鸵鸟肉品质评价与贮藏保鲜方法研究进展

鸵鸟肉是我国新食品资源,市场份额逐年增加,但我国目前缺乏对鸵鸟肉的研究,鸵鸟肉及其制品营养物质丰富,然而,受自身因素及外部因素的综合影响,鸵鸟肉在贮藏、运输等过程中易发生腐败变质,甚至引发食源性疾病,因此,对鸵鸟肉品质评价和贮藏保鲜方法研究尤为重要。本文从营养及安全品质、食用品质和加工品质等方面综述鸵鸟肉品质评价方法,分析鸵鸟肉在保鲜过程中腐败变质的主要因素,如微生物生长繁殖、脂质氧化、蛋白质氧化等,从温度控制、包装技术、保鲜剂应用及其他保鲜技术方面对鸵鸟肉贮藏保鲜方法进行论述,以期为鸵鸟肉品质评价系统的确定及鸵鸟肉保鲜方法研究提供参考,促进鸵鸟产业的健康发展。

保存最古老矿物结合多肽的中新世鸵鸟蛋壳化石首次组织化学研究

古蛋白质比古DNA具有更高的保存潜力,因此蛋白质组学研究可以帮助阐明一些超出古DNA研究领域的灭绝生物群体的生物学特征。迄今为止最古老的多肽发现于中国西北地区晚中新世临夏盆地的鸵鸟蛋壳化石中,是与蛋壳矿化相关的蛋白质struthiocalcin(SCA-1)的一部分。前人认为SCA-1在蛋壳中均匀分布,并因其与方解石晶体结合的特性而得以在地质历史中长时间保存。本次对同一鸵鸟蛋壳化石进行了组织学、扫描电子显微镜和拉曼光谱分析,发现蛋壳内侧锥体层的晶核含有部分磷灰石,其他部位则完全由方解石构成;这些晶核部分应当是在成岩作用过程中经历了磷酸盐化。在对该化石蛋壳样品脱钙处理后,其锥体层晶核部分存在残留物,呈现网络状纤维结构,其位置和形态与现生鸵鸟蛋壳中脱钙后残留的有机质相似。结果表明,该化石蛋壳中的古多肽可能集中保存在锥体层晶核处,而非在整个蛋壳中均匀分布。磷酸盐化可能是另一个有利于有机物长期保存的埋藏过程。临夏盆地的古气候和埋藏环境可能为该古蛋白分子的保存提供了有利的条件。建议在未来研究中进行更深入的组织化学和矿物学分析,以进一步了解该盆地有机质和古蛋白的保存机制。

外源性ghrelin对非洲雏鸵鸟腺胃生长发育的影响

为探讨外源性ghrelin对非洲雏鸵鸟腺胃生长发育的影响,试验选取16只40日龄非洲雏鸵鸟,按照雌雄各半的原则,随机分成4组,通过跖静脉注射不同剂量(0µg/kg(对照组)、10µg/kg、50µg/kg、100µg/kg)ghrelin后,采用石蜡切片苏木素-伊红染色法、免疫组织化学SABC法、放射免疫分析法,对雏鸵鸟腺胃形态、ghrelin阳性细胞数量、生长抑素免疫阳性细胞数量、胃泌素含量、胃蛋白酶的活性及含量进行研究。结果显示:①不同剂量ghrelin均可增加非洲雏鸵鸟的体重、腺胃的重量和相对重量(P<0.05);②不同剂量ghrelin均使雏鸵鸟腺胃单管腺的厚度减少,复管腺和肌层的厚度增加(P<0.05);10µg/kg和100µg/kg组,腺胃黏膜肌层厚度显著减少(P<0.05),而50µg/kg组,其厚度却显著增加(P<0.05);③腺胃ghrelin免疫阳性细胞的数量均随着剂量的增加而增加(P<0.05);而腺胃生长抑素免疫阳性细胞的数量却只在10µg/kg和100µg/kg剂量时显著增加(P<0.05),而在100µg/kg时,其数量却显著降低(P<0.05);④在10µg/kg剂量时,胃蛋白酶的活性降低,但含量升高(P<0.05);在50µg/kg剂量时,胃蛋白酶的活性和含量有所降低,但差异不显著(P>0.05);在100µg/kg剂量时,胃蛋白酶活性升高(P<0.05);⑤在注射不同剂量ghrelin后,腺胃中胃泌素含量都显著升高,且含量最高的是50µg/kg剂量组(P<0.05)。研究表明:50µg/kg ghrelin能够促进非洲雏鸵鸟腺胃中免疫阳性细胞的数量,对腺胃中胃蛋白酶和胃泌素的分泌均有促进作用,从而促进腺胃的生长发育。

