Efficiency of Botanical and Chemical Pesticides on the Control of Field Insect Pests under Cowpea Production

The pulse cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] holds a significant agricultural position in Uganda, ranking fourth among legume crops, following common beans, groundnuts, and soybeans. Known for its versatility, cowpeas are consumable at various developmental stages, from early seedling to maturity. However, the crop faces persistent pest challenges at each stage, leading to substantial yield losses. In Uganda, chemical insecticides are the primary pest control means, but their increased and excessive use raises environmental, health, and economic concerns. This has prompted a quest for alternative and sustainable solutions, prompting an exploration of botanical insecticides. This study, conducted at Makerere University Agricultural Research Institute (MUARIK), aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of three selected botanical insecticides versus four established chemical insecticides for managing cowpea insect pests under field conditions. The treatments included: Carbofuran, Cypermethrin 10% EC, Dimethoate, Pestwin, Pyrethrum ewc , Pyrethrum 5ew, Profenofos 40% Cypermethrin 4% EC mix, and Untreated, arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The significant pests studied were aphids, thrips, pod-sucking bugs, and legume pod borer. Results indicated substantial impacts of the treatments on pest infestation, with Profenofos 40% Cypermethrin 4% EC being the most effective against most pests. The plant parameter, plant height, was significantly affected by treatments in 2016B, while the number of pods was impacted in 2017A. Pestwin, a botanical insecticide blend (containing Azadirachtin indica, Pongamia pinnata, and Ricinus communis extracts) demonstrated superior efficacy against cowpea aphids. Moreover, it positively influenced plant height, number of pods, and pod biomass, surpassing many chemical insecticides. Pestwin’s environmental friendliness positions it as a potential contributor to reducing environmental pollution, making it a promising candidate for inclusion in IPM programs. Overall, the study underscores the importance of exploring botanical alternatives to chemical insecticides for sustainable pest management in cowpea cultivation.

Supplementation of vitamin E or a botanical extract as antioxidants to improve growth performance and health of growing pigs housed under thermoneutral or heat-stressed conditions

Background Heat stress has severe negative consequences on performance and health of pigs,leading to significant economic losses.The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of supplemental vitamin E and a botanical extract in feed or drinking water on growth performance,intestinal health,and oxidative and immune status in grow-ing pigs housed under heat stress conditions.Methods Duplicate experiments were conducted,each using 64 crossbred pigs with an initial body weight of 50.7±3.8 and 43.9±3.6 kg and age of 13-week and 12-week,respectively.Pigs(n=128)were housed individually and assigned within weight blocks and sex to a 2×4 factorial arrangement consisting of 2 environments(thermo-neutral(21.2℃)or heat-stressed(30.9℃))and 4 supplementation treatments(control diet;control+100 IU/L of D-α-tocopherol in water;control+200 IU/kg of DL-α-tocopheryl-acetate in feed;or control+400 mg/kg of a botanical extract in feed).Results Heat stress for 28 d reduced(P≤0.001)final body weight,average daily gain,and average daily feed intake(-7.4 kg,-26.7%,and-25.4%,respectively)but no effects of supplementation were detected(P>0.05).Serum vitamin E increased(P<0.001)with vitamin E supplementation in water and in feed(1.64 vs.3.59 and 1.64 vs.3.24),but not for the botanical extract(1.64 vs.1.67 mg/kg)and was greater when supplemented in water vs.feed(P=0.002).Liver vitamin E increased(P<0.001)with vitamin E supplementations in water(3.9 vs.31.8)and feed(3.9 vs.18.0),but not with the botanical extract(3.9 vs.4.9 mg/kg).Serum malondialdehyde was reduced with heat stress on d 2,but increased on d 28(interaction,P<0.001),and was greater(P<0.05)for antioxidant supplementation compared to control.Cellular proliferation was reduced(P=0.037)in the jejunum under heat stress,but increased in the ileum when vitamin E was supplemented in feed and water under heat stress(interaction,P=0.04).Tumor necrosis factor-αin jejunum and ileum mucosa decreased by heat stress(P<0.05)and was reduced by vitamin E sup-plementations under heat stress(interaction,P<0.001).Conclusions The addition of the antioxidants in feed or in drinking water did not alleviate the negative impact of heat stress on feed intake and growth rate of growing pigs.

