Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a major carcinogenic compound that may be found in milk and dairy products resulting from ingestion of aflatoxin B1 by dairy animals. The study aimed at determining the level of aflatoxin M1 in ...Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a major carcinogenic compound that may be found in milk and dairy products resulting from ingestion of aflatoxin B1 by dairy animals. The study aimed at determining the level of aflatoxin M1 in milk and milk products from Bomet County. A total of 185 samples (150 raw milk and 35 processed milk and milk products) were randomly collected from milk collection sites and randomly selected milk kiosks respectively. The AFM1 was analyzed using a commercial ELISA kit (Ridascreen, aflatoxin M1 R-Biopharm, Product code, R5812, Darmstadt, Germany). Out of 185 samples investigated, 156 samples were positive for AFM1, an overall contamination rate of 84.32%. The samples with levels higher than the tolerance limit of 0.05 μg/l recommended by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and World Health Organization (WHO) limits were 43.8% mainly contributed by the raw milk compared to processed milk (52.0% versus 8.6%). Processed milk had insignificant level of contamination with aflatoxin M1 (Median 0.00 (IQR: 0.00, 0.00 μg/l) with a minimum of 0.00 μg/l and a maximum of 0.69 μg/l. Raw milk showed significant contamination, median 0.09 (IQR: 0.00, 0.50) μg/l with a minimum of 0.00 μg/l and a maximum of 2.93 μg/l. Although there was no significant differences in AFM1 levels with study sites (P = 0.217);the median levels of aflatoxin M1 was high in sites 1, 3, and 7. The sites that had median aflatoxin M1 levels below the WHO/FAO acceptable limits of 0.05 μg/l were sites 2, 4 and 6. Due to high incidence of AFM1 contamination of milk and milk samples in Bomet County, there is need for regular monitoring and regulation of AFM1 contamination in milk and its products in the County.展开更多
为打击僵尸网络,保障网络空间安全,提出一种新型的具备强抗毁性的社交僵尸网络(DR-SNbot),并给出了针对性的防御方法。DR-SNbot基于社交网络搭建命令与控制服务器(C&C-Server,command and control server),每个C&C-Server对应...为打击僵尸网络,保障网络空间安全,提出一种新型的具备强抗毁性的社交僵尸网络(DR-SNbot),并给出了针对性的防御方法。DR-SNbot基于社交网络搭建命令与控制服务器(C&C-Server,command and control server),每个C&C-Server对应一个不同的伪随机昵称,并利用信息隐藏技术将命令隐藏在日志中发布,进而提出一种新型的命令与控制信道。当C&C-Server不同比例地失效时,DR-SNbot会发出不同等级的预警,通知攻击者构建新的C&C-Server,并自动修复C&C通信以保障其强抗毁性。在实验环境中,即使当前C&C-Server全部失效,DR-SNbot仍能在短期内修复C&C通信,将控制率维持在100%。最后,基于伪随机僵尸昵称与合法昵称在词法特征上的差异性,提出一种僵尸昵称检测方法,可有效检测社交僵尸网络利用自定义算法批量生成的伪随机僵尸昵称。实验结果表明,该方法召回率达到93%,准确率达到96.88%。展开更多
文摘Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a major carcinogenic compound that may be found in milk and dairy products resulting from ingestion of aflatoxin B1 by dairy animals. The study aimed at determining the level of aflatoxin M1 in milk and milk products from Bomet County. A total of 185 samples (150 raw milk and 35 processed milk and milk products) were randomly collected from milk collection sites and randomly selected milk kiosks respectively. The AFM1 was analyzed using a commercial ELISA kit (Ridascreen, aflatoxin M1 R-Biopharm, Product code, R5812, Darmstadt, Germany). Out of 185 samples investigated, 156 samples were positive for AFM1, an overall contamination rate of 84.32%. The samples with levels higher than the tolerance limit of 0.05 μg/l recommended by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and World Health Organization (WHO) limits were 43.8% mainly contributed by the raw milk compared to processed milk (52.0% versus 8.6%). Processed milk had insignificant level of contamination with aflatoxin M1 (Median 0.00 (IQR: 0.00, 0.00 μg/l) with a minimum of 0.00 μg/l and a maximum of 0.69 μg/l. Raw milk showed significant contamination, median 0.09 (IQR: 0.00, 0.50) μg/l with a minimum of 0.00 μg/l and a maximum of 2.93 μg/l. Although there was no significant differences in AFM1 levels with study sites (P = 0.217);the median levels of aflatoxin M1 was high in sites 1, 3, and 7. The sites that had median aflatoxin M1 levels below the WHO/FAO acceptable limits of 0.05 μg/l were sites 2, 4 and 6. Due to high incidence of AFM1 contamination of milk and milk samples in Bomet County, there is need for regular monitoring and regulation of AFM1 contamination in milk and its products in the County.
文摘为打击僵尸网络,保障网络空间安全,提出一种新型的具备强抗毁性的社交僵尸网络(DR-SNbot),并给出了针对性的防御方法。DR-SNbot基于社交网络搭建命令与控制服务器(C&C-Server,command and control server),每个C&C-Server对应一个不同的伪随机昵称,并利用信息隐藏技术将命令隐藏在日志中发布,进而提出一种新型的命令与控制信道。当C&C-Server不同比例地失效时,DR-SNbot会发出不同等级的预警,通知攻击者构建新的C&C-Server,并自动修复C&C通信以保障其强抗毁性。在实验环境中,即使当前C&C-Server全部失效,DR-SNbot仍能在短期内修复C&C通信,将控制率维持在100%。最后,基于伪随机僵尸昵称与合法昵称在词法特征上的差异性,提出一种僵尸昵称检测方法,可有效检测社交僵尸网络利用自定义算法批量生成的伪随机僵尸昵称。实验结果表明,该方法召回率达到93%,准确率达到96.88%。
