Batch CGTase Production with Free and Immobilized <i>Bacillus firmus</i>Strain 37 in Bovine Bone Charcoal

The present study aimed to study the batch production of CGTase (cyclomaltodextrin-glucanotransferase) with Bacillus firmus strain 37 free and immobilized in bovine bone charcoal in batch mode and in a fluidized bed batch reactor, respectively. The bovine bone charcoal is an innovative support material for the immobilization of microorganisms’ producers of enzymes and the use of this microbial support allows its reuse to a significant cost reduction of the process. The batch fermentation with free cells was investigated for 96 h and reached a CGTase activity equal to 0.77 U/mL. When the microorganism was immobilized on bovine bone charcoal (7 g) and cultivated in fluidized bed batch reactor with air supplementation (1 volume of air/volume of medium * minute), the same activity could be achieved in 24 h. The results of enzymatic activity achieved show the potential of CGTase production in a short time with Bacillus firmus strain 37 immobilized in bovine bone charcoal matrix and using air supplementation in the production medium.

Copper Adsorption from Wasterwater Using Bone Charcoal

Bone charcoal (BC) is being developed as a treatment for decontamination of polluted water. In this study, bone charcoal was obtained by pyrolysis of cow bones and tested for the elimination of copper from aqueous solutions. The minimum time to reach the removal equilibrium by adsorption was 10 min with a maximum of copper removal equal to 9615 mg/g. Different kinetics models were applied to fit the experimental data: the pseudo second-order model correlated the results with a linear correlation coefficient equal to 1.

Bovine Bone Charcoal as Support Material for Immobilization of <em>Bacillus firmus</em>Strain 37 and Production of Cyclomaltodextrin Glucanotransferase by Batch Fermentation in a Fluidized Bed

The process described in the present work uses air supplementation in a fluidized bed reactor containing Bacillus firmus strain 37 immobilized on active bovine bone charcoal, to produce by batch fermentation the enzyme CGTase (cyclomaltodextrin-glucanotransferase). Three different aeration rates were evaluated. The maximum CGTase activity was achieved after 120 hours of fermentation with aeration rate of 2 vvm and was equal to 2.48 U/mL. When 0.5 and 1 vvm were used the enzymatic activities achieved 1.1 and 0.57 U/mL, respectively. Bovine bone charcoal was characterized in terms of surface area, pore size and volume. To the best of our knowledge, the immobilization of microorganism cells in bovine bone charcoal for CGTase production has not been reported in the literature. Our results showed that fluidized bed reactor allows retaining high concentration of biomass, improving biomass-substrate contact and operation at low residence times, which resulted in improved enzyme production. Therefore, the process as proposed has great potential for industrial development.

Assessment of bone charcoal dusts of six species of mammal for the postharvest control of Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius(Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae)infestations of cowpea seeds:can the charcoal dust affect seed viability in laboratory and in field?

Objectives:The possibility that bone charcoal dusts of some species of mammal will control the major insect pest of stored cowpea seeds and the implications on seed viability(after pest control process)were investigated in the laboratory at ambient temperature(30±3°C)and relative humidity(70±5%)and in field.Materials and Methods:Standard entomological and agronomical techniques were used.Results:The results showed that at 1.0%w/w dosage,the bone charcoal dusts of Ovis aries and Bos taurus were more effective than permethrin standard insecticide in killing adult Callosobruchus maculatus Fab.infesting cowpea seeds in storage.Bos taurus had a faster action speed than permethrin at 1.0%w/w.At 1.5%w/w of dust,all the species of mammal investigated deterred oviposition considerably in C.maculatus females,whereas only the bone charcoal dusts of O.aries and Sus scrofa were comparable with permethrin in suppressing adult emergence and seed damage;S.scrofa only was comparable with permethrin in reducing larval density.Bone charcoal dusts of O.aries and S.scrofa require chemical and olfactory analyses to know if they might have caused irritation to the insects and disrupted insect circadian rhythm,affecting behaviour and mating activities,adversely.The bone charcoal dusts of the six species of mammal at a highest test dose of 1.5%w/w allowed high seed viability in both laboratory and field.Conclusion:The study recommends the use of bone charcoal dusts of O.aries and S.scrofa at economical-and quality-favourable dose 1.5%w/w for managers seeking to control C.maculatus insect attacking cowpea seeds in storage.The transitive components of the bones,abrasion of the insect epicuticle lipid layer by the charcoal dust,and combustion-related toxic factors were responsible for the insecticidal activities of the bone charcoal dusts of the mammals.