In Vitro Efficacy Assessment of Botanical Extracts against Botrytis gladiolorum Causing Gladiolus Leaf Blight

An experiment was conducted at the Mycology laboratory, Department of Plant Pathology, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh to find out the efficacy of selected botanical extracts against Botrytis gladiolorum (Bg) causing gladiolus leaf blight. Infected leaves samples were collected from gladiolus farmers’ field and brought to the laboratory for study. Ten selected botanicals were used against the colony growth of (Bg). The botanicals were Mehendi, Chrysanthemum, Basil (Tulsi), Onion, Neem, Bael, Arjuna, Garlic, Aloevera (Ghritkumary) and Turmeric. Botanical extracts were applied at the rate of 5%, 10% and 20%. The radial mycelia growth was found minimum (11.60 mm) in garlic extract treated plate at the dose of 5% at 5 DAI, which was statistically similar with turmeric extract treated (14.00 mm) plate and the inhibition of growth was 60% and 51.72%, respectively. Similar trend was found at 10 DAI and 15 DAI. At 15 DAI, garlic and turmeric extract gave the best result against Bg, which was statistically similar with onion (50.07% inhibition) and mehendi (49.93%). All botanicals showed significantly different results over control and found effective in reducing the mycelial growth at the dose of 10%. At 5 DAI, no radial mycelia growth was found in garlic treated plate, which was statistically similar with onion treated plate, means that the inhibition of growth was 100%. Similar trend was also found at 10 DAI, and 15 DAI but at 15 DAI, onion (30.20 mm) gave the statistically similar results with Garlic (30.10 mm) and the mycelia growth inhibition was (57.70%) and (57.84%), respectively. In case of 20% dose, garlic extract showed the best result at 5 DAI and the radial mycelia growth was found minimum (00.00 mm) which was statistically similar with onion extract treated (00.00 mm) plate and turmeric extract treated plate. The inhibition of growth was 100%. At 15 DAI, the inhibition of fungal growth was found (73.74%), (71.23%) and (66.90%), respectively with treated by turmeric (18.80 mm), garlic (20.60 mm) and onion (23.70 mm).

Seed Germination and Vegetative Propagation of Promising Decorative Lonicera tatarica L. (Caprifoliaceae Juss.), Introduced into the Tashkent Botanical Garden (Uzbekistan)

Seed germination (in laboratory and field conditions) and vegetative reproduction (by cuttings) of a promising decorative species—Lonicera tatarica L. (Caprifoliaceae Juss.) was studied for the first time in the conditions of introduction of the Tashkent Botanical Garden of Uzbekistan. Thus, the optimal temperature for germination of L. tatarica seeds in laboratory conditions is +20°C + 22°C, at which germination was 73%. The germination rate of seeds sown in autumn in the field was 62%, and the germination rate of seeds sown in spring was 71%. It was noted that in greenhouse conditions at an air temperature of 20°C - 22°C and a relative humidity of 49% - 53%, the rootability of cuttings was 75%. It was revealed that the studied species adapted well to the conditions of introduction. Taking into account the effectiveness of vegetative reproduction of L. tatarica, it can be recommended for improving the aesthetic condition and landscaping of cities, landscaping and landscape design.

