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Accurate Analysis on Bluetooth Low Energy Neighbor Discovery 被引量:1
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作者 Ting-Chao Hou Kuo-Chang Huang 《Journal of Computer and Communications》 2020年第12期231-250,共20页
The basic concept of Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is short packet transmission and transient connection. It can quickly establish a connection, send data, and quickly disconnect, so that neighbor discovery is frequent a... The basic concept of Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is short packet transmission and transient connection. It can quickly establish a connection, send data, and quickly disconnect, so that neighbor discovery is frequent and becomes an important issue. In the neighbor discovery which includes advertising and scanning, the BLE specification defines several important parameters. The parameters on the advertiser side include advertising interval, advertising duration, etc. On the scanner side, there are scan interval, scan window, etc. How to configure these parameters for quick neighbor discovery has been troublesome for BLE implementers. Prior analyses on BLE discovery process also showed some disagreements or made some incorrect assumptions. In this paper, we use rigorous probability-theory based derivations to obtain different kinds of successful discovery probabilities. We clarify disagreements in prior works and also provide insights on how to configure parameters for maximizing discovery probability. In particular, we prove that the discovery probabilities on each of the three channels are correlated. We also find that, when the advertising duration is set close to some multiples of the scan interval, an ill-fated synchronization problem will occur. To have a high discovery probability, both scan window and scan interval should be set at a large value, though it might not be good for energy saving. 展开更多
关键词 bluetooth low energy Advertising Interval Advertising Duration Advertising Event Scan Interval Scan Window Neighbor Discovery Ill-Fated Synchronization
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Developing a New Security Framework for Bluetooth Low Energy Devices
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作者 Qiaoyang Zhang Zhiyao Liang Zhiping Cai 《Computers, Materials & Continua》 SCIE EI 2019年第5期457-471,共15页
Wearable devices are becoming more popular in our daily life.They are usually used to monitor health status,track fitness data,or even do medical tests,etc.Since the wearable devices can obtain a lot of personal data,... Wearable devices are becoming more popular in our daily life.They are usually used to monitor health status,track fitness data,or even do medical tests,etc.Since the wearable devices can obtain a lot of personal data,their security issues are very important.Motivated by the consideration that the current pairing mechanisms of Bluetooth Low Energy(BLE)are commonly impractical or insecure for many BLE based wearable devices nowadays,we design and implement a security framework in order to protect the communication between these devices.The security framework is a supplement to the Bluetooth pairing mechanisms and is compatible with all BLE based wearable devices.The framework is a module between the application layer and the GATT(Generic Attribute Profile)layer in the BLE architecture stack.When the framework starts,a client and a server can automatically and securely establish shared fresh keys following a designed protocol;the services of encrypting and decrypting messages are provided to the applications conveniently by two functions;application data are securely transmitted following another protocol using the generated keys.Prudential principles are followed by the design of the framework for security purposes.It can protect BLE based wearable devices from replay attacks,Man-in-The-Middle attacks,data tampering,and passive eavesdropping.We conduct experiments to show that the framework can be conveniently deployed with practical operational cost of power consumption.The protocols in this framework have been formally verified that the designed security goals are satisfied. 展开更多
关键词 bluetooth low energy security PRIVACY protocol wearable devices Internet of Things
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Side-Channel Analysis for the Re-Keying Protocol of Bluetooth Low Energy
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作者 曹培 张驰 +2 位作者 陆相君 陆海宁 谷大武 《Journal of Computer Science & Technology》 SCIE EI CSCD 2023年第5期1132-1148,共17页
In the era of the Internet of Things,Bluetooth low energy(BLE/BTLE)plays an important role as a wellknown wireless communication technology.While the security and privacy of BLE have been analyzed and fixed several ti... In the era of the Internet of Things,Bluetooth low energy(BLE/BTLE)plays an important role as a wellknown wireless communication technology.While the security and privacy of BLE have been analyzed and fixed several times,the threat of side-channel attacks to BLE devices is still not well understood.In this work,we highlight a side-channel threat to the re-keying protocol of BLE.This protocol uses a fixed long term key for generating session keys,and the leakage of the long term key could render the encryption of all the following(and previous)connections useless.Our attack exploits the side-channel leakage of the re-keying protocol when it is implemented on embedded devices.In particular,we present successful correlation electromagnetic analysis and deep learning based profiled analysis that recover long term keys of BLE devices.We evaluate our attack on an ARM Cortex-M4 processor(Nordic Semiconductor nRF52840)running Nimble,a popular open-source BLE stack.Our results demonstrate that the long term key can be recovered within only a small amount of electromagnetic traces.Further,we summarize the features and limitations of our attack,and suggest a range of countermeasures to prevent it. 展开更多
