strains differing in form suggests that plasmid may be related with the differentiation of algal form. This modified method, which does not use any lysozyme, is a quick and effective method of plasmid isolation, especially for filamentous blue-green algae.

Setting up the Goal of Eliminating Outbreaks of Blue-green Alga, Innovating the Idea of Controlling the Taihu Lake, and Ensuring the Safety of Water Supply in the Taihu Lake

Since the water supply crisis in the Taihu Lake on May 29,2007,the control of the Taihu Lake has achieved remarkable results,and the eutrophication has been greatly reduced.Existing problems are as follows:outbreaks of blue-green alga still appear seriously every year,and there is no goal to eliminate outbreaks of blue-green alga;the load into the lake greatly exceeds the environmental capacity;reed wetlands are greatly reduced;there is still the possibility of a water supply crisis;the research of eliminating outbreak of blue-green alga is weak.In this paper,the experience of controlling the Taihu Lake is summarized,and the ultimate goals of eliminating eutrophication and outbreaks of blue-green alga and restoring wetlands and biodiversity are proposed.Control measures are proposed,such as deepening the promotion of the lake chief system,establishing the lake chief system in an all-round way,and increasing applied scientific and technological efforts and capital investment.The necessity and possibility of further controlling the Taihu Lake to eliminate outbreaks of blue-green alga should be recognized.Relying on controlling eutrophication alone cannot eliminate outbreaks of blue-green alga.The point that phosphorus control is the key to eliminate outbreaks of blue-green alga is not suitable for the Taihu Lake.The integration ideas of"three types"of technologies should be innovated.The first one is"double reduction and double increase"measures to eliminate eutrophication,of which"double reduction"is to reduce external point sources and non-point sources and internal blue-green alga in sediment;for external sources,the treatment standard of sewage plants should be paid special attention to.The second one is"double algae removal"measures to salvage blue-green alga,suppresses and kills algae.The blue-green alga on the surface,middle and bottom of water should be thoroughly salvaged and eliminated from various water areas.The third one is"double restoration"measures to restore wetlands and biodiversity.The area of wetlands should be restored to the area from the 1960s to the 1970s before outbreaks of blue-green alga,and vegetation coverage reaches 25%-30%.The Taihu Lake is controlled in different waters to ensure water supply safety in water sources.Five suggestions are proposed,such as revising the"Overall Plan for the Comprehensive Treatment of Water Environment in the Taihu Lake Basin"again,incorporating the goal of eliminating outbreaks of blue-green alga in the plan,setting up this research topic,greatly improving sewage treatment standards in local legislation.

Computer simulation on kinetics of primary process in photosynthesis of algae (Ⅳ)——Excitation energy transfer in phycobilisomes from blue-green algae

A more exact model of phycobilisomes has been designed with the rods composed of the hexamer disks and an abstract allophycocyanin (APC) core. Based on this model, the excitation energy transfer was simulated using the computer simulation technique. The simulation shows that the excitation energy is transferred from the outlayer disk to the core in a partly reversible way in phycobilisomes, and that the transfer rate from the last disk to the core is less than those between disks. The energy transfer between the two trimers in a hexamer is dominantly through the α84-chromophores (m), while that between the disks is through the β84-chromophores (f) that are also responsible for the transfer of energy into the core.

泥蚶育苗中优质单胞藻培养技术

介绍了泥蚶工厂化育苗中单胞藻的培养设施、保种与扩种技术、三级生产性培养技术及防污染措施。

水库鲮和罗非鱼谷胱甘肽转移酶基因表达量与水中蓝藻含量的关系

采用荧光定量的方法对不同季节广州显岗水库鲮(Cirrhinus molitorella)和尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochro-mis niloticu)肝脏中去毒酶基因谷胱甘肽转移酶GST基因的表达情况,并结合不同季节鱼类摄入蓝藻量进行研究,旨在了解鱼体中GST基因的表达量与水体中蓝藻含量的内在联系。结果表明,4月份水库蓝藻暴发,也是鲮和尼罗罗非鱼摄食产毒蓝藻量最多的月份。GST基因的表达情况是:4月份鲮GST基因表达量比其他月份低,可能与鲮对有毒蓝藻的敏感性和耐受力有关,4月份尼罗罗非鱼GSTA及GSTR2表达量最高;其他月份,鲮GSTT表达量最高,而GSTK表达量较低,尼罗罗非鱼GSTA及GSTR2表达量相对较低。结果表明鲮GSTT在去毒过程中起重要作用,但作为环境检测的生物标记,仅适用于环境中藻毒素较低的情况。尼罗罗非鱼GSTA和GSTR2的表达量与食物中的产毒蓝藻生物量多少成正比,因此,尼罗罗非鱼GSTA及GSTR2可作为环境中藻毒素的生物标记,且尼罗罗非鱼可摄入大量有毒蓝藻,通过GST基因去除有毒蓝藻毒性,可用于生物控藻,改善水质。

