Quality Control Properties of Some Brands of Veterinary Albendazole Boluses Common in Nigeria

Albendazole is a benzimidazole derivative with broad spectrum of activity against nematodes and cestodes infections in animals. Bulk of the needed drugs in West African sub-region is imported and adulteration in drug trade is common. This study was aimed at examining the quality of nine brands of veterinary albendazole boluses commonly used in Nigeria. Bolus weight uniformity, assay, hardness, friability, disintegration time, and dissolution profiles of the brands （250 mg/bolus） were tested according to the official specifications. All the brands tested failed bolus weight uniformity test except brands C and H. The percent albendazole in brands A, B, C and F were within official specification whereas D, E, G, H and I failed. None of the brands passed hardness test. All the products passed friability test except brand E. All the test brands disintegrated within the specified time except B and H. Only brands B, C, E and I passed the dissolution test. Consequently, only brands B and C could be interchanged with the reference. There is need for routine quality control and post market surveillance of veterinary drugs in Nigeria.

不同保鲜剂组合对非洲菊切花保鲜效果的影响

以非洲菊(Gerbera jamesonii Bolus)鲜切花珍爱为试材,研究不同预处理液与瓶插保鲜液组合对丙二醛含量(MDA)、细胞膜透性、细菌含量及瓶插寿命的影响。结果表明,非洲菊切花经预处理液处理12 h后,MDA含量、细菌菌落数均显著低于对照(去离子水),且预处理能降低细胞膜的相对透性。非洲菊切花在瓶插处理期间MDA含量及细胞膜透性出现先下降后上升的变化趋势,瓶插14 d时达到最大值。花茎及瓶插液的细菌菌落数在瓶插过程中呈逐渐上升趋势,鲜花营养剂和免切通用鲜花营养液2种瓶插液表现了较好的抑菌效果。保鲜效果最佳的保鲜剂组合为可利鲜专业1号醒花液+鲜花营养剂,该处理可显著延长切花的瓶插寿命,其预处理及瓶插期间MDA含量、细胞膜透性和细菌菌落数的累积值均显著低于对照。

Bolus材质对乳腺癌胸壁电子束放疗剂量分布的影响

目的:评估组织等效物Bolus材质对乳腺癌术后胸壁电子束放疗剂量分布的影响。方法:构建乳腺癌改良根治术后胸壁放疗模型,基于国际原子能机构(IAEA)官网中6 MeV电子束相空间文件(PSF)和Geant4蒙特卡罗应用软件包,计算Bolus材质中水、聚苯乙烯、聚乳酸、甘油和硅胶5种不同材质电子束放疗胸部剂量分布,对比胸壁和肺组织中剂量分布差异。结果:Bolus材质对电子束在胸壁的最大剂量深度(d_(max))影响较小,10 mm厚的Bolus所致d_(max)最大差异约2 mm;对剂量分布产生影响较大,尤其在胸壁后缘和浅表肺组织中,胸壁后缘剂量由大到小对应Bolus材质依次为聚苯乙烯、水、聚乳酸、硅胶和甘油,对于5 mm和10 mm厚的Bolus材质,剂量差异分别约为8%和15%;浅表肺组织中剂量由大到小对应Bolus材质依次是水、聚苯乙烯、聚乳酸、硅胶和甘油,对于5 mm和10 mm厚的Bolus材质,剂量差异最大分别可达约50%和70%。结论:Bolus材质对胸壁电子束放疗剂量分布所产生影响较大,合理选择Bolus材质有助于保证靶区剂量,减少肺组织中剂量沉积。

Comparative Analysis of Continuous versus Intermittent Proton Pump Inhibitor Therapy in Patients with Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding Due to Ulcers