组配钝化剂对设施土壤污染镉的钝化效果及植株富集镉的影响

为明确组配钝化剂对设施土壤污染镉的钝化效果,采用生物模拟方法,以外源添加镉的设施土壤为研究对象,探究骨炭粉、生物炭、纳米腐殖质组配钝化剂对设施土壤污染镉的钝化效果和对小白菜富集镉的影响。主要研究结果如下:(1)当骨炭粉、生物炭和纳米腐殖质总添加量为2%、5%,配施比例为1∶5∶2时,钝化效果最为显著。土壤有效态Cd含量显著降低,降幅为12.72%~15.73%,更易使Cd形态从弱酸提取态转化为可还原态、可氧化态和残渣态,土壤pH值显著升高0.22~0.34个单位,土壤有效磷含量显著增长15.28%~23.73%,土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶活性显著升高,增幅分别为23.21%~52.98%、57.75%~67.75%。添加量为5%时,小白菜地上部Cd含量显著降低14.67%;总添加量为2%时,小白菜根部Cd含量显著降低14.47%。(2)其他处理也表现出了一定的钝化效果。总添加量为5%,配施比例为1∶2∶2时,土壤的有效态Cd含量显著降低了10.93%。总添加量为2%、5%,配施比例为1∶5∶5时,土壤有效态Cd含量显著降低,降幅为7.49%~7.56%。(3)通过相关性分析得出,土壤的pH值升高会降低土壤的有效态Cd含量,提高土壤有效磷含量、过氧化氢酶及脲酶活性;土壤有效态Cd含量升高会使小白菜地上部Cd含量升高,同时使土壤有效磷含量及过氧化氢酶活性降低,有效态Cd含量降低会使小白菜地上部Cd含量降低。综上所述,组配钝化剂在不同添加量及配施比例下,总体上可以有效提高土壤pH值、有效磷含量以及过氧化氢酶、脲酶活性;降低土壤的有效态Cd含量和小白菜Cd含量。此外,进一步从节约经济成本的角度进行综合分析,推荐骨炭粉、生物炭、纳米腐殖质总添加量为2%,配施比例为1∶5∶2,对Cd污染设施土壤的钝化效果最好。

Evaluation on Feasibility of Sintered Cattle Bone Powder as a Heavy Metal Adsorbent

Quite some bones of cows and pigs are discharged from home and restaurant industry as food wastes after cooking by boiling. This study conducted adsorption experiment of heavy metals using waste bones as an absorbent for recycling the waste bone and evaluated its feasibility. Sintered cattle bone (SCB) was manufactured in powder form after sintering at 550°C - 600°C and pulverizing, and crystal structure examined by XRD was similar to synthetic hydroxyl apatite. Adsorption equilibrium of single component such as Pb, Cd, and Zn was able to be expressed by isotherm equations of Langmuir, Freundlich, and Sips. Among them, Sips isotherm was accorded best. Also, IAST (ideal adsorbed solution theory) was used to predict multi-component adsorption equilibrium and correlation between those predicted values and empirical values was satisfactory. Adsorption affinity on SCB was in order of Pb, Cd, and Zn and it was corresponded with cases of activated carbon or synthetic hydroxyapatite. Finally, this study confirmed feasibility of SCB as an adsorbent of the heavy metal in real field of wastewater treatment.

强化饮水除砷剂的研制

长期饮用高砷水有害人体健康 ,而改饮低砷水可以缓解已发病者的症状。研究经济、高效、简便的饮水除砷剂是十分必要的。本课题研制的强化除砷剂具有除砷容量高 ,出水的含砷量低于 0 0 5mg L ;除砷功能专一 ,即只除去水中的砷而不改变水中其它元素的组成和含量 ;操作管理简单 ,进水、出水均无需调节pH ;除砷成本低 ,每吨成本仅为活性氧化铝或颗粒活性炭的 1 5 ,氧化催化剂可重复使用。有望广泛用于高砷水地区集中式和分散式供水的除砷系统。