巢湖藻–草–泥堆制有机肥对土壤性质的影响

通过田间试验,研究施用由巢湖取出物蓝藻、水草和底泥高温堆肥制作成的有机肥对作物产量、土壤理化性质及微生物学特性的影响。结果表明:施用藻-草-泥有机肥对大豆、花生有明显增产效应。施肥土壤中总氮、碱解氮、总磷、有效磷、有机质、腐殖酸、阳离子交换量和土壤孔隙度均显著高于未施肥土壤,而容重显著降低。与未种植未施肥处理(T1)相比,种植大豆施肥(T4)和种植花生施肥处理(T5)中微生物生物量碳分别增加116.5%、97.8%,微生物生物量氮增加196.7%、170.6%;T4处理的转化酶、脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性分别提高183%、392%和8.9%,T5处理中相应酶活性分别提高116%、268%、1.01%。相关性分析表明,微生物生物量碳、氮和转化酶、脲酶活性都与多种肥力因子呈显著相关,且转化酶及脲酶活性间存在显著相关性。T4处理中过氧化氢酶活性与肥力因子间无显著相关性,而T5处理过氧化氢酶活性与有效磷、有机质、腐殖酸、微生物生物量碳、微生物生物量氮间呈显著相关。巢湖取出物蓝藻、水草和底泥可作为生产有机肥的良好材料以达到资源化利用目的。

南极附近水域微小型藻类的研究 Ⅴ．长城站周围不同生境淡水藻类的分布

本文报道了长城站周围西湖水、西湖泥沙、陆地雪（西湖雪、企鹅粪便和藓类沼泽地）等不同生境淡水藻类的种类组成、密度及分布、生态类群及相似性。分析结果表明，不同生境的种类组成和密度差异显著。陆地雪（４、５站）的藻类密度大于西湖中的水、雪、泥沙。在已鉴定３个门类５０种淡水藻类中，划分为两大生态类群：根据其生存环境，划分为水生藻类和雪生藻类；或根据生活方式的不同，划分为浮游藻类和底生（着生）藻类。

洪泽湖蓝藻暴发的气象条件分析(英文)

Based on the data of 18 cases during the past 30 years from 1978 to 2007,the major meteorological conditions for outbreak of blue-green alga in Hongze Lake were analyzed.The results showed that the main meteorological conditions that affected the production and outbreak of blue-green alga were unusual high monthly average temperature,less precipitation and more sunshine hours in ten days.Through the selection of 1 or 0 factors on the values of above meteorological conditions over the years,if the conditions were accorded with the outbreak of blue-green alga,the factor was signed as 1,or it would be signed as 0;if there was outbreak of blue-green alga within ten days,it was signed as 1,or it would be signed as 0;crossing interrelated and integrated prediction method was adopted to establish the prediction equation for outbreak of blue-green alga,the historical fitting rate was 87.5%,and the predicting accuracy rate in 2008-2009 was 87.5%.In addition to meteorological conditions,outbreak of blue-green alga was also influenced by industrial pollutions,etc.,which should be considered in the forecasting procedures.

