Exogenous bone morphogenetic protein-7 reduces hepatic fibrosis inSchistosoma japonicum-infected micevia transforming growth factor-β/Smad signaling

AIM: To investigate the antifibrotic effects of bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) on Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum )-induced hepatic fibrosis in BALB/C mice. METHODS: Sixty BALB/C mice were randomly divided into three groups, including a control group (group A, n = 20), model group (group B, n = 20) and BMP-7 treated group (group C, n = 20). The mice in group B and group C were abdominally infected with S. japonicum cercariae to induce a schistosomal hepatic fibrosis model. The mice in group C were administered human recombinant BMP-7. Liver samples were extracted from mice sacrificed at 9 and 15 wk after modeling. Hepatic histopathological changes were assessed using Masson's staining. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), phosphorylated Smad2/3 (pSmad2/3) and Smad7 protein levels and localization were measured by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry, respectively, and their mRNA expressions were detected by reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS: The schistosomal hepatic fibrosis mouse model was successfully established, as the livers of mice in group B and group C showed varying degrees of typical schistosomal hepatopathologic changes such as egg granuloma and collagen deposition. The degree of collagen deposition in group C was higher than that in group A (week 9: 22.95±6.66vs 2.02±0.76; week 15: 12.84±4.36 vs 1.74±0.80; P<0.05), but significantly lower than that in group B (week 9: 22.95±6.66 vs 34.43±6.96; week 15: 12.84±4.36 vs 18.90±5.07;P<0.05) at both time points. According to immunohistochemistry data, the expressions of α-SMA, TGF-β1 and pSmad2/3 protein in group C were higher than those in group A (α-SMA: week 9: 21.24±5.73 vs 0.33±0.20; week 15: 12.42±4.88 vs 0.34±0.27; TGF-β1: week 9: 37.00±13.74 vs 3.73±2.14; week 15: 16.71±9.80 vs 3.08±2.35; pSmad2/3: week 9: 12.92±4.81 vs 0.83±0.48; week 15: 7.87±4.09 vs 0.90±0.45; P<0.05), but significantly lower than those in group B (α-SMA: week 9: 21.24±5.73 vs 34.39±5.74; week 15: 12.42±4.88 vs 25.90±7.01; TGF-β1: week 9: 37.00±13.74 vs 55.66±14.88; week 15: 16.71±9.80 vs 37.10±12.51; pSmad2/3: week 9: 12.92±4.81 vs 19.41±6.87; week 15: 7.87±4.09vs 13.00±4.98;P<0.05) at both time points; the expression of Smad7 protein in group B was higher than that in group A and group C at week 9 (8.46±3.95 vs 1.00±0.40 and 8.46±3.95 vs 0.77±0.42; P<0.05), while there were no differences in Smad7 expression between the three groups at week 15 (1.09±0.38 vs 0.97±0.42 vs 0.89±0.39; P>0.05). Although minor discrepancies were observed, the results of RT-PCR and Western blotting were mainly consistentwith the immunohistochemical results. CONCLUSION: Exogenous BMP-7 significantly decreased the degree of hepatic fibrosis in both the acute and chronic stages of hepato-schistosomiasis, and the regulatory mechanism may involve the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway.

Roles and regulation of bone morphogenetic protein-7 in kidney development and diseases

The gene encoding bone morphogenetic protein-7(BMP7) is expressed in the developing kidney in embryos and also in the mature organ in adults. During kidney development, expression of BMP7 is essential to determine the final number of nephrons in and proper size of the organ. The secreted BMP7 acts on the nephron progenitor cells to exert its dual functions: To maintain and expand the progenitor population and to provide them with competence to respond to differentiation cues, each relying on distinct signaling pathways. Intriguingly, in the adult organ, BMP7 has been implicated in protection against and regeneration from injury. Exogenous administration of recombinant BMP7 to animal models of kidney diseases has shown promising effects in counteracting inflammation, apoptosis and fibrosis evoked upon injury. Although the expression pattern of BMP7 has been well described, the mechanisms by which it is regulated have remained elusive and the processes by which the secretion sites of BMP7 impinge upon its functions in kidney development and diseases have not yet been assessed. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms will pave the way towards gaining better insight into the roles of BMP7, and to achieving desired control of the gene expression as a therapeutic strategy for kidney diseases.