四种助剂对防治褐飞虱的植物源农药1%印楝素水分散粒剂毒力的影响

【目的】本研究旨在探究橙皮精油(orange peel essential oil,OPEO)、γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA)、卵磷脂及马来酸二乙酯(diethyl maleate,DEM)4种助剂对植物源农药1%印楝素水分散粒剂(water dispersible granule,WG)毒力的影响,筛选出有增效作用的助剂,将其作为1%印楝素WG防治褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens的桶混助剂。【方法】利用稻苗浸渍法和连续浸液法评价印楝素及添加助剂OPEO、GABA、卵磷脂或DEM后对褐飞虱3龄若虫的毒力;测定印楝素(20 mg a.i./L)及添加助剂处理后,褐飞虱3龄若虫体内谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(glutathione S-transferase,GST)、羧酸酯酶(carboxylesterase,CarE)及乙酰胆碱酯酶(acetylcholinesterase,AChE)3种酶活性;测定添加助剂后对印楝素药液(40 mg a.i./L)与水稻叶片接触角的影响。【结果】稻苗浸渍法处理后96 h,添加DEM使印楝素对褐飞虱3龄若虫胃毒性毒力显著增强,增效比为1.512;连续浸液法处理后72 h,添加OPEO或DEM使印楝素对褐飞虱3龄若虫内吸性毒力显著增强,其增效比分别为1.486及1.560;添加OPEO或DEM分别使褐飞虱3龄若虫体内GST活性比印楝素单剂处理分别降低69.4%和65.5%;添加DEM使CarE活性比印楝素单剂处理降低88.2%;添加OPEO或DEM后,印楝素药液液滴与水稻正面叶片的初始接触角从110°分别降至64.5°或67.9°。【结论】添加OPEO或DEM能明显提高印楝素对褐飞虱的毒力,提高印楝素药液在水稻叶片上的润湿性。因此,将OPEO或DEM作为1%印楝素WG防治褐飞虱的桶混助剂有一定的应用价值。

Enlightenment of COVID-19 Treated by Botanical Drugs on the Development of Drugs for Rare Diseases in China

Objective To study the feasibility of developing botanical drugs to treat intractable diseases and play an important role in dealing with major public health crises.Methods From January 1990 to May 2021,a bibliographic search was carried out on the use of botanical drugs,rare disease drugs,related registration management policies and regulations in PubMed and CNKI.The following keywords were searched in the database:Rare disease policies and regulations,orphan drugs,botanical drugs for intractable diseases,botanical drugs for the treatment of new coronary pneumonia,traditional Chinese medicine,and emergency guidelines for major public health crisis.Other data were obtained from“Chinese Pharmacopoeia”and relevant Chinese government websites for sorting and analysis.Results and Conclusion Based on 39 Chinese corresponding policies and regulations,challenges and opportunities of developing and researching drugs for treating rare diseases were found out after the analysis and comparison.Based on the study of national policies on drugs for rare diseases,the priority review and approval procedures in the drug registration,as well as China’s emergency guidelines and policies for major public health events,some problems in the use of drugs for rare diseases are found out.Therefore,it is recommended to actively adopt the property rights protection system,explore the folk prescriptions of traditional Chinese medicine and the potential of hospital preparations,and the registration review strategy of giving priority to the use of botanical drugs for rare diseases.Thus,the international status of botanical drugs for rare disease and the influence of responding to major public health events can be enhanced.

Former Botanical Garden of ORSTOM(Côte d’Ivoire):What Remain after Thirty Years of Abandonment and Forest Restoration

Botanical gardens represent important places for ex situ conservation.One of these botanical gardens has been abandoned in Côte d’Ivoire for 30 years.This is the former botanical garden of ORSTOM.This study was conducted to determine the level of diversity of this former garden in order to assess the opportunity for its rehabilitation.The authors carried out inventories in 18 quadrats of 500 m2 through the vegetation to collect woody species.Dendrometric measurements(height,diameter)were also recorded to assess the structure of the site.A total of 190 species have been identified.They belong to 141 genera and 47 families.This former botanical garden contains important species because of their origin,status or particularity(threatened,endemic,rarity,etc.).A total of 19 threatened species including 2 endangered and west African endemic(Chrysophyllum azaguieanum J.Miège,Placodiscus pseudostipularis)were found at the site.Also,Chrysophyllum azaguieanum is declared extinct from Côte d’Ivoire.Four species are rare in the flora of Côte d’Ivoire:Balanites wilsoniana,Chrysophyllum azaguieanum,Gilletiodendron kisantuense and Loesenera kalantha.The most abundant species is Hopea odorata.Although this introduced species is considered globally vulnerable,it presents a risk of invasion in the forest of Côte d’Ivoire.The diameter and height structures show that all the stages of development are presented indicating a good regeneration on the site.Ultimately,this botanical garden deserves to be rehabilitated and especially urgent management of Hopea odorata is needed to prevent an invasion of this species.