实验室与田间条件下骨炭粉与海藻肥对镉污染土壤修复效果评价

本研究基于小麦、玉米、高粱籽粒及烟草烟叶镉(Cd)消减率、修复边际效率及土壤中Cd有效态含量的变化等对比了实验室与田间条件下骨炭粉与海藻肥对Cd污染农田土壤的修复效果。研究结果表明:骨炭粉与海藻肥使玉米、小麦、高粱和烟草对Cd的吸收、转运均有显著(P<0.05)降低作用;在田间条件下,骨炭粉与海藻肥对不同作物籽粒或烟叶的Cd消减率为16.2%~39.8%,可增加作物产量12.3%~38.6%。钝化剂对不同作物增产效果有一定差异,对小麦籽粒增产作用最为有效。研究发现添加钝化剂改变了Cd在土壤团聚体中的分布,使得Cd在大粒径团聚体中负载量增加,并且与对照相比,显著提高土壤pH(提高0.43~0.77),降低土壤Cd的有效性,有利于控制Cd在土壤-植物系统中的迁移。总体而言,不同钝化剂的Cd污染土壤修复边际效率为3.99%~14.74%,同海藻肥相比,骨炭粉的修复边际效率较高。不同钝化剂在盆栽实验的修复效果优于田间实验的效果,可能是因为相比于田间实验,盆栽实验条件下根系的作用范围有限,钝化剂的作用效果较高。

骨碳诱导HAP结晶除磷的影响因素研究

目的确定骨碳诱导HAP结晶各影响因素的最佳值,提高废水中磷的回收利用率.方法选择骨碳作为晶种,采用正交试验,通过极差分析与方差分析确定最佳实验条件,并进行单因素试验.结果极差分析显示各因素影响程度大小依次为p H值、搅拌时间、初始P质量浓度、n(Ca)∶n(P);最佳试验组合为p H=9、P初始质量浓度40 mg/L、搅拌时间37.5 h、n(Ca)∶n(P)=1.7.方差分析显示p H值、p H值和初始P质量浓度交互作用以及P初始质量浓度和搅拌时间的交互作用对除磷效果影响显著.结论随着静置时间、搅拌时间、P初始质量浓度、骨碳粒径的增加除磷率也随之增加,骨碳粒径对除磷效果的影响并不明显,骨碳有一定供碱能力.

骨炭除氟方法及其设施的研究

骨炭的吸附容量比活性氧化铝高2.6倍,接触时间短,滤速快,价格便宜,是一种性能良好的新型除氟剂。采用简单的处理工艺,成功地解决了集中式除氟的技术问题,处理水氟含量≤1.0mg/L,为高氟水地区推广骨炭除氧提供了实践经验。

国产环孢素A对小鼠免疫功能的抑制作用

当剂量为25～100mg/kg·d^(-1),ig×4d时,国产环孢素A(CsA)显著抑制小鼠脾脏空斑形成细胞数和溶血素生成,并呈剂量依赖方式。该剂量给药10d,可显著抑制2,4—二硝基氯苯所致小鼠迟发型皮肤超敏反应。CsA(50 mg/kg·d^(-1),ig×14d)能明显延长小鼠移植心脏的存活时间。CsA(50,100mg/kg·d^(-1),ig×4d)对小鼠iv碳粒廓清速率和骨髓细胞数均无明显影响。国产CsA和进口CsA对小鼠脾脏空斑形成细胞反应的抑制作用无显著差异。

竹炭与猪骨炭对甲醛吸附性能的研究

甲醛污染是备受关注的环境问题。实验制备了猪骨炭及竹炭,并在不同条件下研究了对甲醛的吸附性能,同时对两种吸附剂通过FTIR分光光度计、XRD进行了表征,表征分析显示骨炭中含有钙、羟基和磷酸基团,表明骨炭有更好的亲和力、孔隙率高、比表面积大。并用制备的猪骨炭和竹炭对甲醛溶液进行处理,结果表明,在一定条件下,猪骨炭和竹炭对甲醛的吸附率分别达54.8%和50.42%,饱和吸附量分别为2.167 mg/g和2.075 mg/g,吸附过程符合Langmiur模型。