Heterotopic ossification after the use of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-7

AIM To present the incidence of heterotopic ossification after the use of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-7(rhB MP-7) for the treatment of nonunions.METHODS Bone morphogenetic proteins(BMPs) promote bone formation by auto-induction. Recombinant human BMP-7 in combination with bone grafts was used in 84 patients for the treatment of long bone nonunions. All patients were evaluated radiographicaly for the development of heterotopic ossification during the standard assessment for the nonunion healing. In all patients(80.9%) with radiographic signs of heterotopic ossification, a CT scan was performed. Nonunion site palpation and ROM evaluation of the adjacent jointswere also carried out. Factors related to the patient(age, gender), the nonunion(location, size, chronicity, number of previous procedures, infection, surrounding tissues condition) and the surgical procedure(graft and fixation type, amount of rhB MP-7) were correlated with the development of heterotopic ossification and statistical analysis with Pearsons χ~2 test was performed.RESULTS Eighty point nine percent of the nonunions treated with rh BMP-7, healed with no need for further procedures. Heterotopic bone formation occurred in 15 of 84 patients(17.8%) and it was apparent in the routine radiologi-cal evaluation of the nonunion site, in a mean time of 5.5 mo after the rh BMP-7 application(range 3-12). The heterotopic ossification was located at the femur in 8 cases, at the tibia in 6, and at the humerus in οne patient. In 4 patients a palpable mass was present and only in one patient, with a para-articular knee nonunion treated with rhB MP-7, the size of heterotopic ossification affected the knee range of motion. All the patients with heterotopic ossification were male. Statistical analysis proved that patient's gender was the only important factor for the development of heterotopic ossification(P = 0.007). CONCLUSION Heterotopic ossification after the use of rh BMP-7 in nonunions was common but it did not compromise the final clinical outcome in most cases, and affected only male patients.

RETINOIC ACID DOWN-REGULATES BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN 7 EXPRESSION IN RAT WITH CLEFT PALATE

Objective To evaluate the effects of retinoic acid （RA） on expression of bone morphogenetic protein 7 （ BMP-7 ） in rat fetus with cleft palate, and the effects of RA on proliferation and apoptosis of osteoblasts. Methods All-trans RA （ATRA） was used to induce congenital cleft palate in Wistar rat. BMP-7 mRNA expression in maxillary bone tissue of fetal rats was measured by Northern blotting analysis. Flow cytometry and MTF assay were used to measure the apoptosis and proliferation of ATRA-treated MC-3T3-E1 cells. BMP-7 mRNA and protein expressions in ATRA-treated MC-3T3-E1 cells were detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting analysis. Remilts ATRA could induce cleft palate of rat fetus. The incidence rate of cleft palate induced by 100 mg/kg AT-RA （45.5%） was significantly higher than 50 mg/kg ATRA （ 12.5%, P 〈 0. 05 ）. BMP-7 mRNA expression decreased in maxillary bone tissue of rat fetus with cleft palate. MC-3T3-E1 cells proliferation treated with 1 × 10^-6 mol/L ATRA decreased by 60%, the cell apoptosis increased by 2 times. BMP-7 mRNA and protein levels in MC-3T3-E1 cells treated with 1 × 10^-6 mol/L ATRA decreased by 60% and 80%, respectively, compared with ATRA-untreated cells （ P 〈 0.05 ）. Conclusions BMP-7 may play an important role in embryonic palate development. RA may possess the ability to down-regulate cell proliferation through regulation of BMP-7 gene expression.

Bone morphogenetic protein 7 mediates stem cells migration and angiogenesis:therapeutic potential for endogenous pulp regeneration

Pulp loss is accompanied by the functional impairment of defense,sensory,and nutrition supply.The approach based on endogenous stem cells is a potential strategy for pulp regeneration.However,endogenous stem cell sources,exogenous regenerative signals,and neovascularization are major difficulties for pulp regeneration based on endogenous stem cells.Therefore,the purpose of our research is to seek an effective cytokines delivery strategy and bioactive materials to reestablish an ideal regenerative microenvironment for pulp regeneration.In in vitro study,we investigated the effects of Wnt3a,transforming growth factor-beta 1,and bone morphogenetic protein 7(BMP7)on human dental pulp stem cells(h-DPSCs)and human umbilical vein endothelial cells.2D and 3D culture systems based on collagen gel,matrigel,and gelatin methacryloyl were fabricated to evaluate the morphology and viability of h-DPSCs.In in vivo study,an ectopic nude mouse model and an in situ beagle dog model were established to investigate the possibility of pulp regeneration by implanting collagen gel loading BMP7.We concluded that BMP7promoted the migration and odontogenic differentiation of h-DPSCs and vessel formation.Collagen gel maintained the cell adhesion,cell spreading,and cell viability of h-DPSCs in 2D or 3D culture.The transplantation of collagen gel loading BMP7 induced vascularized pulp-like tissue regeneration in vivo.The injectable approach based on collagen gel loading BMP7 might exert promising therapeutic application in endogenous pulp regeneration.