Distribution Law of Goblet Cells in the Intestinal Tracts of African Ostrich Chicks

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the distribution law of different goblet cells in the intestinal tracts of African ostrich chicks. [Method] Alcian blue/pe- riodic acid-schiff reaction （AB/PAS） was adopted to observe and analyze the types and distribution of goblet cells in the intestinal tracts of ostrich chicks. Acid mu- copolysaccharide could be stained blue with alcian blue （AB）, and neutral mu- copolysaccharide could be stained red with periodic acid-schiff reagent （PAS）. [Result] According to AB/PAS results, goblet cells in the intestinal tracts were divided in- to four types： TypeⅠ was pure red, with AB negative result and PAS positive result containing neutral mucoitin; type Ⅱ was pure blue, with AB positive result and PAS negative result containing acidic mucoitin; type Ⅲ was purple reddish, with PAS posi- tive result greater than AB; typeⅣ was purple blue, with AB positive result greater than PAS. Large quantities of goblet cells were found in the intestinal tracts of os- trich chicks, mostly type III and IV.The quantities of goblet cells were decreased gradually in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum, while the quantities were increased in the cecum, colon and rectum. The goblet cells in the large intestine are more than that in the small intestine. The most quantities of goblet cells were contained in rectum. [Conclusion] These results indicate that the distribution of goblet cells is closely related with the structure and function of intestinal tracts. The mucus secret- ed by the goblet Cells plays a series of important roles in the digestion and mucosal immunization.

“五星出东方利中国”织锦动物图案身份考辨

“五星出东方利中国”汉代织锦出土于尼雅遗址,被誉为20世纪中国考古学最伟大的发现之一。它色彩鲜艳,图案丰富,意蕴独特。目前对于此织锦上动物图案身份的研究,众多学者仍结论不一。文章以此织锦中争议较大的动物图案为研究对象,采用二重证据法,通过对汉代不同文物上同种类型的动物图案与文献的比较分析,对此织锦上争议较大的动物图案,如鸾鸟、鸵鸟和青龙的身份进行探究,并探讨了动物图案的寓意和背后的文化内涵。

Morphological Differences in Africa Ostrich Chicks Suffering from Tibial Disease

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the differences in morphological structure of tibias between sick and normal ostrich chicks. [Method] Normal and sick ostrich chicks aged 90 days were used in this research for bone mineral density determination, bone demineralization paraffin section preparation （HE staining）, bone abrasive disc preparation and scanning electron microscopy （SEM） observation, to analyze the differences in microstructure and ultrastructure of tibias between sick ostrich chicks and normal ones. [Result] Bone mineral density of ostrich chicks suffering from leg disease was much lower than that of the normal ones. Compared with normal tibias, less trabeculae were observed in sick tibias, which were attenuated and began to disappear. In addition, trabeculae micro-fracture could be observed under scanning electron microscope; resorption pits on bone slices formed by osteoclast could be observed under scanning electronic microscope. [Conclusion] These results indicate that the sick tibias all have lower bone density and trabeculae microfracture phenomenon in tibias with different diseases, which might be resulted from osteoporosis.