骨炭、过磷酸钙对稀土矿区停耕稻田土壤细菌群落的影响

磷是农作物生长和高产必不可少的元素,细菌是揭示土壤生态环境演变的重要指示剂。运用盆栽实验探讨骨炭、过磷酸钙对稀土矿区土壤细菌群落的影响。研究表明,含磷材料对稀土矿区停耕土壤细菌群落的影响与P含量、pH、稀土元素离子浓度,时间、温度等因素相关。过磷酸钙添加40 d后、骨炭添加80 d后,稀土矿区停耕稻田土壤细菌群落Chao、Ace指数均有升高,土壤细菌群落多样性增大;pH是影响细菌群落结构和功能的关键因子,酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)与pH显著负相关,疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)与pH显著正相关;骨炭、过磷酸钙中的P促进变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的生长,无论是40 d,还是80 d时,骨炭处理与过磷酸钙处理的土壤变形菌门(Proteobacteria)所占比例均大于对照处理;骨炭、过磷酸钙中的磷酸根离子与土壤中的稀土元素反应形成磷酸稀土沉淀,减少了溶液中的稀土元素浓度,导致骨炭、过磷酸钙处理的土壤柯氏假丝酵母菌(Candidatus_koribacter)丰度低于对照处理;土壤细菌群落结构受时间、温度等因素的影响,骨炭、过磷酸钙、对照处理40~80 d时,随着时间、温度的变化,疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)丰度发生了显著变化。研究表明,骨炭、过磷酸钙对稀土矿区停耕稻田均有一定的修复效果。

骨炭粉对Cd污染农田的修复效果与稳定性评价

为了探明骨炭粉对Cd污染土壤的修复效果及稳定性,以潮土与红壤Cd污染农田土壤为对象,基于土壤Cd有效态、作物降Cd率(DR,%)及降Cd失活率(IR,%)等指标,研究田间条件下施用3种浓度(0.25%、0.50%及1.0%)骨炭粉对Cd污染土壤的修复效果及120,360d后修复效果的稳定性.结果表明:骨炭粉处理均能有效促进潮土与红壤中作物生长,增加作物产量.施用骨炭粉能不同程度提高土壤中pH值、阳离子交换量(CEC)、全磷及有效磷含量;其中,0.5%和1.0%骨炭粉处理均显著(P<0.05)提高土壤pH值、土壤全磷及有效磷含量.与对照相比,不同骨炭粉处理120d后潮土和红壤中有效态Cd含量分别降低32.1%~48.4%、32.8%~56.2%,360d后土壤中有效态Cd仍然显著低于对照,降幅为26.9%~37.8%、25.8%~39.5%.对修复后三季作物Cd吸收测定结果表明,与对照相比,不同浓度(0.25%~1.0%)骨炭粉处理的第一季作物降Cd率(DR-Cd)分别达36.0%~60.4%、33.9%~58.2%,作物降Cd率随骨炭粉施用量增加而增加.基于降Cd失活率(IR-Cd)对骨炭粉修复效果的稳定性测定结果表明,潮土与红壤施用骨炭粉360d后,第三季作物降Cd失活率IR-Cd为21.2%~34.7%和6.2%~21.6%,表明在酸性红壤中修复效果的稳定性大于潮土.综上骨炭粉对Cd污染土壤的修复效果及其稳定性结果表明,骨炭粉在Cd污染农田土壤修复中具有较大应用价值.

餐厨垃圾生化尾渣蚯蚓堆肥中矿物的调节效应

餐厨垃圾生化尾渣的资源化利用是餐厨垃圾生化处理后的新难点,针对餐厨垃圾生化尾渣中的高盐分和低腐熟度问题,本研究以脱硫石膏和骨炭作为添加剂,探究脱硫石膏与骨炭对餐厨垃圾生化尾渣蚯蚓堆肥中的调节效应,研究其对蚓体生长及蚯蚓堆肥基本性状变化规律的影响。结果表明:脱硫石膏和骨炭添加均可促进蚯蚓生长繁殖,且骨炭添加下蚯蚓生长状况相对更优;蚯蚓处理可降低蚯蚓堆肥pH而提高其电导率(EC)和总养分含量;骨炭较之脱硫石膏添加下所获蚯蚓堆肥pH、总养分含量和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均升高,而其EC、脲酶(UA)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性则均降低。腐熟度变化表明,蚯蚓活动和骨炭添加均可降低堆肥中C/N和NH^(+)_(4)-N/NO^(-)_(3)-N,增加其腐殖质(HS)、胡敏酸(HA)、富里酸(FA)含量和种子发芽指数(GI)。因此,在餐厨垃圾生化尾渣中添加骨炭进行蚯蚓堆肥以降低盐分和提高腐熟度具有一定可行性。

