The Effect of Jet Grouting on Enhancing the Lateral Behavior of Piled Raft Foundation in Soft Clay(Numerical Investigation)

Soft clay soils cannot usually support large lateral loads,so clay soils must be improved to increase lateral resistance.The jet grouting method is one of the methods used to improve weak soils.In this paper,a series of 3D finite element studies were conducted using Plaxis 3D software to investigate the lateral behavior of piled rafts in improved soft clay utilizing the jet grouting method.Parametric models were analyzed to explore the influence of the width,depth,and location of the grouted clay on the lateral resistance.Additionally,the effect of vertical loads on the lateral behavior of piled rafts in grouted clay was also investigated.The numerical results indicate that the lateral resistance increases by increasing the dimensions of the jet grouting beneath and around the piled raft.Typical increases in lateral resistance are 11.2%,65%,177%,and 35%for applying jet grouting beside the raft,below the raft,below and around the raft,and grouted strips parallel to lateral loads,respectively.It was also found that increasing the depth of grouted clay enhances lateral resistance up to a certain depth,about 6 to 10 times the pile diameter(6 to 10D).In contrast,the improvement ratio is limited beyond 10D.Furthermore,the results demonstrate that the presence of vertical loads has a significant impact on sideward resistance.

Mechanical Behaviors and Deformation Properties of Retaining Wall Formed by Grouting Mould-Bag Pile

The simplified mechanical model and finite element model are established on the basis of the measured results and analysis of the grouting pile deformation monitoring,surface horizontal displacement and vertical displacement monitoring,deep horizontal displacement(inclinometer)monitoring,soil pressure monitoring and seepage pressure monitoring in the lower reaches of Wuan River regulation project in Shishi,Fujian Province.The mechanical behavior and deformation performance of mould-bag pile retaining wall formed after controlled cement grouting in the silty stratum of the test section are analyzed and compared.The results show that the use of controlled cement grouting mould-bag pile technology is to strengthen the soft stratum for sealing water and reinforcement,so that it can rock into a retaining wall,which can both retain soil and seal water with excellent effect.The control of cement grouting technology not only makes the soft soil rock in the range of retaining wall of mould-bag pile,but also makes a wide range of soil around the mould-bag pile squeeze and embed to compaction;and its cohesion and internal friction angle increased,so as to achieve the purpose of reducing soil pressure and improving mechanical and deformation properties of retaining wall.

Numerical Analysis of the Settlement of Composite Foundation Reinforced with Crushed Stone Grouting Pile and Rigid Bearing Plate

This paper deals with a new type of crushed stone grouting pile with a rigid bearing plate. The load transfer characteristics were analyzed, and a settlement model of the composite foundation reinforced with crushed stone grouting pile and rigid bearing plate was built by FEM program. The effects of replacement ratio of capping plate, replacement ratio of pile, replacement ratio of grout diffusion zone, pile-soil modulus ratio, and serous-soil modulus ratio, on the composite foundation settlement were discussed. It is concluded that the proposed crushed stone grouting pile with a rigid bearing plate is effective in decreasing the settlement of composite foundation.

Quality Control Measures of Bored Pile in Bridge Construction

In order to improve the quality of bored piles in bridge construction and ensure the overall quality of the bridge,we analyzed a series of problems in the construction process of bored piles,then propose corresponding quality control measures,in hopes of improving quality control of bored piles in bridge construction in our country.

Calculation method of composite foundation sedimentation of grouting pile with cover plate under embankment load

Grouting pile is a new soft soil foundation treatment method with characteristics such as no vibration, no noise, no soil compaction, light construction machines and quick construction velocity and so on. At present, study on reinforcement mechanism and design calculation method of composite foundation of grouting pile is initially started without design specifications, so it is usually required to draw on design specifications of stump pile when designing composite foundation of grouting pile while grouting pile has its characteristics and difference although reinforcement mechanisms and construction processes of two types of piles are similar. Sedimentation formula of composite foundation of grouting pile with cover plate is educed and a suitable deformation mode is proposed by aiming to deformation characteristics of composite foundation of grouting pile with cover plate under embankment load on basis of relevant sedimentation theories of composite foundation by combination of characteristics of composite foundation of grouting pile. The sedimentation calculation formula of grouting pile with cover plate under embankment load is educed according to balance relation of force and displacement coordination conditions by elastic theory and sedimentation calculation model established is validated by sedimentation monitoring documents of one expressway in China.

Pressured Grouting Method (PGM) in Pile Engineering

Application of pressured grouting method (PGM) in pile engineering can tackle problems encountered during construction of bored piles. Bearing capacity of piles can be increased through compaction of subsoils around piles. This paper reports research efforts of this technique by the pile research team in Southwest Jiaotong University in last decade with respect to the construction process, test findings, and primary research conclusions. The social-economical benefits of this method and application market in pile engineering are also analyzed.