Construction of Adeno-associated Virus System for Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7 Gene

To construct the recombinant adeno-associated virus （rAAV） vector with human bone morphogenetic protein 7 （BMP7） and observe the BMP7 mRNA expression in vitro, BMP7 CDS sequence was cloned into expression plasmid pAAV-MCS of AAV Helper Free System. The recombinant plasmid was identified with enzyme digestion and sequencing. The recombinant plasmid, pAAV-RC, pHelper were co-transfected into AAV-293 cells according to the calcium phosphate-based protocol. The viral stock was collected by 4 rounds of freeze/thaw. After purified and concentrated, the recombinant virus titer was determined by dot-blot assay. HEK293 cells were transfected with the recombinant virus at different MOI, and the expression of BMP7 mRNA was detected by RT-PCR. The results showed rAAV-BMP7 was constructed and packaged successfully. The physical particle titer was 2.5×10^11 vector genomes/mL. There was different expression level of BMP7 mRNA after transfecton. These data suggested that recombinant AAV mediated a stable expression of hBMP7 mRNA in 293 cells. The AAV production method may pave the way of an effective strategy for the jaw bone defection around dental implants.

Potential bone-inducing activity in vitro of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-7 from a CHO expression system

Objective: To express the recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-7(rhBMP-7) in Chinese hamster ovary(CHO) cells, and to establish the in vitro biological activity assay of rhBMP-7.Methods: Human BMP-7 cDNA was subcloned into p114 mammalian expression vector and transfected to CHO cells by using the Lipofectamine 2000 transfection method. CHO cell supernatants were harvested and analyzed to identify the molecule mass of secreted rhBMP-7 and examine its biological activity in vitro to stimulate the synthesis of alkaline phophatase(ALP), a characteristic of osteoblast phenotypes. Results: rhBMP-7 was produced stably in CHO cells, as a processed mature disulfide-linked homodimer, with an apparent molecular mass of 36 000. Examination of the rhBMP-7 biological activity showed that rhBMP-7 specifically stimulated the production of ALP(4-fold increase at 100 ng of rhBMP-7/ml). Conclusion: The rhBMP-7 from CHO expression system has significant biological activity in induction of osteoblast phenotype, which demonstrates rhBMP-7 has the potential bone regeneration activity.

Expression of bone morphogenetic protein 7 in the cerebral cortex of rats after ischemic-hypoxic injury

BACKGROUND： Some researches demonstrate that exogenous bone morphogenetic protein 7 （BMP-7） can protect ischemic cerebral nerve tissue and promote recovery of motor energy function; however, there is lack of direct evidences of endogenous BMP-7 effect. OBJECTIVE： To observe the expression of endogenous BMP-7 in nerve tissue with ischemic-hypoxic injury and investigate the possible effects on damaged nerve tissue. DESIGN： Observational contrast animal study. SETTING： Department of Anatomy and Histoembryology, Peking University Health Science Center. MATERIALS： The experiment was carried out in the Nerve Researching Laboratory of Anatomy Department, Peking University Health Science Center from October 2006 to March 2007. A total of 25 adult male SD rats weighing 250 - 300 g and several newborn SD rats were selected from Experimental Animal Center, Peking University Health Science Center. Rabbit-anti-BMP-7 polyclonal antibody was provided by Wuhan Boster Company. METHODS： ① Adult rats were randomly divided into ischemia group （n =10）, sham operation group （n = 10） and normal group （n =5）. Right external-internal carotid artery occlusion was used to infarct middle cerebral artery of adult rats in the ischemia group so as to copy focal cerebral infarction models. Line cork was inserted in crotch of internal and external carotid artery of adult rats in the sham operation group, while adult rats in the normal group were not given any treatments. ② Cerebral cortex of newborn rats was separated to obtain cell suspension. Cells which were cultured for 10 days were divided into control group and hypoxia/reoxygenation group. And then, cells in the hypoxia/reoxygenation group were cultured in hypoxic incubator for 4 hours and given reoxygenation for 24 hours. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Immunohistochemical method was used to measure expression of BMP-7 in cerebral cortex at 24 hours after ischemia/reperfusion culture and in primary hypoxic culture. RESULTS： ① At 24 hours after cerebral ischemia, expression of BMP-7 in cerebral cortex on ischemic side was stronger than that on non-ischemic side in adult rats; meanwhile, numbers of cell expression were increased. However, expression of BMP-7 was not detected in bilateral cerebral cortex of adult rats in both control group and sham operation group. ② After hypoxia of cerebral cortex in primary culture, positive products of BMP-7 were observed in plasma of neuron, but expression of BMP-7 was not found in normal cerebral cortex. CONCLUSION： Endogenous BMP-7 has protective effects on nerve tissue induced by ischemic-hypoxic injury.