Acellular ostrich corneal stroma used as scaffold for construction of tissue-engineered cornea

AIM： To assess acellular ostrich corneal matrix used as a scaffold to reconstruct a damaged cornea. METHODS： A hypertonic saline solution combined with a digestion method was used to decellularize the ostrich cornea. The microstructure of the acellular corneal matrix was observed by transmission electron microscopy （TEM） and hematoxylin and eosin （H＆E） staining. The mechanical properties were detected by a rheometer and a tension machine. The acellular corneal matrix was also transplanted into a rabbit cornea and cytokeratin 3 was used to check the immune phenotype, RESULTS： The microstructure and mechanical properties of the ostrich cornea were well preserved after the decellularization process, in vitro, the methyl thiazolyl tetrazoUum results revealed that extracts of the acellular ostrich corneas （AOCs） had no inhibitory effects on the proliferation of the corneal epithelial or endothelial cells or on the keratocytes, The rabbit lamellar keratoplasty showed that the transplanted AOCs were transparent and completely incorporated into the host cornea while corneal turbidity and graft dissolution occurred in the acellular porcine cornea （APC） transplantation, The phenotype of the reconstructed cornea was similar to a normal rabbit cornea with a high expression of cytokeratin 3 in the superficial epithelial cell layer, CONCLUSION： We first used AOCs as scaffolds to reconstruct damaged corneas. Compared with porcine corneas, the anatomical structures of ostrich corneas are closer to those of human corneas. In accordance with the principle that structure determines function, a xenograft lamellar keratoplasty also confirmed that the AOC transplantation generated a superior outcome compared to that of the APC graft.

Pathological Microstructure of a Miocene Ostrich Eggshell from Asia

Struthio linxiaensis is the oldest fossil ostrich from Asia till today. This paper analyzes the microstructure of the eggshell of Struthio linxiaensis. The SEM and light microscopic results show that a pathological structure occurred associated with the formation of pore canal. The feature of this structure is that crystals of the columnar layer are around the lower part of the pore canal, and formed a broad structure. This structure unit contracts upwards more severely than the canal and looks like a ＂garlic＂, which was observed in aumiotes eggshells for the first time. Many evidences indicate that this structure was deposited with the columns simultaneously. The radial section view suggests that the ＂garlic structure＂ is not a result of antiperistaltic waves in the avian oviduct. The most possible process of the ＂garlic structure＂ formation is the column units around the pore canals with imperfect acidifying when calcified, or have some correlations with the changes in the protein profiles of the organic matrix in the calcareous eggshell.

Protection against Infectious Bronchitis Virus, a Corona Virus Infection, Using Ostrich Antibodies

In chickens, infectious bronchitis (IB) is a major respiratory disease. The respiratory system is the primary multiplication site of IB virus (IBV), a coronavirus, after which the virus is distributed to other organs. Poultry farms sustain considerable economic damage due to IB outbreaks in flocks, since IB causes a severe reduction in weight gain in chicks. In the present study, we produced the ostrich IgY against IBV by immunizing female ostriches with the IB viral antigens. The resultant purified IgY showed a strong neutralizing activity against IBV infection of cultured primary chick kidney cells. The infectivity of IBV was markedly inhibited in the trachea of chicks when ostrich IgY was injected intra-muscularly into newly hatched chicks prior to viral inhalation challenge at two weeks of age. Furthermore, the infection was strongly blocked in the tracheae when IgY was injected into chicks at one day and one week of age, with viral inhalation performed at three weeks of age. These findings suggest that the injection of ostrich IgY can help protect young chicks from IBV infections. In south Asian and African countries, broiler chicks are sent to poultry market around 30 days of age, so it is important to prevent IB outbreaks in very young flocks. We strongly believe that ostrich IgY will be a powerful weapon against IB infection in poultry farms on a wide scale and also hope that these findings will aid in the development of antibody vaccines for new type corona viruses, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV.