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) presents as a prevalent clinical challenge, with annual incidence rates ranging from 80 to 150 cases per 100,000 individuals. Guidelines for managing patients with UGIB due to bleeding ulcers recommend a continuous infusion of proton pump inhibitors (PPI). However, studies comparing intermittent dosing of PPI therapy show that this regimen achieves similar clinical benefits. If the clinical efficacy remains equivalent, intermittent dosing will be more cost-effective for patients and the health care system. Our research study aims to analyze the comparative effectiveness of intermittent versus continuous PPI therapy after endoscopic treatment in patients with UGIB, focusing on such endpoints as rebleeding risk at 3-and 7-day mortality rates. Methods: Resources searched included MEDLINE, EMBASE, PUBMED, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases from January 2010 through December 2023 with the inclusion of meta-analysis, systematic review, review, or ACG guideline recommendations. Results of the analysis show how recommendations regarding high vs. low PPI regimen changed over time: from no difference in regimen in 2010 to recommending continuous regimen in 2012 to declaring insufficient evidence between choosing one regimen over another in 2013 to determine that both regimens were comparable to each other in 2014-2018 and finally to recommending both regimens in 2021. To conclude, our review shows that in patients with bleeding ulcers and high-risk endoscopic findings, intermittent PPI therapy is non-inferior to continuous PPI infusion for three days, seven days bleeding risk or mortality rates;however, it remains challenging to determine the most optimal intermittent regimen due to heterogeneity of RCTs included in meta-analyses, and further trials will need to be performed.

非洲菊高效离体快速繁殖体系的建立

以非洲菊幼嫩花蕾为外植体,进行组织培养快速繁殖的芽直接诱导最适培养基为MS+6—BA 5 mg/l+NAA 0.2 mg/l;增殖培养基为MS+6-BA 3.0 mg/1+NAA 0.3 mg/l+CC 3 mg/Ll;生根培养基为1/2MS+0.2%活性炭。利用该快繁体系获得的再生植株叶色浓绿,生长健壮。

小剂量Test Bolus技术在脑动脉瘤诊断中的价值

脑动脉瘤被称为颅内的＂不定时炸弹＂,瘤体因高血压、动脉粥样硬化等多种因素随时可能发生破裂,导致患者大量脑出血后致死致残率极高,而严重威胁人类生命和健康,是最危险的脑血管病之一,任何年龄阶段均可发生脑动脉瘤,其中以40～60岁多见,且女性多于男性;而脑动脉瘤最常见的CT表现是自发性蛛网膜下腔出血。本文收集我院2012-12—2013-12临床及CT资料完整的17例颅内动脉瘤患者,

团注追踪技术在肢体动脉血管造影中的应用

目的探讨Bolus chasing技术在临床中的应用价值。方法23例患者应用Bolus chasing技术行上、下肢体动脉造影,获得动脉血管造影图像。结果23例患者血管显示优良,达到放射诊断和介入治疗的要求。结论Bolus chasing技术能准确显示肢体动脉解剖结构及血流情况,有明显临床应用价值。

Bolus下空腔对放疗浅表剂量和最大剂量点深度的影响

探讨浅表肿瘤放疗时Bolus下空腔对浅表剂量和最大剂量点深度的影响。在Eclipse计划系统里创建30 cm×30 cm×30 cm的体模及体模表面创建10 mm厚的Bolus,设置Bolus和体模材料均为水。在Bolus和体模之间设置0 mm、2 mm、5 mm、10 mm、20 mm、30 mm厚度的Air空腔,将源皮距设置为100 cm,射野面积大小分别取5 cm×5 cm、10 cm×10 cm、15 cm×15 cm、20 cm×20 cm、25 cm×25 cm。剂量大小为100 cGy,获取不同空腔厚度不同射野大小下,体模浅表1 mm深度的剂量(D s)和体模内最大剂量点的深度值(d_(max)),同时用德国PTW公司水箱在加速器上做同样条件的实验,用EBT 3胶片测量浅表剂量D s,电离室获取d_(max)。将计划系统得到的结果和实验测量的结果进行差异对比,结果表明:无Bolus时,计划系统D s为0,而实验测量D s有剂量,计划系统和测量结果均显示射野面积大小为5 cm×5 cm时,D s随空腔厚度增加减小最快。当射野面积大小在15 cm×15 cm及以上时,D s随空腔厚度变化较为平稳。计划系统和实验测量结果均显示无Bolus时d_(max)最大,计划系统里随着空腔厚度增加d_(max)变化较为平稳;实验结果为射野面积为10 cm×10 cm及以下时,d_(max)随空腔厚度增加变化显著,而射野面积在15 cm×15 cm及以上时d_(max)随空腔厚度变化较为平稳,且计划系统和实验测量的结果都为射野面积越小,d_(max)越大。除在无Bolus时计划系统与实验测量D s差异很大,其他不同射野面积大小、不同空腔厚度的D s差异均接近于0;计划系统与实验测量d_(max)总体差异较大,在不同空腔厚度下,小射野面积差异比大射野面积差异大,且在空腔厚度为0 mm时,所有射野面积的d_(max)差异最接近0。计划系统会低估浅表剂量计算精度,为减小误差,浅表肿瘤需加Bolus,且Bolus下空腔厚度为0 mm最佳。