Bone morphogenetic protein-7 induced bone marrow stromal cells differentiate into neuron-like cells

Bone morphogenetic protein-7 is widely accepted as an inducer for bone marrow stem cells differentiating into osteoblasts and chondrocytes. Whether bone marrow stromal cells differentiate into neuron-like cells remains unclear. The current study examined the presence of positive cells for intermediate filament protein and microtubule associated protein-2 in the cytoplasm of bone marrow stromal cells induced by bone morphogenetic protein-7 under an inverted microscope, while no expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein was found. Reverse transcription PCR electrophoresis also revealed a positive target band for intermediate filament protein and microtubule-associated protein 2 mRNA. These results confirmed that bone morphogenetic protein-7 induces rat bone marrow stromal cells differentiating into neuron-like cells.

Molecular Cloning and Sequence Analysis of FullLength cDNA Encoding Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein—7

Objective:To clone the full-length human bane morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7 ) gene and analyse its sequence, to aid in investigation of its function and structure. Methods : Total RNA was isolated from Chinese fetal kidney by the acid gmnidinium thiocyanate phenol-chloroform method. Two overlapping segments of human BMP- 1 cDNA were obtained by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. Following application, the two segments were ligated to each other and subcloned into POEM-T easy vector to form PEGM-T easy/hBMP-7 recombinant plasmid. Sanger dideoxy chain-termination method was used to sequence the cDNA. Results. There was 750 bp fragment obtained RT-PCR using #2 primer from 5' end of BMP-7 gene (PCR by using # 2 and # 1) ,and 540 bp fragment from 3' end was generated by KT-PCR using # 4 primer (PCR using # 3 and # 4). Full-length cDNA encoding BMP-7 was obtained by religation of two segments. When compared with hBMP-7 sequence in Gene bank (XM30619) ,our full-length BMP-7 cDNA has a G instead of a T at nucleotide 862. This change results in valine substituting for phenylalanine in the protein. Conclusion. This is the first time that BMP-7 cDNA was successfully cloned from Chinese fetal kidney. BMP-7 cDNA plays an important role in healing injuries of the osteo-articular system. This makes BMP-7 is an attractive target far various clinical applications.

The Use of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-7 and Resveratrol in Collagen Type II of Articular Cartilage

This study aimed to investigate the effects of resveratrol and bone morphogenetic protein 7 on type II collagen from superficial and middle zone of porcine articular chondrocytes. Articular cartilage was isolated from dissected porcine knee joint n = 12. Isolated cells were plated as monolayers at a density of 1 × 105 cells/well in 12-well culture plates and incubated at 37℃ in a humid atmosphere of 5% carbon dioxide and 95% air. Cell cultures were treated for four days with various concentrations of bone morphogenetic protein-7 and resveratroL Cells were then collected and analysed for collagen type II expression by real time polymerase chain reaction and protein level quantification by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cartilage tissue sections were localised for collagen type II by immunohistochemistry. Moreover, resveratrol and bone morphogenetic protein-7 effects on cartilage matrix contents were analysed by histology. Resveratrol and bone morphogenetic protein-7 stimulates expression of collagen type II mRNA and protein level accumulation in the surface zone and middle zone at 50μM ＋ 300 ng/ml （RSV ＋ BMP-7）. Immunohistochemistry results confirmed the presence of collagen type II on articular cartilage. Histological tissue sections confirmed that chondrocytes were obtained from different zones of articular cartilage. The study suggests that a combination of bone morphogenetic protein-7 and resveratrol up-regulate the expression and synthesis of collagen type II.

Influence of bone morphogenetic proteins-2 and strontium chloride on the human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells proliferation and osteogenic differentiation

Objective To study the effects of combination of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and strontium chloride on proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells(hUCM-SCs)in vitro culture.