Ostrich Antibody and Its Application to Skin Diseases, a Review and Case Report

Antibodies are immunoglobulins produced by B cells when antigens such as allergens or pathogens invade an animal’s body. The antibodies remove and inactivate antigens. Antibodies are distributed in internal body and mucosal membrane to protect living animals, but they are excellent proteins that can exert their functions, “antigen-antibody reactions,” even when removed from the body. For that reason, antibodies are being put to practical use in diagnostic kits for conditions such as pregnancy and influenza infection, and as anticancer drugs targeting specific tumor markers. The result has been an increasing use of antibodies for research, diagnosis, and therapeutic purposes. Unfortunately, antibodies from experimental mammals such as mice, rats, and rabbits, are not suited to industrial use because of their high production cost. Moreover, handling of these antibodies is difficult due to their vulnerability to heat, acids and alkalis. Accordingly, there is no adaptability to mass production. Recently, we developed a convenient method for the low-cost, mass-production of antibodies using egg-laying hen ostriches. The ostrich egg is an excellent source of antibodies for industrial purposes. The present report shows that the ostrich antibodies have therapeutic effects in ailments such as atopic dermatitis, acne, pyoderma, and pollen allergies. We have successfully produced and purified ostrich immunoglobulin yolk (IgY) against pollen allergens (Cryj1, Cryj2, Chao1, Chao2) and found that allergic reactions were alleviated in skin patch tests of allergic patients by using the ostrich IgY. In addition, we produced ostrich IgY against the homogenates of Staphylococcus aureus and Propionibacterium acnes, and applied to dermal lesions of atopic dermatitis and acne patients, and then observed the therapeutic effects on the dermatitis of volunteer subjects. Antibody against S. aureus also had the therapeutic effect on canine pyoderma caused by MRSA. A particular advantage in using ostrich antibodies is the fact that they inactivate and neutralize a specific antigen, without damaging the indigenous microflora of the dermal surface. In this review article and case repot, we wish to suggest that ostrich antibodies can contribute to the treatment of cutaneous disorders as an alternative to treatment with steroids or antibiotics.

The Efficacy of Ostrich Antibodies to Dihydrotestosterone and 5<i>α</i>-Reductase in the Restoration of Hair Growth

The hormone dihydro testosterone (DHT) and the catalyst 5α-reductase are key contributors to hair loss due to androgenetic alopecia (AGA). Also, dermal bacteria and their toxins have been implicated in hair loss. A preliminary study by the authors with six male volunteer subjects showed that ostrich antibodies against above causative substances were quite effective in promoting hair regrowth. The present study included 13 men and 4 women, with ages ranging from 39 to 78. Pre- and post-treatment hair counts were also incorporated into the study procedure. In all instances but one, the subjects had a hair-growth effect about 3 months after the antibody was applied to the scalp, and the study participants with hair growth were pleased with the results and with the ease of use of the antibody solution.

Application of Ostrich Antibodies to the Restoration of Hair Growth, a Preliminary and Case Report

The hormone dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and the catalyst 5α-reductase play very important roles in the hair loss due to androgenetic alopecia (AGA). Recently, some chemicals against these hormones have been commercialized as therapeutics for AGA. In the present study, we have attempted to find out the potential effects of antibodies on AGA therapeutics as an inhibitor of androgenic hormones. The immune system of the ostrich is believed to be the most versatile and powerful of any animal on the planet, and antibodies derived from the ostrich egg yolk are now being developed for a wide range of diseases and ailments. Ostrich antibodies against DHT and 5α-reductase have been produced and combined with antibodies against harmful skin bacteria to restore normal hair growth in AGA cases. Preliminary testing with six volunteer subjects showed that ostrich antibodies were clearly quite effective in hair regrowth.