关键词 bluetooth low energy(BLE/BTLE) long term key re-keying protocol side-channel analysis
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Bluetooth Low Energy Device Identification Based on Link Layer Broadcast Packet Fingerprinting
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作者 Jinghui Zhang Xinyang Li +3 位作者 Junhe Li Qiangsheng Dai Zhen Ling Ming Yang 《Tsinghua Science and Technology》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2023年第5期862-872,共11页
With the rapid development of the Internet of Things(IoT),wireless technology has become an indispensable part of modern computing platforms and embedded systems.Wireless device fingerprint identification is deemed as... With the rapid development of the Internet of Things(IoT),wireless technology has become an indispensable part of modern computing platforms and embedded systems.Wireless device fingerprint identification is deemed as a promising solution towards enhancing the security of device access authentication and communication process in the IoT scenario.However,the extraction of features from the network layer and its upper layers often confront restrictions from specific devices:the association with a certain wireless network and the access to the plaintext of the payload.Meanwhile,Bluetooth Low Energy(BLE)packets have been encrypted above the link layer,which makes those features difficult to extract.To tackle these problems,we introduce a novel method to identify BLE devices based on the fingerprint features in the data link layer.Initially,the BLE packets are collected through a receiver based on software-defined radio technology.Then,fields that reflect device differences in BLE broadcast packets are extracted through traffic analysis.Finally,a MultiLayer Perceptron(MLP)model is employed to recognize the category of BLE devices.An experimental result on a dataset with 15 types of BLE devices shows that the identification accuracy of the proposed method can reach 99.8%,which accomplishes better performance over previous work. 展开更多
关键词 link layer fingerprint software-defined radio bluetooth low energy(BLE)
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Real Time Vehicle Status Monitoring under Moving Conditions Using a Low Power IoT System
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作者 M.Vlachos R.Lopardo A.Amditis 《Journal on Internet of Things》 2022年第4期235-261,共27页
In the era of the Internet of Things(IoT),the ever-increasing number of devices connected to the IoT networks also increases the energy consumption on the edge.This is prohibitive since the devices living on the edge ... In the era of the Internet of Things(IoT),the ever-increasing number of devices connected to the IoT networks also increases the energy consumption on the edge.This is prohibitive since the devices living on the edge are generally resource constrained devices in terms of energy consumption and computational power.Thus,trying to tackle this issue,in this paper,a fully automated end-to-end IoT system for real time monitoring of the status of a moving vehicle is proposed.The IoT system consists mainly of three components:(1)the ultra-lowpower consumptionWireless SensorNode(WSN),(2)the IoT gateway and(3)the IoT platform.In this scope,a selfpoweredWSN having ultra-low energy consumption(less than 10 mJ),which can be produced by environmental harvesting systems,is developed.WSN is used for collecting sensors’measurements from the vehicle and transmitting them to the IoT gateway,by exploiting a low energy communication protocol(i.e.,BLE).A powerful IoT gateway gathers the sensors’measurements,harmonizes,stores temporary and transmits them wirelessly,to a backend server(i.e.,LTE).And finally,the IoT platform,which in essence is a web application user interface(UI),used mainly for almost real time visualization of sensors’measurements,but also for sending alerts and control signals to enable actuators,installed in the vehicle near to the sensors field.The proposed system is scalable and it can be adopted for monitoring a large number of vehicles,thus providing a fully automatic IoT solution for vehicle fleet management.Moreover,it can be extended for simultaneous monitoring of additional parameters,supporting other low energy communication protocols and producing various kinds of alerts and control signals. 展开更多
关键词 Internet of things wireless sensor node IoT gateway IoT platform ultra-low energy vehicle fleet management MQTT EdgeXFoundry bluetooth low energy BEACON
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基于BLE和Wi-Fi的建筑能耗监测系统设计 被引量:9
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作者 曹礼勇 钟永彦 +1 位作者 陈娟 华亮 《工程设计学报》 CSCD 北大核心 2021年第5期654-661,共8页
针对传统建筑能耗监测系统存在采集单元功耗高和布线复杂的问题,设计了一种低功耗的无线监测系统。所设计的监测系统包括采集单元、集中器、监测中心和通信网络四部分。其中:采集单元主要由计量电路和BLE(Bluetooth low energy,低功耗蓝... 针对传统建筑能耗监测系统存在采集单元功耗高和布线复杂的问题,设计了一种低功耗的无线监测系统。所设计的监测系统包括采集单元、集中器、监测中心和通信网络四部分。其中:采集单元主要由计量电路和BLE(Bluetooth low energy,低功耗蓝牙)通信电路组成,其通过计量电路采集用电设备的能耗数据,并通过BLE通信电路将处理好的能耗数据发送至集中器;集中器主要由BLE通信电路和Wi-Fi通信电路组成,其通过BLE通信电路接收采集单元计量的能耗数据并进行整合、处理,然后通过Wi-Fi通信电路将能耗数据转发至监测中心;监测中心采用B/S(browser/server,浏览器/服务器)架构进行设计,其通过监测界面显示能耗数据并将数据保存在数据库中。所设计的监测系统通过采用BLE和Wi-Fi的通信方式降低了采集单元的运行功耗和布线复杂度,并延长了通信距离;基于B/S架构设计的监测中心可实现跨平台运行,提高了系统的灵活性。测试结果表明,所设计的监测系统的计量偏差率低于5%,通信成功率高于98%,且能够及时监测用电设备的耗能状况,具有较高的实用价值。 展开更多
关键词 能耗监测 BLE(bluetooth low energy 低功耗蓝牙) WI-FI 采集单元 集中器 监测中心
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Direction Detecting System of Indoor Smartphone Users Using BLE in IoT
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作者 D. Kothandaraman C. Chellappan 《Circuits and Systems》 2016年第8期1492-1503,共12页