基于BMP-2/BMP-7机制探讨生龙接骨胶囊预防老年骨质疏松性胸腰椎骨折术后再发性骨折的作用

目的探讨生龙接骨胶囊对老年骨质疏松性胸腰椎骨折(OTF)术后再发性骨折的作用,并基于骨形态发生蛋白-2/骨形态发生蛋白-7(BMP-2/BMP-7)机制初步分析其作用机制。方法选取2020年1月至2022年10月在南昌市洪都中医院收治的100例行经皮椎体成形术(PVP)的老年OTF患者为研究对象,按随机数字表法分为常规组(50例)和胶囊组(50例)。常规组采用常规的PVP治疗,胶囊组患者在常规组基础上服用生龙接骨胶囊治疗。比较两组患者椎体结构(Cobb角和伤椎椎体前缘高度比)、治疗前后血清BMP-2、BMP-7水平、骨代谢指标[骨特异性碱性磷酸酶(BALP)、Ⅰ型原胶原N端前肽(PⅠNP)、骨钙素(OST)]、骨密度(BMD)、康复情况[Oswestry腰椎功能障碍指数(ODI)]评估、疼痛等级[视觉模拟评分法(VAS)]评分、临床有效率、椎体再骨折发生率和不良反应发生情况。结果治疗后,两组患者Cobb角改善,伤椎椎体前缘高度比优于治疗前,胶囊组均优于常规组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);胶囊组的BMP-2、BMP-7表达量高于常规组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);患者术后再发性骨折情况均良好,胶囊组愈合速度快于常规组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后,胶囊组的BALP、PⅠNP、OST均高于常规组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组患者的BMD高于治疗前,且胶囊组高于常规组,ODI评分、VAS评分均低于治疗前,且胶囊组低于常规组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);胶囊组的临床总有效率(95.0%)高于常规组(80.0%),胶囊组的再骨折发生率(4%)低于常规组(18%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组患者均未见明显不良反应。结论生龙接骨胶囊能通过上调患者血清BMP-2、BMP-7水平,改善BMD从而预防老年OTF的术后再发性骨折,其机制可能与生龙接骨胶囊能刺激BMP信号通路,加速成骨细胞分化有关。

A型肉毒毒素防治额部外伤瘢痕的美学效果及对血清TGF-β_(1)、BMP-7水平的影响

目的:探讨A型肉毒毒素防治额部外伤瘢痕的美学效果及对血清TGF-β_(1)、BMP-7水平的影响。方法:选取2020年7月-2022年10月笔者医院收治的84例额部外伤患者为研究对象,按随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组,各42例。对照组采用清创美容缝合联合外用硅凝胶制剂防治瘢痕;观察组采用美容缝合拆线后伤口两侧注射A型肉毒毒素防治瘢痕。拆线后3个月,统计比较两组瘢痕临床防治有效率、瘢痕评分[温哥华瘢痕量表(Vancouver scar scale,VSS)]、瘢痕疼痛或瘙痒程度评分[视觉模拟评分法(Visual analogue scale,VAS)]、患者满意度、血清转化生长因子β_(1)(Transforming growth factor-β_(1),TGF-β_(1))和骨成型蛋白7(Recombinant bone morphogenetic protein 7,BMP-7)水平及不良反应。结果:观察组VSS评分、瘢痕疼痛或瘙痒程度VAS评分低于对照组(P<0.05);观察组瘢痕临床防治有效率为90.47%,高于对照组的69.04%(P<0.05);观察组患者满意度高于对照组(P<0.05);观察组TGF-β_(1)水平低于对照组,BMP-7水平高于对照组(P<0.05);两组均未发生严重不良反应。结论:额部软组织外伤患者美容缝合拆线后伤口两侧注射A型肉毒毒素可抑制瘢痕形成,有效提升瘢痕防治有效率及患者满意度,其临床效果可能与调控血清TGF-β_(1)和BMP-7水平有关,且安全性较高,具有一定的临床应用价值。

子宫内膜癌BMP7、Id1、Id3表达及其与病理特征的相关性

目的 探讨子宫内膜癌骨形态发生蛋白7(BMP7)、分化抑制蛋白1(Id1)、分化抑制蛋白3(Id3)表达及其与病理特征的相关性。方法 纳入2022年1~12月医院收治的60例子宫内膜癌患者为研究组,选择30例同期其他妇科手术行诊断性刮宫的正常子宫内膜患者为对照组,采用实时荧光定量及蛋白质印迹法检测两组BMP7、Id1、Id3的m RNA和蛋白含量,分析其与病理特征的相关性。结果 研究组BMP7、Id1、Id3的m RNA及蛋白表达高于对照组(P<0.05);除年龄、病理类型、宫颈间质受累外,BMP7、Id1、Id3蛋白表达水平比较,低分化者高于中+高分化者,国际妇产科协会(FIGO)分期Ⅲ期高于Ⅰ+Ⅱ期,肌层浸润≥1/2者高于肌层浸润<1/2者,有淋巴结转移者高于无淋巴结转移者,有附件转移者高于无附件转移者(P<0.05);经Spearman分析结果显示:BMP7、Id1、Id3 m RNA表达水平与分化程度、FIGO分期、肌层浸润、淋巴结转移及附件转移均呈中度正相关,r值为0.625~0.746(P<0.05)。结论BMP7、Id1、Id3表达与子宫内膜癌病理特征存在一定关联,通过监测其水平表达有助于评估子宫内膜癌病情。