Characterization of the Gastric Intraluminal pH and Development of the Proventricular Deep Glands during Perinatal Period in the Ostrich

In this research, the state of the gastric secretion in 38 days old ostrich embryos and chicks of different age was investigated by determining the pH level in the stomach as well as the histological structure of the deep proventricular glands （gll. proventriculares profundi）. In both parts of the stomach, on the 38th day of embryonic development pH parameters were higher than in chicks after hatching. The proventricular deep gland lobules and secretory epithelium on the 38th day of embryonic development and on the day of hatching were comparatively poorly developed. The most rapid increase of the proportion of the secretory epithelium of the proventricular deep glands was observed just before hatching and during the first week after hatching, but having reached two weeks of age it did not increase any more. The obtained results allow making a conclusion that already on the day of hatching an intensive gastric juice secretion occurs in the proventricular deep glands regardless of the stage of their histological development. The gastric intraluminal pH parameters indicate that the gastric secretion increases with chicks advancing in age, however on the day of hatching this important gastric function is biologically rather complete.

Population Status and Trend of the Maasai Ostrich in the Mid Kenya—Tanzania Borderland

The Maasai ostrich (Struthio camelus) is a the largest avian species in East Africa and though it’s not considered to be a species of conservation concern, some populations are on the decline and this is attributed to bush meat activities, predation on their eggs illegal consumption by humans, habitat destruction and forage competition with other large wildlife species. Climate change is also emerging to be another major threat due to interference with food availability which in turn interferes with the breeding rhythm. Thus, this study examined the population status, trend and distribution of the Maasai ostrich in the Southern Kenya and Northern Tanzania borderland after the 2007 to 2009 drought. The results showed that the species was found across the entire borderland but the Amboseli region had the highest number and density of Maasai ostrich (726.00 ± 100.9;0.08 ± 0.01 ostriches per km2), followed by Lake Natron area (330.8 ± 69.8;0.05 ± 0.01 ostriches per km2) and the least was in West Kilimanjaro (85.5 ± 18.0;0.03 ± 0.01 ostriches per km2). Drought caused a decline in the population of the Maasai ostrich but the Amboseli area experienced the highest decline in density (?13.44 ± 12.61) compared to other borderland sectors. However, the populations increased in most sectors after the drought, and wet season numbers and densities were higher than the dry season. The highest positive increase in number and density was in Lake Natron area (+85.65 ± 91.06) followed by West Kilimanjaro (+68.39 ± 59.54), and the least was in the Magadi area (+22.26 ± 32.05). There is a need to enhance conservation of avian species like the Maasai ostrich other than just focusing on the charismatic species such as the African elephant and black rhino. We therefore recommend joint collaboration in monitoring all large wildlife populations across the Kenya-Tanzania borderland with a view of understanding their status, trend and best management actions that can enhance their conservation.

鸵鸟皮革的显微结构特征与鉴别

鸵鸟皮革具有天然独特的珍奇羽孔且轻柔耐用,是皮革的三大上品之一,被广泛用作高档精致的皮包、鞋、服装、汽车坐垫等制品面料,但目前对其材质鉴别的方法有待完善。采用超景深三维显微镜对鸵鸟皮革粒面与纵截面的组织结构特征进行了系统的比较分析,提炼了鸵鸟皮革的关键鉴别特征。这些关键鉴别特征与皮革材质鉴别的相关国家标准协同使用,能够快速准确地鉴别鸵鸟皮革,为检测机构和皮具生产、销售企业辨别真假鸵鸟皮革材质提供参考。

非洲鸵鸟食管组织学观察

应用常规石蜡切片,H-E染色,对非洲鸵鸟食管组织结构进行观察并与家禽和哺乳动物的食管进行比较.结果表明:非洲鸵鸟食管黏膜上皮为复层扁平上皮,但角质化不明显,固有膜内食管腺丰富,由腺细胞围成的管泡状腺直接开口于黏膜上皮,分泌大量黏液.食管肌层非常发达,分为内环肌、中纵肌、外环肌3层,环肌很厚,与纵肌的比例约为3:1.外膜是一层薄的纤维膜,内含丰富的血管,淋巴组织和神经.