甘肃民勤沙生植物园荒漠植物引种驯化研究综述

据统计我国荒漠维管束植物有82科484属1704种,不仅在防风固沙、改善生态环境方面发挥着重要作用,而且为人类提供重要生活资料,是维系生态平衡、经济和社会可持续发展的宝贵种质资源。以我国第一座荒漠植物园—民勤沙生植物园为案例,对荒漠植物引种驯化工作进行了回顾总结,同时指出未来发展的方向。民勤沙生植物园先后引进各类植物680余种,成功筛选出梭梭、拧条锦鸡儿、细枝羊柴等10余种优良防风固沙造林树种。通过开展蒙古韭、沙蓬、斧翅沙芥、锁阳、肉苁蓉等沙漠经济植物种的驯化栽培与示范推广,丰富了农村产业结构,辐射带动了区域经济发展。未来荒漠区植物引种驯化应面向和美乡村建设与产业发展需求,充分利用甘肃省民勤治沙站荒漠植物国家林木种质资源库平台,强抓国家植物园建设机遇,重视对野生荒漠草本植物种质资源的引种驯化,加强荒漠区林草新品种培育,以期为我国西北风沙区乡村振兴提供技术支撑。

基于眼动实验的湖南省植物园解说牌效用评价

【目的】解说牌作为植物园传达信息的重要手段,承担着服务、教育和管理游客等重要功能。评价解说牌效用,对进一步优化解说牌设计和提高游客满意度等具有重要意义。【方法】本研究以湖南省植物园解说牌为研究对象,通过文献分析、实地调研、眼动追踪分析法与访谈法,收集了31名被试对景区解说牌效用评价的主客观数据,分析了不同解说元素对被试注视行为与喜好的影响,结合对被试首要关注点与注意力趋势的分析,全面评价湖南省植物园的解说牌效用。【结果】1)生动的解说词和带有解说图片的解说牌更吸引被试的注意,解说效果更好。2)版面设计元素丰富、具有层次感的解说牌更受被试的喜爱,解说效果更好。3)相较于矩形、圆形等传统设计的解说牌,特殊设计的解说牌更吸引被试,解说效果更好。4)被试习惯从左到右、从上到下阅读,解说图片位于左侧时,被试的视觉流更加流畅,解说信息传达效果更好。5)在所有组成元素中,被试会首先关注解说标题与外观设计。6)被试的注意力会随着时间的增加而下降,但组成元素丰富的解说牌会重新吸引被试一定程度的注意力。【结论】湖南省植物园解说牌综合效用水平较高,但仍可从增加解说内容的生动性与丰富性、优化版面设计的多样性与层次性、提高外观设计的协调性与特殊性、改善排版设计的合理性与连贯性、调整解说牌的分布情况等途径进一步改进。

药食同源植物杀虫剂制备及其防治效果

以常见药食同源植物辣椒和花椒的果实、大蒜鳞茎和洋葱鳞叶为试验材料,与有效微生物群(Effective microorganisms,EM)菌液混合发酵制作杀虫剂,使用液相色谱分析其杀虫成分含量;结合室内和田间试验,筛选高效生物杀虫剂并评估其杀虫效果。结果表明,花椒125g,辣椒25g,大蒜125g,洋葱250g混合发酵30d,稀释30倍液得到最佳杀虫活性物A;施药后第6天对桃蚜防治效果最佳,虫口减退率为92.38%。田间试验结果表明,杀虫剂A在施药后第5天对桃蚜防治效果最佳,校正防效为78.05%;与市售植物源杀虫剂比较,杀虫剂A持效时间较长,在施药后第6天虫口减退率为70.29%,校正防效为82.95%,杀虫效果显著高于0.3%印楝素乳油和1.3%苦参碱水剂。研究得到一种高效植物源杀虫剂A,为药食同源植物制备杀虫剂研发及其在生产中推广应用提供试验依据和有效方法。