Endoscopic management of foreign bodies in the upper gastrointestinal tract:A review

Foreign body ingestion is a common condition, es-pecially among children who represent 80% of these emergencies. The most frequently ingested foreign bodies in children are coins, toys, magnets and batter-ies. Most foreign body ingestions in adults occur while eating, leading to either bone or meat bolus impaction. Flexible endoscopy is the therapeutic method of choice for relieving food impaction and removing true foreign bodies with a success rate of over 95% and with mini-mal complications. This review describes a comprehen-sive approach towards patients presenting with foreign body ingestion. Recommendations are based on a review of the literature and extensive personal experi-ence.

Evaluation of esophageal function in patients with esophageal motor abnormalities using multichannel intraluminal impedance esophageal manometry

AIM: To evaluate the functional aspect of esophageal motility in healthy subjects and in patients who were referred for esophageal function testing using multichannel intraluminal impedance-esophageal manometry (MII-EM), and to assess the clinical utility of MII-EM. METHODS: From September 2003 to January 2004, we performed the MII-EM on healthy volunteers and all the patients who were referred for esophageal function testing. Each patient received 10 liquid and 10 viscous swallows. We analyzed the results, the impedance and the manometric findings. Some of the subjects had additional ambulatory 24-h pH study performed to diagnose gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). RESULTS: Among 89 studied subjects, the MII-EM findings showed normal esophageal motility in 50 (56.17%), ineffective esophageal motility (IEM) in 17 (19.10%), nutcracker esophagus in 7 (7.86%), achalasia in 4 (4.49%), and scleroderma esophagus in 11 (12.35%) cases. The completeness and the speed of bolus transit were in the order of nutcracker esophagus, normal manometry and IEM. Some of the swallows showing normal manometry and IEM had incomplete transit. In the achalasia and scleroderma esophagus, almost all the swallows had incomplete transit. The body amplitudes were higher for the swallows with complete transit than for the swallows with incomplete transit. There was not a significant difference in the manometric and impedance findings between the subjects with and without GERD. CONCLUSION: MII-EM is a useful tool in assessing theesophageal function in the patients having esophageal motility abnormality. The primary factors influencing the bolus transit are the amplitude of the esophageal body and normal peristalsis.

团注对比剂跟踪技术在下肢动脉造影应用中的常见问题探讨

目的:分析团注对比剂跟踪造影技术在下肢动脉造影的应用中出现的几种常见问题,并提出相应的改进措施。方法:133例患者采用团注对比剂跟踪技术进行下肢动脉造影,采用Bolus Chase程序完成检查得到造影图像,对检查过程中出现的问题进行记录,并评价图像质量。后对数据进行分析,发现常见问题,提出改进措施。结果:133例检查中,111例图像质量优良,占比83.46%;22例图像质量较差,占比16.54%;56例造影图像出现运动伪影,占比42.11%;造影过程中患者出现明显痛感的有20例,占比15.04%;检查床速度与对比剂流速不匹配的有8例,占比6.02%;对比剂参数使用不当的有5例,占比3.76%。结论:采用团注对比剂跟踪技术进行下肢动脉造影检查,容易出现造影图像有运动伪影、患者不适、对比剂参数使用不当、检查床移动速度与对比剂流速不同步等问题。针对这些常见问题采取相应改进措施,可以减少患者痛苦,提高检查成功率和图像质量。