非洲雏鸵鸟十二指肠发育的形态学研究

采用大体解剖学、组织化学和形态计量学的方法研究了0～3月龄非洲鸵鸟十二指肠的发育过程。观察了十二指肠的相对质量（相对于体质量），绒毛的高度、宽度、肌层厚度、肠腺隐窝的深度、肠腺的密度、绒毛杯状细胞、肠腺杯状细胞的数量变化。观察到十二指肠的相对质量在90日龄达到高峰；肠绒毛的高度、肌层厚度、肠腺隐窝的深度、肠腺的密度与日龄呈正相关；肠绒毛和肠腺的宽度在90日龄时达到峰值；绒毛杯状细胞、肠腺杯状细胞的数量从初生至45日龄随日龄增加而增加，45日龄至90日龄随日龄增加而减少，在45日龄达顶峰。结果表明，0～3月龄十二指肠的发育不完善，必须重视此阶段的饲养管理。

鸵鸟源隐孢子虫的种类鉴定及其生物学特性研究

【目的】掌握鸵鸟隐孢子虫病的流行范围和流行动态,以及研究鸵鸟源隐孢子虫的生物学特性。【方法】应用饱和蔗糖溶液漂浮法检查鸵鸟新鲜粪样404份,详细观察、测量卵囊形态大小;收集纯化阳性样品中的隐孢子虫卵囊,分别人工经口感染幼鸵鸟、雏鸡和小白鼠并利用组织病理学试验技术研究其生物学特性。【结果】检测到阳性样品10份,总阳性率为2.48%(10/404),且感染率与鸵鸟日龄有一定的关系。其卵囊平均大小为5.43×4.38μm(4.0～6.0×3.7～5.0μm),形状指数1.24(长/宽),(n=50)。分离到的卵囊能成功感染雏鸡和幼鸵鸟,但不能感染小白鼠。受试雏鸡具有明显的呼吸道症状,而幼龄鸵鸟呼吸道症状较轻微。此外,在两种动物体内的排卵囊规律差别较大,在鸵鸟体内出现多个排卵囊高峰。虫体主要寄生于雏鸡和幼鸵鸟的泄殖腔和法氏囊,引起法氏囊萎缩、微绒毛大量脱落等病理变化。【结论】根据其卵囊形态、宿主范围和虫体寄生部位等生物学特性,结合文献报道,笔者在国内发现并初步鉴定出鸵鸟源隐孢子虫为贝氏隐孢子虫(Cryptosporidium baileyi)。

鸵鸟新城疫实验病理学研究

用鸡源新城疫(ND)强毒株F48E9和鸵鸟源新城疫强毒株O-XJ99-12,对不同免疫状态下2~4月龄鸵鸟进行动物试验。动物发病后经剖检、组织切片、病毒分离等方法证实:鸵鸟源和鸡源新域疫病毒(NDV)毒株,经静脉和黏膜感染非免疫鸵鸟,均可引起特征性的鸵鸟ND症状和病变,对鸡胚致病力强的NDV毒株,对非免疫鸵鸟的致病力也强;鸵鸟ND的免疫临界点,HI抗体效价最低为5log2。

非洲鸵鸟脑的解剖学研究

经解剖学研究，发现了非洲鸵鸟脑的一些特点。全脑平均重量为２６．３４ｇ，平均全长为５９．２６ｍｍ，宽４２．３０ｍｍ。小脑较发达，向背侧明显地突出，蚓部的后上方几乎形成一直角，蚓部的横沟明显地比北京鸭等家禽小脑的多，小脑表面积相对大。大脑呈钝三角形，表面光滑，没有脑回和脑沟，灰质很薄。大脑背面有弧形的大脑谷，矢状隆突呈椭圆形。嗅球很小。脑垂体呈小球状。全脑重量仅占体重的０．０１５％，与家禽脑相差１７倍以上。研究结果表明：非洲鸵鸟脑不发达。