Chondrogenic Differentiation of Mouse Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Induced by Cartilage-derived Morphogenetic Protein-2 In Vitro

To study the cartilage differentiation of mouse mesenchymal stem cells （MSCs） induced by cartilage-derived morphogenetic proteins-2 in vitro, the MSCs were isolated from mouse bone marrow and cultured in vitro. The cells in passage 3 were induced into chondrogenic differentiation with different concentrations of recombinant human cartilage-derived morphogenetic proteins-2 （0, 10, 20, 50 and 100 ng/mL）. After 14 days of induction, morphology of cells was observed under phase-contrast microscope. Collagen Ⅱ mRNA and protein were examined with RT-PCR, Western blotting and immunocytochemistry respectively and the sulfate glycosaminoglycan was measured by Alcian blue staining. RT-PCR showed that CDMP-2 could promote expression of collagen Ⅱ mRNA in an dose-dependant manner, especially at the concentration of 50 ng/mL and 100 ng/mL. Immunocytochemistry and Western blotting revealed a similar change. Alcian blue staining exhibited deposition of typical cartilage extracellular matrix. Our results suggest that mouse bone marrow mesencymal stem cells can differentiate into chondrogenic phonotype with the induction of CDMP-2 in vitro, which provides a basis for further research on the role of CDMP-2 in chondrogenesis.

骨形态发生蛋白7通过下调Ajuba减轻糖尿病肾病大鼠肾纤维化

目的:探讨在糖尿病肾病(DKD)大鼠模型中,骨形态发生蛋白7(BMP7)是否通过下调Ajuba水平,降低Yes相关蛋白1(YAP1)的表达,进而减轻细胞外基质(ECM)沉积从而减轻DKD大鼠肾组织纤维化程度。方法:18只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组(NC组)、糖尿病组(DM组)和DM+过表达BMP7腺相关病毒组(DM+rAAVBMP7组),每组6只。采用尾静脉注射55 mg/kg链脲佐菌素(STZ)建立DM大鼠模型。NRK-52E细胞分为正常糖组、高糖(HG)组和HG+rhBMP7组。HE和天狼星红染色观察大鼠肾皮质病理形态学变化;免疫组织化学染色检测肾皮质Ajuba、YAP1的表达部位;Western blot法检测大鼠肾皮质及NRK-52E细胞中BMP7、Ajuba和YAP1、Ⅲ型胶原(Col-Ⅲ)和纤维连接蛋白(FN)的蛋白表达水平;RT-qPCR检测大鼠肾皮质Ajuba和YAP1 mRNA的表达水平。结果:生化指标检测显示DM组大鼠血糖、血肌酐、甘油三酯、总胆固醇及24 h尿蛋白水平较NC组显著升高(P<0.05),尿肌酐较NC组显著降低(P<0.05);与DM组相比,DM+rAAV-BMP7组大鼠血肌酐、24 h尿蛋白定量水平、甘油三酯和总胆固醇显著降低(P<0.05),尿肌酐显著升高(P<0.05);病理染色显示DM组肾间质出现炎症细胞浸润及胶原纤维沉积,肾小管萎缩且排列紊乱,DM+rAAV-BMP7组的病理变化较DM组显著改善;免疫组化结果显示在肾皮质中Ajuba和YAP1主要表达于细胞质和细胞核,且在DM组高表达,但DM+rAAV-BMP7组其表达则显著降低;Western blot结果显示DM组或HG组中FN、Col-Ⅲ、Ajuba和YAP1的蛋白水平上调(P<0.05),但在DM+rAAV-BMP7组中上述蛋白表达水平又显著降低(P<0.05);RT-qPCR结果显示DM组Ajuba、YAP1的mRNA水平较NC组显著上升(P<0.05),DM+rAAV-BMP7组Ajuba、YAP1的mRNA水平较DM组又显著降低(P<0.05)。结论:过表达BMP7可减轻DKD大鼠的肾纤维化,其机制可能与下调Ajuba,减少YAP1的表达,从而抑制了ECM的沉积有关。