Regressive approach for predicting bearing capacity of bored piles from cone penetration test data

In this study, th e least sq u are su p p o rt v ecto r m achine （LSSVM） alg o rith m w as applied to predicting th ebearing capacity o f b ored piles e m b ed d ed in sand an d m ixed soils. Pile g eo m etry an d cone p e n e tra tio nte s t （CPT） resu lts w ere used as in p u t variables for pred ictio n o f pile bearin g capacity. The d ata u se d w erecollected from th e existing litera tu re an d consisted o f 50 case records. The application o f LSSVM w ascarried o u t by dividing th e d ata into th re e se ts： a train in g se t for learning th e pro b lem an d obtain in g arelationship b e tw e e n in p u t variables an d pile bearin g capacity, and testin g an d validation sets forevaluation o f th e predictive an d g en eralization ability o f th e o b tain ed relationship. The predictions o f pilebearing capacity by LSSVM w ere evaluated by com paring w ith ex p erim en tal d ata an d w ith th o se bytrad itio n al CPT-based m eth o d s and th e gene ex pression pro g ram m in g （GEP） m odel. It w as found th a t th eLSSVM perform s w ell w ith coefficient o f d eterm in atio n , m ean, an d sta n d ard dev iatio n equivalent to 0.99,1.03, an d 0.08, respectively, for th e testin g set, an d 1, 1.04, an d 0.11, respectively, for th e v alidation set. Thelow values o f th e calculated m ean squared e rro r an d m ean ab so lu te e rro r indicated th a t th e LSSVM w asaccurate in p redicting th e pile bearing capacity. The results o f com parison also show ed th a t th e p roposedalg o rith m p red icted th e pile bearin g capacity m ore accurately th a n th e trad itio n al m eth o d s including th eGEP m odel.

A case study on behaviors of composite soil nailed wall with bored piles in a deep excavation

深挖掘的一个完全的盒子被探索。根据实际工作条件， 3D 非线性的有限元素过程被用来模仿合成土壤支持的深挖掘有在软土壤的无聊的堆积的钉的墙。修改凸轮泥土模特儿在数字模拟作为土壤的组成的关系被雇用。从数字分析的结果与领域数据被适合很好，它显示使用的研究途径是可靠的。基于数据和钉的合成土壤的四个不同模式支持的深挖掘的数字结果围的地，重要角落效果深在 3D 被成立挖掘。如果无聊的堆积或土壤锚在钉的合成土壤被认为墙，他们对减少的变丑和在深挖掘附近的无聊的堆积，混合堆积的水泥，土壤锚，土壤钉和土壤的内部力量有益。而且，效果由于无聊的堆积比从土壤锚推出的那些更重要。上面提及的所有证明合成土壤与无聊的堆积钉了墙在深挖掘是可行的。

Grouted Pile and Its Bearing Capacity

The grouting method applied in bored pile is an improvement to the conventional bored pile. Load tests have proved that grouting under the bored pile tip is an effective method to enhance the bearing capacity of the pile and to reduce the pile settlement. In this paper, the grouting technology is described and pile load test results are discussed. In order to put the grouting method into design practice, the authors analyze the working mechanism of soil compaction. And, based on the theory of cavities expansion in soil mass, approximate formulae are proposed for estimating the bearing capacity of the grouted pile. The theoretical prediction agrees well with the load test results.

Comparative Examinations of Single Bored Piles Using International Codes

This paper presents some aspects of the load-settlement behavior for large diameter bored piles using four different international codes, namely: ECP 202 [1], DIN 4014 [2], AASHTO [3] and French Code [4]. Ultimate capacities for 38 pile load tests founded in realistic multi-layered soils in Delta and Port Saidareas atEgyptare evaluated using modified Chin (1970) method and compared to ultimate load predictions obtained by the aforementioned codes. Many statistical analyses were conducted on the total pile loads and individual contributions of tip and skin resistances. Based on code predictions of ultimate pile loads, an empirical modified load-settlement model is proposed. This model will simplify to a great extent the analysis of piled-raft systems as it can effortlessly predict pile settlement due to the load on pile itself. Comparisons showed that the pile load test is an irreplaceable process for determining the ultimate capacity of piles.