New technologies in the gastrointestinal clinic and research: Impedance and high-resolution manometry

The last five years have been an exciting time in the study of esophageal motor disorders due to the recent advances in esophageal function testing. New technologies have emerged, such as intraluminal impedance, while conventional techniques, such as manometry, have enjoyed many improvements due to advances in transducer technology, computerization and graphic data presentation. While these techniques provide more detailed information regarding esophageal function, our understanding of whether they can improve our ability to diagnose and treat patients more effectively is evolving. These techniques are also excellent research tools and they have added substantially to our understanding of esophageal motor function in dysphagia. This review describes the potential benefits that these new technologies may have over conventional techniques for the evaluation of dysphagia.

Effects of magnetic field,porosity,and wall properties for anisotropically elastic multi-stenosis arteries on blood flow characteristics

A mathematical model for blood flow through an elastic artery with multistenosis under the effect of a magnetic field in a porous medium is presented. The considered arterial segment is simulated by an anisotropically elastic cylindrical tube filled with a viscous incompressible electrically conducting fluid representing blood. An artery with mild local narrowing in its lumen forming a stenosis is analyzed. The effects of arterial wall parameters represent viscoelastic stresses along the longitudinal and circumferential directions T t and T θ , respectively. The degree of anisotropy of the vessel wall γ, total mass of the vessel, and surrounding tissues M and contributions of the viscous and elastic constraints to the total tethering C and K respectively on resistance impedance, wall shear stress distribution, and radial and axial velocities are illustrated. Also, the effects of the stenosis shape m, the constant of permeability κ, the Hartmann number Ha and the maximum height of the stenosis size δ on the fluid flow characteristics are investigated. The results show that the flow is appreciably influenced by surrounding connective tissues of the arterial wall motion, and the degree of anisotropy of the vessel wall plays an important role in determining the material of the artery. Further, the wall shear stress distribution increases with increasing T t and γ while decreases with increasing T θ , M, C, and K. Transmission of the wall shear stress distribution and resistance impedance at the wall surface through a tethered tube are substantially lower than those through a free tube, while the shearing stress distribution at the stenosis throat has inverse characteristic through totally tethered and free tubes. The trapping bolus increases in size toward the line center of the tube as the permeability constant κ increases and decreases with the Hartmann number Ha increased. Finally, the trapping bolus appears, gradually in the case of non-symmetric stenosis, and disappears in the case of symmetric stenosis. The size of trapped bolus for the stream lines in a free isotropic tube （i.e., a tube initially unstressed） is smaller than those in a tethered tube.

Clinical and Dosimetric Implications of Air Gaps between Bolus and Skin Surface during Radiation Therapy

Purpose: The main objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of air gaps of 0 - 5.0 cm between bolus and skin for 1.0 cm Superflab bolus on surface dose (DSurf) and depth of maximum dose (dmax) in solid water and Rando? phantoms. Methods: In this work, the effects of bolus to surface distance on DSurf and variation in dmax were analyzed in a solid water phantom and in an anthropomorphic Rando? phantom for different field sizes, using Gafchromic? EBT films and farmer chamber. Results: For field sizes of 5 × 5 cm2 the DSurf is significantly affected by increasing air gaps greater than 5 mm. For field sizes larger than 10 × 10 cm2, DSurf is nearly the same for air gaps of 0 - 5.0 cm. For small fields and 6 MV photon beam, dmax increases with increasing air gap, while for 10 MV beam and smaller field sizes (i.e. 5 × 5 and 10 × 10 cm2) the dmax first decreases and then increases with the air gaps. For both 3DCRT and IMRT plans on Rando?, DSurf reduction is more prominent with increasing air gaps. Conclusion: For field sizes larger than 10 × 10 cm2 DSurf is largely unaffected by air gaps. However, smaller air gap results in shallower dmax for both 6 MV and 10 MV photon beams at all fields sizes. Special consideration should be taken to reduce air gaps between bolus and skin for field sizes smaller than 10 × 10 cm2 or when surface contour variations are greater or when the bolus covers small area and at the border of the field.