Indoor organization user activity’s (UA) direction detection monitoring system and also emergency prediction are major challenging tasks in the field of the typical body sensor and indoor fixed sensor networks. ... Indoor organization user activity’s (UA) direction detection monitoring system and also emergency prediction are major challenging tasks in the field of the typical body sensor and indoor fixed sensor networks. In this paper, indoor UA based direction detection monitoring system is achieved by the combination of both the orientation sensor and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) in user’s smartphones belonging to the Internet of Things (IoT). The orientation sensor senses the actual orientation of the user and BLE transmits the sensed BLE signals to monitoring system using star topology in IoT. In monitoring system, classification algorithm is used to identify the directions of the smartphone users. The emergency situation of the user is also predicted based on signal variation instantly in real time. The user activity’s signals are captured using LabVIEW toolkit then applied to various classification algorithms such asRF—91.42%, Ibk—90.55%, j48— 85.61%, K*—73.54% are the results obtained. An average of 85% was obtained in all the classifi- cation algorithims indicating the consistency and accuracy in detecting the directions of the users. RF was found to be the best among all the classification algorithms. IoT enabled devices have high demand in near coming future, moreover smartphones users increase day by day, hence implementing and maintaining the above said system would be much easier and cheaper compared to other conventional networks. 展开更多
关键词 Orientation Sensor BLE (bluetooth low energy) IoT (Internet of Things) Direction Detection
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An infant monitoring system with the support of accurate real-time indoor positioning 被引量:1
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作者 Zhipeng Cao Yifan Cheng +4 位作者 Ruizhi Chen Guangyi Guo Feng Ye Liang Chen Yuanjin Pan 《Geo-Spatial Information Science》 SCIE CSCD 2019年第4期279-289,I0005,共12页
This article presents an indoor infant monitoring system based on Android system which employs a low-cost Bluetooth Low Energy(BLE)pseudolite to accurately locate the infants in the activity indoors and timely remind ... This article presents an indoor infant monitoring system based on Android system which employs a low-cost Bluetooth Low Energy(BLE)pseudolite to accurately locate the infants in the activity indoors and timely remind the parents.It can achieve a positioning accuracy better than 2 m and effectively reduce the risk of injury to infants and young children.The performance of the proposed system,using false negative rate,false alarm rate,and alarm response time as indicators,is compared with that of the system using Quuppa as a positioning source.The experiment results show that both BLE pseudolite and Quuppa as a positioning source can basically meet the positioning accuracy for the infant monitoring system,but the BLE-pseudolite-based system provides a more cost-efficient solution. 展开更多
关键词 Indoor positioning bluetooth low energy(BLE) PSEUDOLITE infant monitoring
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BLE Mesh: A Practical Mesh Networking Development Framework for Public Safety Communications 被引量:1
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作者 Bo Zhang Yufeng Wang +2 位作者 Li Wei Qun Jin Athanasios V.Vasilakos 《Tsinghua Science and Technology》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2018年第3期333-346,共14页
Owing to advanced storage and communication capabilities today, smart devices have become the basic interface between individuals and their surrounding environment. In particular, massive devices connect to one other ... Owing to advanced storage and communication capabilities today, smart devices have become the basic interface between individuals and their surrounding environment. In particular, massive devices connect to one other directly in a proximity area, thereby enabling abundant Proximity Services(Pro Se), which can be classified into two categories: public safety communication and social discovery. However, two challenges impede the quick development and deployment of Pro Se applications. From the viewpoint of networking, no multi-hop connectivity functionality component can be directly operated on commercially off-the-shelf devices, and from the programming viewpoint, an easily reusable development framework is lacking for developers with minimal knowledge of the underlying communication technologies and connectivity. Considering these two issues, this paper makes a twofold contribution. First, a multi-hop mesh networking based on Bluetooth Low Energy(BLE) is implemented,in which a proactive routing mechanism with link-quality(i.e., received signal strength indication) assistance is designed. Second, a Pro Se development framework called BLE Mesh is designed and implemented, which can provide significant benefits for application developers, framework maintenance professionals, and end users. Rich application programming interfaces can help developers to build Pro Se apps easily and quickly. Dependency inversion principle and template method pattern allow modules in BLE Mesh to be loosely coupled and easy to maintain and update. Callback mechanism enables modules to work smoothly together and automation processes such as registration, node discovery, and messaging are employed to offer nearly zero-configuration for end users.Finally, based on the designed Pro Se development kit, a public safety communications app called Quote Send App is built to distribute emergency information in close area without Internet access. The process illustrates the easy usability of BLE Mesh to develop Pro Se apps. 展开更多
关键词 public safety communications device to device bluetooth low energy mesh networking development framework
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