肾衰营养胶囊对肾性骨病模型大鼠肾功能和骨代谢的改善作用及其对BMP-7/Smads信号通路的影响

目的:探讨肾衰营养胶囊对肾性骨病模型大鼠的改善作用及其对骨形态发生蛋白(BMP)-7/Smads信号通路的影响,阐明肾性骨病模型大鼠肾功能和骨代谢与肾性骨病的关系。方法:选取50只SPF级SD大鼠,随机选取10只大鼠作为对照组,另外40只大鼠建立肾性骨病模型。将30只造模成功大鼠分为模型组、阳性对照组和肾衰营养胶囊组,每组各10只。对照组和模型组大鼠采用生理盐水灌胃,阳性对照组大鼠给予0.01 mg·kg^(-1)骨化三醇灌服,肾衰营养胶囊组大鼠给予1.2 g·kg^(-1)肾衰营养胶囊灌服,均灌胃12周。采用HE染色观察各组大鼠股骨组织病理形态表现,全自动生化分析仪和化学发光法检测各组大鼠血清中肾功能和钙磷代谢指标,实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)法检测各组大鼠股骨组织中BMP-7和Smad1/5/8 mRNA表达水平,Western blotting法检测各组大鼠股骨组织中BMP-7、磷酸化BMP-7(p-BMP-7)、Smad1/5/8和磷酸化Smad1/5/8(p-Smad1/5/8)蛋白表达水平。结果:HE染色,对照组大鼠骨小梁排列正常,成骨细胞和类骨质面积未发生改变;模型组大鼠骨小梁宽度和平均类骨质面积增加,成骨细胞数量减少;阳性对照组和肾衰营养胶囊组大鼠骨小梁宽度及平均类骨质面积减小,成骨细胞数量增加。与对照组比较,模型组大鼠血尿素氮(BUN)和血肌酐(Scr)水平均升高(P<0.05);与模型组比较,阳性对照组和肾衰营养胶囊组大鼠BUN及Scr水平均降低(P<0.05);与阳性对照组比较,肾衰营养胶囊组大鼠BUN和Scr水平均降低(P<0.05)。与对照组比较,模型组大鼠血清中钙离子(Ca2+)水平降低(P<0.05),磷离子(P3-)、甲状旁腺激素(PTH)和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)水平均升高(P<0.05);与模型组比较,阳性对照组和肾衰营养胶囊组大鼠血清中Ca2+水平升高(P<0.05),P3-、PTH和ALP水平均降低(P<0.05);与阳性对照组比较,肾衰营养胶囊组大鼠血清中Ca2+水平升高(P<0.05),P3-、PTH和ALP水平均降低(P<0.05)。RT-qPCR法,与对照组比较,模型组大鼠股骨组织中BMP-7和Smad1/5/8mRNA表达水平降低(P<0.05);与模型组比较,阳性对照药组和肾衰营养胶囊组大鼠股骨组织中BMP-7及Smad1/5/8 mRNA表达水平升高(P<0.05);与阳性对照组比较,肾衰营养胶囊组大鼠股骨组织中BMP-7和Smad1/5/8 mRNA表达水平升高(P<0.05)。Western blotting法,与对照组比较,模型组大鼠股骨组织中BMP-7、p-BMP-7、Smad1/5/8和p-Smad1/5/8蛋白表达水平均降低(P<0.05);与模型组比较,阳性对照组和肾衰营养胶囊组大鼠股骨组织中BMP-7、 p-BMP-7、 Smad1/5/8和p-Smad1/5/8蛋白表达水平均升高(P<0.05);与阳性对照组比较,肾衰营养胶囊组大鼠股骨组织中BMP-7、p-BMP-7、Smad1/5/8和p-Smad1/5/8蛋白表达水平均升高(P<0.05)。结论:肾衰营养胶囊可改善肾性骨病模型大鼠的肾功能和钙磷代谢紊乱,促进骨髓基质细胞增殖,改善骨代谢情况,其机制可能与激活BMP-7/Smads信号通路有关。