Peristaltic transport of rheological fluid:model for movement of food bolus through esophagus

Fluid mechanical peristaltic transport through esophagus is studied in the paper. A mathematical model has been developed to study the peristaltic transport of a rheological fluid for arbitrary wave shapes and tube lengths. The Ostwald-de Waele power law of a viscous fluid is considered here to depict the non-Newtonian behaviour of the fluid. The model is formulated and analyzed specifically to explore some important information concerning the movement of food bolus through esophagus. The analysis is carried out by using the lubrication theory. The study is particularly suitable for the cases where the Reynolds number is small. The esophagus is treated as a circular tube through which the transport of food bolus takes place by periodic contraction of the esophageal wall. Variation of different variables concerned with the transport phenomena such as pressure, flow velocities, particle trajectory, and reflux is investigated for a single wave as well as a train of periodic peristaltic waves. The locally variable pressure is seen to be highly sensitive to the flow index ＂n＂. The study clearly shows that continuous fluid transport for Newtonian/rheological fluids by wave train propagation is more effective than widely spaced single wave propagation in the case of peristaltic movement of food bolus in the esophagus.

Intravenous Contrast Material Administration at High-pitch Dual-source CT Coronary Angiography: Bolus-tracking Technique with Shortened Time of Respiratory Instruction Versus Test Bolus Technique

Objective To investigate the feasibility of acquiring the similar homogeneous enhancement using bolus-tracking techniques with shortened respiratory time in prospectively electrocardiogram-gated high-pitch spiral acquisition mode (Flash mode) coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) compared with test bolus technique. Methods One hundred and eighty-four consecutive patients with mean heart rate ≤65 beats per minute undergoing CCTA were prospectively included in this study. The patients were randomly divided into two groups. Patients in the group A (n=92) instructed to shorten respiratory time received CCTA using bolus-tracking technique with high-pitch spiral acquisition mode (Flash mode), while those in the group B (n=92) underwent CCTA with test bolus technique. The attenuation in the ascending aorta, image noise, contrast-to-noise ratio and radiation doses of the two groups were assessed. Results There were no significant differences in the mean attenuation values in the ascending aorta (483.18±59.07 HU vs. 498.7±83.51 HU, P=0.183), image noise (21.4±4.5 HU vs. 20.9±4.3 HU, P=0.414), contrast-to-noise ratio (12.1±4.2 vs. 13.8±5.1, P=0.31) between the groups A and B. There were no significant differences in the radiation dose of dynamic monitoring scans (0.056±0.026 mSv vs. 0.062±0.018 mSv, P=0.068) and radiation dose of angiography (0.94±0.07 mSv vs. 0.96±0.15 mSv,P=0.926) between the two groups, while 15 mL less contrast material volume was administered in the group A than the group B. Conclusion Bolus-tracking technique with shortened time of respiratory in Flash mode of dual-source CT yields the similar homogeneous enhancement with less contrast material in comparison to the test bolus technique.