5种植物源杀虫剂对美国白蛾的田间药效评价

[目的]明确5种植物源杀虫剂对美国白蛾的田间防效及最适药剂用量。[方法]采用喷雾处理对美国白蛾盛发前期三龄幼虫进行田间防效试验。[结果]1.2%烟碱·苦参碱乳油6、8、12 mg/L对美国白蛾的防治效果最好,药后3 d为87.83%~92.61%,药后14 d防效达到最高,为95.85%~97.99%。1.5%苦参碱可溶液剂、0.5%虫菊·苦参碱可溶液剂药后14 d防效达到最佳,分别为84.62%~95.13%、89.14%~91.93%。[结论]1.2%烟碱·苦参碱乳油推荐有效成分含量6~12 mg/L对美国白蛾盛发前期三龄幼虫的防治效果最好,可大面积推广使用。0.5%虫菊·苦参碱可溶液剂和1.5%苦参碱可溶液剂在防治时也可进行交替使用,对杨树生长、有益天敌种类和数量无不良影响。

4种植物叶提取液对青枯雷尔氏菌抑菌活性研究

青枯雷尔氏菌Ralstonia solanacearum是一种毁灭性土传病害病原菌,防治困难,通过抑菌圈、抑菌率、最小抑菌浓度测定,探讨羊蹄甲、三裂蟛蜞菊、马缨丹、芒果叶提取液对青枯菌的抑制效果。结果表明:三裂蟛蜞菊叶提取液的抑菌效果最好,抑菌圈范围为15.00~18.13 mm,为高度敏感,在0.40 g·mL-1浓度处理下,其抑菌率达到79.63%,显著高于其他处理组;羊蹄甲和马缨丹叶提取液的抑菌圈范围为10.67~15.57 mm,为中度敏感,抑菌率分别为58.33%和60.37%;芒果叶提取液的抑菌效果最差。

苹果等6种经济林不同时期果实BVOCs成分分析

为探究常见经济林树种不同时期果实在自然状态下释放植物源挥发性有机物(BVOCs)组成成分差异,并分析其香气类型,选取苹果、桃、李、梨、山楂和枣6种经济林树种为研究对象,采用动态顶空采集法收集释放的BVOCs,结合自动热脱附-气相色谱/质谱联用技术进行BVOCs分析。结果表明,6种果实膨大期和成熟期均检测出12类BVOCs,组分总数量前者(305)大于后者(275),2个时期果实释放烷烃类、烯烃类、芳香烃类、酯类和醛类BVOCs占比最大;不同时期6种果实有10种共有BVOCs为2,2,4,6,6-五甲基庚烷、正十九烷、a-柏木烯、正戊醛、庚醛、辛醛、天然壬醛、癸醛、苯乙酮和庚胺醇;苹果、桃、李和梨随着果实生长发育BVOCs成分数量减少;不同时期6种果实香韵涵盖香型有差异,并随果实生长发育,青草香、果香、檀木香、醛香和柑橘香占比明显增加。表明不同时期6种经济林植物果实释放BVOCs组成成分和相对含量差异明显,在果实成熟期,主要香气BVOCs成分相对含量较高,是果实香精开发的最佳时期。

山楂和枣释放BVOCs组分生长季动态变化特征研究

【目的】探究北京地区经济林树种山楂和枣不同时期释放植物源挥发性有机物(BVOCs)组成成分的变化规律,以及两者释放有益BVOCs特征。【方法】采用动态顶空采集法收集释放的BVOCs,结合自动热脱附-气相色谱/质谱联用技术进行分析。【结果】在整个生长季从山楂叶中共检测出12类328种BVOCs,从枣叶中共检测出12类301种BVOCs,枣叶释放类别的数量与山楂叶相同,释放种类少于山楂叶,两树种均在9月释放类别最多;山楂叶和枣叶主要释放烷烃类、烯烃类和芳香烃类、酯类和醇类BVOCs;枣叶主要释放烷烃类、烯烃类、芳香烃类、酯类、醛类和醇类BVOCs,其中天然壬醛山楂叶和枣叶每月都有释放,但枣叶每月释放BVOCs的种类更加丰富;山楂是烯烃类夏季高释放量树种,枣是春季芳香烃高释放量树种;从山楂叶中共检测出烯烃类、芳香烃类、酯类、醛类、有机酸类、酮类、醇类和酰胺类8类43种有益成分,而枣叶不释放酮类,释放种类总数量比山楂叶多。【结论】两个树种释放烯烃类有益BVOCs在总有益BVOCs成分中占比最大,以释放对薄荷-1(7),3-二烯、α-蒎烯、罗汉柏烯、3-蒈烯、右旋萜二烯为主,夏季是山楂叶和枣叶释放有益BVOCs组分的主要季节,两者均在7月达到最大值。总之,树种释放BVOCs成分呈明显的季节性变化,尤其是山楂叶释放总有益BVOCs最大值超过60%。