羟基磷灰石、骨炭对Pb^(2+)、Cd^(2+)吸附性能的差异研究

通过间歇试验研究了羟基磷灰石(HAP)和骨炭(BC)对Pb^(2+)和Cd^(2+)吸附-解吸特性的差异,并借助红外光谱技术(FTIR)研究了HAP和BC对Pb^(2+)、Cd^(2+)吸附机制上的差异。结果表明,HAP和BC对Pb^(2+)和Cd^(2+)的吸附过程与Henry型和Freundlich型等温方程均具有较好拟合性,且BC对Pb^(2+)的吸附固定能力及吸附速率均明显高于HAP,而HAP对Cd^(2+)的吸附固定能力及吸附速率高于BC。

改性骨炭去除饮用水中氟离子的研究

文章旨在研究改性骨炭对饮用水中氟离子的去除效果。用AlCl3对常见的骨炭进行改性,并考察了pH、氟溶液初始浓度、温度及吸附剂用量对氟离子吸附去除的影响。结果表明:经AlCl3溶液改性的骨炭,用量为0.2 g/L时,其在24 h内对10 mg/L氟离子的去除率达97%以上。该吸附剂比未改性效果好,具有一定的应用前景。

牛骨炭对水溶液中Hg(Ⅱ)吸附性的研究

以牛骨为原料,氯化锌为活化剂制备牛骨基炭,通过静态吸附试验研究了牛骨炭对水中Hg(Ⅱ)的吸附效果并确定了影响吸附性能的因素。研究结果表明:牛骨炭对Hg(Ⅱ)的最佳吸附时间约为2 h、吸附温度为25℃、pH值为1、投加量为0.1 g、吸附溶液的最大初始浓度为600 mg/L,其最大吸附容量Q0为43.1 mg/g,吸附行为符合Freundlich吸附等温模型;通过BET分析和扫描电镜(SEM)等手段表征了牛骨炭的孔结构参数及形貌特征,经分析,所制备牛骨炭的孔径分布为中孔。

红麻、厌氧混合菌群及红麻骨炭对土壤重金属镉的修复

解厌氧混合菌群、红麻种植及红麻骨炭粉对镉污染土壤修复的影响,本研究采用洒菌后盆栽薄膜覆盖封闭、盆栽无薄膜覆盖封闭及大田无薄膜覆盖封闭进行处理,通过对盆栽水稻收割后的株高等10个性状进行考种调查及对三套方案各处理的水稻糙米重金属Cd含量进行检测,并检测各处理在洒菌时(前期)收割时(后期)土壤Cd化学形态。结果表明:无薄膜封闭处理比有薄膜封闭处理后的农艺性状较好,性状大小顺序为HYT>HY>Y>CK,干谷产量与对照相比,HYT的产量增加49.65%,HY增加35.45%,Y的产量增加21.24%;各处理对谷子糙米Cd含量降低具有一定作用,糙米Cd含量高低顺序均为HYT<HY<Y<CK,与对照CK处理相比,其中盆栽无薄膜封闭的HYT处理降低了93.13%,HY处理降低了83.26%,大田无薄膜封闭的HYT处理降低了63.36%,HY处理降低了34.91%;三套试验的各处理对土壤重金属Cd都具有一定的降低转移能力,有薄膜封闭处理为Y降低转移能力最强,其次是HYT。盆栽无薄膜封闭处理和大田无薄膜封闭处理均为HYT降低转移能力最强,HY次之。各处理土壤镉金属形态中的可利用形态均降低,并且不可利用形态增加,从而降低植物对其的吸收。盆栽无薄膜封闭处理和大田无薄膜封闭处理的变化趋势相似。

负载铝离子的新型骨炭吸附剂除氟特性

中国地下高氟水分布广泛,氟中毒是中国一种主要水致的地方病。为提高骨炭吸附剂的除氟效果,采用金属盐浸渍方法对骨炭进行改性处理,制备成负载铝离子的新型骨炭吸附剂,试验研究了载铝骨炭对水中氟离子的吸附和去除特性,包括改性后骨炭的吸附动力学和吸附等温线等。结果表明:当出水中氟离子浓度为1.0 mg/L时,载铝骨炭吸附容量为0.35 mg/g,比原料骨炭的吸附容量高75%;吸附平衡时间为3.0 h,比原料骨炭快50%。对载铝骨炭的铝离子负载量和浸出量进行检测,原料骨炭上铝离子负载量为10.06mg/g,浸出液中未检测到铝离子。通过改性,载铝骨炭具有较高的吸附容量和较快的吸附速率,抗离子干扰能力强,是一种非常适合在高氟地下水地区使用的饮用水除氟吸附剂。