Endoscopic removal of foreign bodies:A retrospective study in Japan

BACKGROUND The ingestion of foreign bodies(FBs)and food bolus impaction(FBI)in the digestive tract are commonly encountered clinical problems.Methods to handle such problems continue to evolve offering advantages,such as the avoidance of surgery,reduced cost,improved visualization,reduced morbidity,and high removal success rate.However,to date,no studies have evaluated the endoscopic management of FBs in Japan.AIM To elucidate level of safety and efficacy in the endoscopic management of FBs and FBI.METHODS A total of 215 procedures were performed at Keio University Hospital between November 2007 and August 2018.Data were collected from medical charts,and endoscopic details were collected from an endoscopic reporting system.Procedures performed with a flexible gastrointestinal endoscope were only taken into account.Patients who underwent a technique involving FB or FBI from the digestive tract were only included.Data on patient sex,patient age,outpatient,inpatient,FB type,FB location,procedure time,procedure type,removal device type,success,and technical complications were reviewed and analyzed retrospectively.RESULTS Among the 215 procedures,136(63.3%)were performed in old adults(≥60 years),180(83.7%)procedures were performed in outpatients.The most common type of FBs were press-through-pack(PTP)medications[72(33.5%)cases],FBI[47(21.9%)],Anisakis parasite(AP)[41(19.1%)cases].Most FBs were located in the esophagus[130(60.5%)cases]followed by the stomach[68(31.6%)cases].AP was commonly found in the stomach[39(57.4%)cases],and it was removed using biopsy forceps in 97.5%of the cases.The most common FBs according to anatomical location were PTP medications(40%)and dental prostheses(DP)(40%)in the laryngopharynx,PTP(48.5%)in the esophagus,AP(57.4%)in the stomach,DP(37.5%)in the small intestine and video capsule endoscopy device(75%)in the colon.A transparent cap with grasping forceps was the most commonly used device[82(38.1%)cases].The success rate of the procedure was 100%,and complication were observed in only one case(0.5%).CONCLUSION Endoscopic management of FBs and FBI in our Hospital is extremely safe and effective.

乳腺癌根治术后定制化组织补偿物与常规bolus剂量学对比及急性皮肤反应影响

目的探讨定制化组织补偿物与常规blous用于乳腺癌根治术后胸壁放疗的优势,并验证其临床特性。方法基于定位CT图像获取20例乳腺癌改良根治术后放疗患者的胸壁数据,制作定制化组织补偿物,分别验证定制化组织补偿物和常规bolus与胸壁的贴合性,通过Eclipse计划系统比较计划和实际使用两种组织补偿物的剂量学参数及其对急性皮肤反应的影响。结果定制化组织补偿物无论是在胸壁贴合性方面还是实际计划剂量分布方面均优于常规bolus;且定制化组织补偿物在对急性皮肤反应方面优于常规bolus。结论定制化组织补偿物在实际操作中方便可行,且价格适中,值得临床应用。

湿纱布与bolus在腱鞘巨细胞瘤放疗中的剂量学差异

目的:探讨利用湿纱布与bolus在腱鞘巨细胞瘤放疗中的剂量学差异。方法:回顾性选取8例采用湿纱布作为组织等效补偿膜的腱鞘巨细胞瘤患者,以原始CT扫描序列作为第一组数据,勾画实际body(不包括纱布),然后,添加虚拟bolus,获得第二套数据。分别在Varian Eclipse 13.6制作两组计划(Plangauze和Planbolus),比较两组数据的剂量学差异。最后,采用两组模体,分别实测两种组织补偿物对射线的衰减程度,比较Plangauze和Planbolus的差异。结果:Plangauze组与Planbolus组的均匀性指数、适形度指数、Dmax、Dmean、总机器跳数以及低剂量区域体积(V10、V20)和高剂量区域体积(V80、V90)的比较均无统计学差异(P>0.05),两组计划靶区剂量均能满足临床要求,且两组模体中,Plangauze和Planbolus实测剂量值差异较小。结论:使用湿纱布作为组织补偿物在腱鞘巨细胞瘤放疗中能达到虚拟bolus的剂量分布。考虑腱鞘巨细胞瘤的特殊性,使用湿纱布能够更好地包覆靶区,减小组织补偿下空腔,结果更加准确,可推荐作为该肿瘤的补偿物。

ZHIBAO SANBIAN WAN (至宝三鞭丸)——(Treasured Bolus of Triple Animal Penes)

Chief ComponentsPenis and testes of the ursine seal(Penis etTestes Callorhini)Penis of the deer(Penis Cervi)Penis and testes of the dog(Penis et TestesCanis)