中医药文化在药用植物园建设中的应用

中医药文化是我国的历史文化瑰宝,药用植物园作为中医药文化展示和表达的有效载体,其建设的重要性得到越来越广泛的认可。以中国药科大学药用植物园为例,该文阐述高校附属专业性药用植物园的中医药文化建设途径和方法以及该方法在中医药教学和科普中的价值、意义和作用,为高校附属药用植物园的中医药文化建设提供依据和参考。

柑橘引种实验及其在辰山植物园中的功能定位研究

本研究旨在探讨柑橘在上海地区种植的适应性以及其在植物园体系中的角色。在辰山植物园进行‘满头红’、‘宫川’、‘美国糖橘’、‘马家柚’和‘金桔’5个柑橘品种的引种实验,并对其生长势、耐热性、耐寒性和果实品质等进行观测。通过观察这些柑橘品种的物候期、果实品质、生长速度以及其对极端气候(例如高温和低温)的耐受性,对这些品种的生物学特性进行全面评估。研究发现,这些柑橘品种在上海地区表现出良好的适应性,实验的5种柑橘均在10月上旬开始成熟,具有丰富的果实颜色和风味。在果实大小方面,‘金桔’的平均单果重量最轻(12 g),‘马家柚’的重量最大(850 g)。所有品种的植株生长迅速且健壮,表现出良好的耐水性和耐热性,同时也具有足够的耐寒性。柑橘资源在辰山植物园中具有多重功能,包括增强生物多样性、开展科普采摘活动、提升园艺景观以及进行果树和花卉相关科学研究。实验结果可为柑橘资源在上海地区的引种、种植提供实践依据,并为植物园系统利用柑橘资源提供参考。

藤本植物在上海城市立体绿化中的开发与利用

藤本植物是一种特殊的植物类型,资源丰富、科属众多、形态各异。因其占地较少、可塑性强、生态效益突出而对城市立体绿化具有重要意义。上海植物园自20世纪80年代开始系统性收集引种藤本植物资源,多年来一直从事藤本植物的引种、选育、栽培、应用等相关研究与立体绿化实践。随着上海的桥柱绿化、墙面绿化、屋顶绿化和家庭阳台等多种立体绿化的兴起和迅速发展,上海植物园选育的多种藤本植物、开发的立体绿化技术广泛用于城市立体空间的绿化和彩化,为丰富立体绿化景观、改善空气环境质量、减少建筑能耗等提供了植物资源和技术支撑。面对上海这一超大城市人口密集、空间有限等约束条件,应选育更多优良适生的常绿和观花藤本植物资源,量化并模拟藤本植物在不同环境和立柱条件下的表型可塑性和发展态势,开发低维护、可移动、可预制的藤本幕墙容器模块苗,为丰富城市立体绿化植物多样性、构建快速成景的生物绿墙提供支撑。