慢性肾脏病患者血清BMP2,BMP7水平表达与左心室肥厚的相关性研究

目的探讨慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)患者血清骨形成蛋白2(bone morphogenetic protein 2,BMP2)、骨形成蛋白7(bone morphogenetic protein 7,BMP7)水平表达与左心室肥厚(left ventricular hypertrophy,LVH)的相关性。方法收集2019年6月~2023年6月延安市人民医院收治的93例CKD患者为CKD组,根据是否并发LVH分为LVH组(n=34)和非LVH组(n=59)。并于同期选取60例健康体检者为对照组。收集各组临床资料并采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测血清BMP2和BMP7水平,Spearman秩相关分析血清BMP2和BMP7与CKD分期的关系。Logistic回归分析CKD患者并发LVH的影响因素,绘制ROC曲线评估血清BMP2,BMP7和两指标联合检测对LVH的诊断价值。结果CKD组血清BMP2(106.09±19.34 pg/ml)高于对照组(83.76±15.27 pg/ml),BMP7(15.16±4.92 pg/ml)低于对照组(26.53±5.80 pg/ml),差异具有统计学意义(t=7.559,13.002,均P<0.05)。CKDⅠ期,Ⅱ期,Ⅲ期,Ⅳ期和Ⅴ期患者血清BMP2水平依次升高(90.32±6.04,98.56±6.63,110.32±7.49,121.13±7.82,131.81±7.97 pg/ml),血清BMP7水平依次降低(20.06±2.79,17.01±2.22,13.34±2.18,11.20±2.01,9.35±2.09pg/ml),差异具有统计学意义(F=19.863,11.567,均P<0.05)。血清BMP2与CKD分期呈正相关(r=0.592,P<0.05),血清BMP7与CKD分期呈负相关(r=-0.603,P<0.05)。BMP2是LVH独立危险因素[OR(95%CI):1.640(1.317~2.043),P<0.05];BMP7升高是CKD患者并发LVH的保护因素[OR(95%CI):0.521(0.349~0.779)P<0.05]。血清BMP2,BMP7对LVH均有诊断价值,AUC(95%CI)分别为0.782(0.719~0.832)和0.791(0.726~0.859),二者联合检测的AUC(95%CI)为0.873(0.812~0.930),诊断价值大于单一指标(Z=2.357,2.027,均P<0.05)。结论CKD患者BMP2异常升高,BMP7异常下降,两指标异常表达与CKD病情及LVH相关,早期联合检测可作为诊断LVH的指标。

帕立骨化醇对肾性骨病大鼠骨代谢及TGF-β/BMP-7/Smad通路的影响

目的:探讨帕立骨化醇对肾性骨病(ROD)大鼠骨代谢及转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)/骨形态发生蛋白-7(BMP-7)/Smad通路的影响。方法:将90只大鼠随机分为6组:对照组、模型组、帕立骨化醇低剂量(0.2μg/kg)组、帕立骨化醇中剂量(0.4μg/kg)组、帕立骨化醇高剂量(0.8μg/kg)组、骨化三醇(10μg/kg)组,每组15只,对照组大鼠以普通饲料喂养,其余各组大鼠用含有腺嘌呤的饲料喂养,诱导建立ROD模型。分组进行药物治疗后,测定各组大鼠肾功能指标血尿素氮(BUN)与血肌酐(Scr)水平、血钙与血磷水平、股骨骨密度(BMD)、股骨生物力学指标最大载荷、弹性模量与屈服载荷、血清炎症因子IL-6、IL-17水平;采用蛋白免疫印迹法检测骨组织TGF-β/BMP-7/Smad通路蛋白表达情况。再次取45只大鼠随机分为3组:帕立骨化醇(0.8μg/kg)组、TGF-β抑制(LY2157299,150 mg/kg)组、帕立骨化醇(0.8μg/kg)+TGF-β抑制(LY2157299,150 mg/kg)组,每组15只,同样方法建立ROD模型。分组以药物治疗后,测定各组大鼠肾功能指标与股骨生物力学指标水平。结果:与对照组比较,模型组大鼠血钙水平、BMD、弹性模量、最大载荷、屈服载荷、骨组织TGF-β/BMP-7/Smad通路蛋白TGF-β及BMP-7表达、p-Smad3/Smad3显著降低(P<0.05),BUN与Scr水平、血磷水平、血清IL-6与IL-17水平显著升高(P<0.05)。与模型组比较,帕立骨化醇低、中、高剂量组和骨化三醇组大鼠血钙水平、BMD、弹性模量、最大载荷、屈服载荷、骨组织TGF-β/BMP-7/Smad通路蛋白TGF-β及BMP-7表达、p-Smad3/Smad3均升高,BUN与Scr水平、血磷水平、血清IL-6与IL-17水平均降低,且帕立骨化醇各组之间呈剂量依赖性(P<0.05),帕立骨化醇高剂量组和骨化三醇组比较,大鼠各指标差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与帕立骨化醇+TGF-β抑制组比较,帕立骨化醇组大鼠肾功能指标BUN、Scr与血磷水平降低(P<0.05),血钙水平、BMD、弹性模量、最大载荷、屈服载荷升高(P<0.05);TGF-β抑制组大鼠肾功能指标BUN、Scr与血磷水平升高(P<0.05),血钙水平、BMD、弹性模量、最大载荷、屈服载荷降低(P<0.05)。结论:帕立骨化醇可通过激活TGF-β/BMP-7/Smad信号通路抑制炎症反应,改善ROD大鼠肾功能及骨代谢异常,降低血磷水平,提高血钙水平及骨密度,修复骨生物力学,改善骨病症状。