太湖底泥清淤疏浚问题探讨

近年,太湖水污染与富营养化问题依然突出,太湖底泥清淤作为工程治理手段受到广泛关注。通过对太湖底泥分布特征和污染状况、污染源构成和湖泛发生机理的研究,以及已经实施的太湖清淤疏浚效果的分析,表明清淤对改善太湖水质或抑制蓝藻暴发的效果十分有限,且存在诸多问题,以湖泊富营养化治理为目标的太湖底泥大规模清淤疏浚须谨慎决策。

亮斑扁角水虻幼虫转化蓝藻藻泥和降解藻毒素的研究

通过亮斑扁角水虻武汉品系(武汉亮斑水虻)幼虫转化蓝藻藻泥与麸皮或玉米皮复配的饲料获得昆虫蛋白,优化了饲料配方,同时考察了水虻幼虫对蓝藻藻泥中藻毒素的降解作用。结果表明,最佳饲料配方为蓝藻藻泥∶玉米皮∶菌渣=4∶2∶1(鲜重比)时,其物料减少率为(63.90±0.46)%、水虻转化率为(11.46±0.56)%、幼虫死亡率为(2.92±0.46)%、50%预蛹时间(转化时间)为13.0 d。水虻幼虫对藻粉中藻毒素有一定的降解作用,降解率为40.98%,水虻幼虫转化藻粉后,只有0.81%的藻毒素转移到水虻幼虫体内,转移量小。该研究为大规模利用水虻幼虫转化蓝藻藻泥提供了基础数据。

Physicochemical and Thermal Characterization of the Spirulina platensis

Cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis is commercially produced as a nutrient source for food,animal feed and pharmaceutical industries,and is also explored in other applications in areas such as material sciences,materials engineering and for the production of biofuels and biochemicals.Due to the increasing interest in the use of this microalga,a complete characterization was intended,as to provide data to the insufficient literature.In this work,various techniques were used for thermal(thermogravimetric analysis(TGA)/derivative thermogravimetry(DTG),differential scanning calorimetry(DSC)),structural(scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and wide-angle X-ray diffraction(XRD))and chemical(atomic absorption spectroscopy(AAS),attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(ATR-FTIR),energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDX))characterization of Spirulina cultivated in Brazil.Results have shown that in addition to the high quantity of protein(over 50%),Brazilian Spirulina is a source for carbohydrates(33%)and also has good thermal stability up to 200°C.The pigment protein Phycocyanin could be identified by FTIR and ultraviolet-visible(UV-vis)spectroscopy.Results show favorable properties of Spirulina as a source for new materials and biomass.

人工稳定生态系统构建技术应用于宿迁马陵河道治理项目的效果分析

本文以宿迁马陵河为例,在完成外围截污纳管的基础上,利用人工稳定生态系统构建技术进行工程段治理,经过近6个月的水质跟踪监测,分析出河道内水质变化情况。工程实践经验表明:通过泥水界面重塑、生态导流促生、生物竞争抑藻等构建技术综合应用,对于治理类似马陵河等“清水型河道”整治效果较明显。施工完成后水中污染物削减明显,水体透明度升至1.5m(清澈见底),水质长期稳定在地表Ⅱ类水标准,生物丰富度大幅度提升,为“清水型河道”治理提供了经验及借鉴。

State transition in blue-green alga Synechocystis PCC 6803

The mechanism of state transition in blue-green alga Synechocystis PCC 6803 was investigated by using modulated fluorescence. NaF, an inhibitor of phosphatase, did not inhibit state Ⅱ to state Ⅰ transition . Rotenone, a specific inhibitor of NAD(P)H ubiquinone reductase, stimulated transition from state Ⅱ to state I in dark. The results suggest that state transition in blue-green alga Synechocystis PCC 6803 is controlled by redox state of plastiquinone pool, but not by the phosphorylation of thylakoid membrane proteins.

Cyanobacterial bloom dynamics in Lake Taihu

Lake Taihu is the third largest freshwater lake in China and serves as an important drinking water source for the local populace;however,decades of excessive nutrient loading fueled by anthropogenic activities have resulted in hypertrophic conditions,promoting the annual formation of nuisance phytoplankton blooms（Chen et al.,2003;Duan et al.,2009）

混凝除藻在常规工艺自来水厂中的应用

杭州清泰水厂采用常规处理工艺,为了有效去除原水中的藻类,在混凝处理的基础上,分析了加氯预氧化、投加聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)、投加膨润土以及投加河泥这4种方法的除藻效果。结果表明,加氯预氧化和投加PAM会对水质产生不利影响,而投加膨润土和河泥的除藻效果较好,其中投加河泥更为经济。实际应用中通过投加河泥来除藻,运行效果显示,在原水浊度为20NTU左右、河泥投加量为12 mg/L左右的情况下,对滤前水中藻类的去除率可达到99%以上,在保证出水水质的同时,降低了矾耗,延长了滤池的平均使用周期。