Dynamic estimation and reliability control of quality assurance for bored piles

A systematic method was proposed to estimate the occurrence probability of defective piles(OPDP) from a site according to quality assurance inspection. The OPDP was firstly suggested as the criterion to weight the performance of a pile foundation. Its prior distribution and updating distribution were deduced to follow Beta distributions. To calibrate the OPDP, a dynamic estimation model was established according to the relationships between prior mean and variance and updating mean and variance. Finally, a reliability-control method dealing with uncertainties arising from quality assurance inspection was formalized to judge whether all the bored piles from a site can be accepted. It is exemplified that the OPDP can be substantially improved when more definite prior information and sampling formation become available. For the example studied herein, the Bayesian estimator of updating variance for OPDP is reduced from 0.0037 to 0.0014 for the first inspection, from 0.0014 to 0.0009 for the second inspection, and with less uncertainty by incorporating experience information.

黏性土中桩侧后注浆单桩抗压承载性能室内模型试验研究

后注浆技术的应用能有效减少桩周土体扰动和泥皮等造成的不利影响,从而提高钻孔灌注桩的承载力。目前有关后注浆技术的研究多集中于桩端后注浆,少有涉及桩侧后注浆,影响了桩侧后注浆技术进一步推广应用。根据桩侧后注浆工艺,开展单桩抗压室内试验,以研究桩侧后注浆量对单桩抗压承载性能的影响。结果表明:在荷载水平较大的工况下,相较于桩侧后注浆量为1 L的单桩,注浆量为2、3 L时单桩极限抗压承载力分别提高18.2%和66.0%,提高幅度与注浆量呈正相关,并且可以在很大程度上减小桩顶沉降量;桩侧后注浆桩桩身轴力在侧注浆点位附近减小较快,在整个加载过程中桩端附近处桩身轴力值均比较低,单桩受压表现为摩擦桩;水泥浆液同时存在上返和下劈扩散,在室内试验条件下,两者扩散高度均约为14倍桩径,在浆液扩散段桩侧摩阻力得到显著提高,且越靠近注浆点位提高程度越明显。

不均匀卵石持力层桩端后注浆效果试验研究

我国东南沿海尤其是温州地区广泛存在上覆深厚软土下覆不均匀卵石的地层。该区域的钻孔灌注桩常采用后注浆技术改善其承载性能。为了评价后注浆技术对这类地层中灌注桩承载力改善效果,开展了相应的模型试验,对比了不同注浆量对桩承载力的影响程度;并结合扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope,简称SEM)试验分析了浆液分布特点,探讨了浆液在卵石层中的扩散范围,研究了浆液扩散范围与桩承载力之间的关系。结果表明:浆液能够有效地填充桩端卵石层,注浆量的增加使得填充范围扩大,填充范围为3~4倍桩径时,桩的承载力改善最显著。在不均匀卵石持力层中存在一个最优注浆量,最优归一化注浆量约为2.8,若超过该最优注浆量归一化值,桩的承载力不再显著提高。单桩模型试验确定的最优注浆量与刘金砺公式[1]的预测结果接近。扫描电镜技术有助于评价桩的后注浆技术在上覆深厚软土下覆不均匀卵石的土层中的效果。

新线引入既有客运专线车站软土地基加固技术

以新线引入既有客运专线车站软土地基加固工程为依托,开展布袋注浆桩试桩研究,分析不同浆液配比布袋注浆桩复合地基加固效果,对布袋注浆桩施工工艺、质量检验进行了研究。结果表明:布袋注浆桩机械设备高度低,对既有线影响小,对于空间受限的邻近营业线地基加固工程适用性强;提高单位面积布袋质量、采用桶式钻头引孔等可解决碎石成分类填土地基应用布袋注浆桩技术时遇到的布袋破裂、塌孔等问题。浆液质量配比水泥∶水∶粉煤灰=0.70∶0.55∶0.45时桩身无侧限抗压强度平均值9.6 MPa,加固效果优于高压旋喷桩;采用低应变反射波法检测桩体完整性效果较差,工程应用中应加强桩身取芯检测。

基于水平旋喷桩处置优化的地铁隧道施工变形控制分析

为研究富水砂层隧道中水平旋喷桩+超前小导管组合预加固的效果,以青岛地铁某区间段隧道为依托,采用有限元数值模拟方法,对比分析了无预加固、单独使用水平旋喷桩及旋喷桩配合超前小导管组合预加固三种工况的加固效果。结果表明,与无预加固方案相比,单独使用水平旋喷桩预加固可使地表沉降、拱顶沉降、掌子面纵向位移分别相应减少约61%、59%、38%;而水平旋喷桩与超前小导管组合预加固方案可使地表沉降、拱顶沉降、掌子面纵向位移分别相应减少约66%、77.6%、38.9%,典型开挖断面处与拱脚处地下水渗流量分别减少93.4%、96.7%,预加固效果与止水效果显著。