火参果化学成分及其抗氧化性与杀线活性研究

【目的】探明火参果化学成分及其抗氧化性和杀线活性,为制备植物源杀线虫剂奠定理论基础。【方法】利用硅胶、反相中低压、凝胶Sephadex LH-20柱色谱及制备型高效液相色谱等手段进行分离纯化,并通过理化性质和各种波谱及文献报道数据对化合物进行鉴定,对分离得到的化合物进行杀线活性和抗氧化活性分析。【结果】从火参果中分离得到异牡荆素-2''-O-葡萄糖苷(化合物1)、2E,4E-十三碳二烯二酸(化合物2)、9E,11E-(13-氧代)十三碳二烯酸(化合物3)、9E,11E-(13-羟基)十三碳二烯酸(化合物4)共4个化合物。化合物1具有一定抗氧化性,当质量浓度为1 mg/mL时,对DPPH清除率达49.40%。化合物1、化合物3和化合物4显示出一定杀线活性,化合物1在2.0 mg/mL时具有较强的杀线虫能力,致死率为90.5%;化合物3和化合物4在0.25 mg/mL时对线虫的致死率均为100%。【结论】异牡荆素-2''-O-葡萄糖苷、2E,4E-十三碳二烯二酸、9E,11E-(13-氧代)十三碳二烯酸、9E,11E-(13-羟基)十三碳二烯酸4个化合物均首次从火参果分离得到,其中,2E,4E-十三碳二烯二酸、9E,11E-(13-氧代)十三碳二烯酸为新天然产物。异牡荆素-2''-O-葡萄糖苷、9E,11E-(13-氧代)十三碳二烯酸、9E,11E-(13-羟基)十三碳二烯酸3个化合物具有杀线活性,异牡荆素-2''-O-葡萄糖苷具有抗氧化活性。

两种杀线虫剂处理对山药土壤线虫群落和理化性质的影响

为探索10%噻唑膦颗粒剂+6%寡糖·噻唑膦水乳剂(简记为CP1)和42%威百亩水剂(简记为CP2)对山药田土壤线虫生态环境的影响,以山药浅生槽定向栽培田和传统栽培田为研究对象,采用线虫形态学鉴定方法和土壤常规分析方法,研究这两种处理对土壤线虫群落和土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明,与空白对照(CK)相比,两个处理对土壤含水量、pH值、有机质含量无显著影响,但可显著(P<0.05)提高浅生槽定向栽培田0~20 cm土层的速效钾含量,显著降低传统栽培田>20~40 cm土层的速效钾含量。与CK相比,CP1处理对浅生槽定向栽培田0~20 cm土层的食细菌类线虫和植物寄生类线虫的占比无显著影响,但可使传统栽培田0~20、>20~40 cm土层的山药病原线虫——短体线虫属(Pratylenchus)的相对丰度显著降低,使有益线虫——食细菌类的小杆线虫属(Rhabditis)和拟丽突线虫属(Acrobeloides)的相对丰度显著增加;CP2处理不仅可使浅生槽定向栽培田0~20 cm土层和传统栽培田0~20、>20~40 cm土层短体线虫属的相对丰度显著降低,还可显著提高传统栽培田0~20、>20~40 cm土层小杆线虫属和拟丽突线虫属的相对丰度。此外,CP2处理显著降低了传统栽培田0~20 cm土层线虫的PPI/MI(植物寄生线虫成熟度指数与自由生活线虫成熟度指数之比),显著提高了土壤线虫的多样性指数、均匀度指数、瓦斯乐思卡指数和自由生活线虫成熟度指数。综上,从土壤线虫方面分析,42%威百亩水剂的综合施用效果要好于10%噻唑膦颗粒剂+6%寡糖·噻唑膦水乳剂。在本试验条件下,这两种杀线虫剂处理均不致对土壤生态环境造成不良影响,适宜在山药上推广使用。

国外高校植物园自然教育的经验与启示

在阐述自然教育内涵、功能及发展趋势的基础上,选取牛津大学植物园、剑桥大学植物园、加州大学植物园、莱顿大学植物园和韦尔斯利大学植物园等5所国外高校植物园,分析高校植物园在场地概况、场地内部设计和自然教育活动设计等方面的特点,探讨5所高校植物园在空间布局、景观规划和活动开展等方面的共性和个性。结合国内高校植物园的发展,提出国内高校植物园景观的更新思路、利用高校学科特色优化自然教育课程、借助现代信息技术平台改善运营体系等建议,以期为国内高校植物园自然教育发展提供参考。