软土地区轨道交通桥梁下方灌注桩小净距施工影响

[目的]我国沿海软土地区灌注桩与运营轨道交通桥梁、桥墩间小净距的施工影响正成为制约城市轨道交通规划与建设的又一瓶颈因素,因此有必要研究小净距钻孔灌注桩施工对周围地层和桥墩的变形影响。[方法]以浙江某城市道路桩板结构形式下穿轨道交通桥梁在建工程为例,通过设计土体侧向变形监测试验和搭建既有桥梁、桥墩的位移智能监测系统,分析了深厚软土区地层与测斜孔的协同变形特性,以及钻孔灌注桩施工对周围地层及桥墩变形的影响规律。[结果及结论]为使测斜孔与地层具有较好的协同变形,软土区测斜孔施工后应稳定停留6 d;淤泥层对施工加载、卸载过程的敏感性较高,由施工引发的软土地层变形量最大;在施工条件下,桥墩3个方向的变形幅值约为未施工的2~3倍;成孔开挖和混凝土浇筑工序对桥墩深度方向的扰动影响较显著,因此已运营轨道交通桥梁下部施工的监测重点应为竖向位移。

静钻根植桩竖向承载性能现场试验研究

通过一组现场试验对同一场地内静钻根植桩的抗压和抗拔承载性能进行研究,试桩均加载至极限状态。通过抗压和抗拔静载试验对静钻根植桩的抗压和抗拔承载性能进行对比分析。试验结果表明:静钻根植桩的抗压承载性能相比传统钻孔灌注桩有显著提高,本次试验场地各土层中静钻根植桩的桩侧摩阻力是规范建议的钻孔灌注桩极限侧摩阻力的1.49~3.21倍;静钻根植桩抗拔承载性能也明显优于钻孔灌注桩,抗拔试桩的极限承载力是根据规范计算的钻孔灌注桩极限抗拔承载力的1.52~1.55倍;静钻根植桩抗拔状态下桩侧摩阻力明显小于抗压状态下的桩侧摩擦力,即静钻根植桩也存在侧阻抗拔系数。

静钻根植桩施工环境效应现场试验研究

静钻根植桩采用先钻孔注浆后植桩的施工技术,可以解决传统预制桩施工过程引起的挤土效应问题。然而,静钻根植桩施工过程中钻孔和注浆过程会对周围土体产生一定扰动,目前没有相关研究。文章通过一组现场试验对静钻根植桩施工过程中的钻孔、注浆搅拌和植桩阶段对周围土体的扰动规律进行研究。静钻根植桩施工前在钻孔周围土体中埋设土压力传感器,孔隙水压力传感器和测斜管,分别测试静钻根植桩施工过程中周围土体中水平土压力,超静孔隙水压力和深层土体水平位移的变化规律。研究结果表明:静钻根植桩施工过程会对周围土体造成一定扰动,而施工完成后周围土体中的水平土压力、超静孔隙水压力和深层土体水平位移迅速恢复;当水平距离达到4D(D为钻孔直径)时,静钻根植桩施工过程基本不会对土体产生影响;试验结果可以为静钻根植桩在地铁周围等施工位移控制敏感区域的应用提供理论依据。

基于三维数值模拟对岩溶区桩基注浆效果的研究

为了研究改良膨胀性注浆材料的注浆效果,通过室内试验采集浆液结石体物理力学参数,应用有限元软件Midas GTS NX在CATIA所构筑的三维溶洞模型的基础上,结合修正莫尔-库仑模型及弹性本构关系,分析了桩基础下土层的应力与变形在空洞及改良前后不同浆液填充状态下的变化规律,以此为标准对注浆效果进行对比分析。研究表明:对桩基础下溶洞进行注浆充填加固可有效保障桩基础及桩基础下溶洞的稳定性,避免工程事故的发生,相比于普通水泥浆液,改良膨胀性注浆材料的整体强度明显改善,变形与应力均有所减小,结构更均匀,更密实。同时也表明,通过数值模拟分析确定溶洞的注浆效果具有一定的可行性和指导意义,可为工程的设计与施工提供参考。

岩石隧道掘进机不良地质施工处置技术

岩石隧道掘进机(Tunnel Boring Machine,TBM)凭借其高效优质、作业安全等特点在铁路、公路、地铁、水利水电等领域广泛应用,在普通地质环境下推广顺利。复杂地质环境下致灾源多,如硬岩岩爆、软岩大变形、断层破碎带、涌水突泥等不良地质使TBM施工频繁出现围岩坍塌、支护失效、卡机淹井、设备损伤等问题。本文结合工程案例,从超前主动加固、注浆及锚固、管片支护、撑靴加固4个方面总结现有施工技术,以应对TBM穿越不良地质导致的刀盘卡机、护盾抱死、初期支护变形过大、撑靴打滑等问题,提升TBM在不良地质环境下的适应能力,为类似工程提供参考。