Seismic Acquisition Parameters Analysis for Deep Weak Reflectors in the South Yellow Sea

The Mesozoic-Paleozoic marine residual basin in the South Yellow Sea(SYS) is a significant deep potential hydrocarbon reservoir. However, the imaging of the deep prospecting target is quite challenging due to the specific seismic-geological conditions. In the Central and Wunansha Uplifts, the penetration of the seismic wavefield is limited by the shallow high-velocity layers(HVLs) and the weak reflections in the deep carbonate rocks. With the conventional marine seismic acquisition technique, the deep weak reflection is difficult to image and identify. In this paper, we could confirm through numerical simulation that the combination of multi-level air-gun array and extended cable used in the seismic acquisition is crucial for improving the imaging quality. Based on the velocity model derived from the geological interpretation, we performed two-dimensional finite difference forward modeling. The numerical simulation results show that the use of the multi-level air-gun array can enhance low-frequency energy and that the wide-angle reflection received at far offsets of the extended cable has a higher signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) and higher energy. Therefore, we have demonstrated that the unconventional wide-angle seismic acquisition technique mentioned above could overcome the difficulty in imaging the deep weak reflectors of the SYS, and it may be useful for the design of practical seismic acquisition schemes in this region.

Measurement of reflected second harmonics and nonlinearity parameter using a transducer with complex structure

Measurement of nonlinearity parameter using the second-harmonic reflective model is studied. A new kind of compound transducer is designed and fabricated for this purpose. With this transducer and the finite amplitude insert-substitution method, an experimental system to measure the nonlinearity parameter using reflective model is developed. B/A values of some liquids and biological tissues are obtained and results coincide well with those presented in the literatures.

THE INFLUENCE OF CLOUD PARAMETERIZATION ADJUSTMENT USING REFLECTIVITY OF DOPPLER ON NOWCASTING WITH GRAPES MODEL

In this study, we attempted to improve the nowcasting of GRAPES model by adjusting the model initial field through modifying the cloud water, rain water and vapor as well as revising vapor-following rain water. The results show that the model nowcasting is improved when only the cloud water and rain water are adjusted or all of the cloud water, rain water and vapor are adjusted in the initial field. The forecasting of the former(latter) approach during 0-3(0-6) hours is significantly improved. Furthermore, for the forecast for 0-3 hours, the latter approach is better than the former. Compared with the forecasting results for which the vapor of the model initial field is adjusted by the background vapor with those by the revised vapor, the nowcasting of the revised vapor is much better than that of background vapor. Analysis of the reasons indicated that when the vapor is adjusted in the model initial field, especially when the saturated vapor is considered, the forecasting of the vapor field is significantly affected. The changed vapor field influences the circulation, which in turn improves the model forecasting of radar reflectivity and rainfall.

Three-dimensional motion parameters estimation from stereo image sequences based on infrared reflective markers

In this paper,an innovative 3D motion parameters estimation method from stereo image sequences based on infrared(IR) reflective markers is presented.It was assumed that two high speed CCD cameras had been calibrated previously.The method consists of the following steps:1) the coordinate of several markers and depth map for each stereo pair was determined from the sequences of stereo images by relations of markers' coordinate the correspondence between markers was established,2) the 3D motion parameters of the target was computed based upon the matched markers' coordinate,and 3) translated 3D motion parameters estimation into the problem of least square according to the movement model of the object to be measured.Without using line,curve or corner correspondence,this method can calculate the depth of these markers feature easily and quickly in contrast to traditional approaches.The two CCD cameras work on 200 f/s,and each processing cost time is about 3 ms.It was found that,by using several markers and a large number of stereo images,this method can improve the computational speed,robustness and numerical accuracy of the motion parameters in comparison with traditional methods.The virtual simulation experiment was conducted using synthesized stereo image sequences based on 6-DOF motion platform and the experimental results proved the validity of our approach and showed that the translation and rotation precision is up to 0.1 mm and 0.1°.

Analytical study of the effect of the geometrical parameters during the interaction of regular wave-horizontal plate-current

The present work is an analytical study of the influence of geometrical parameters, such as length, thickness and immersion of the plate, on the reflection coefficient of a regular wave for an immersed horizontal plate in the presence of a uniform current with the same direction as the propagation of the incident regular wave. This study was performed using the linearized potential theory with the evanescent modes while searching for complex roots to the dispersion equation that are neither pure real nor pure imaginary. The results show that the effects of the immersion and the relative length on the reflection coefficient of the plate are accentuated by the presence of the current, whereas the plate thickness practically does not have an effect if it is relatively small.

Determination of the parameters of a linear-viscoelastic thin layer using the normally-incident ultrasonic waves

This paper proposes a method of simultaneous determination of the four layer parameters （mass density, longitudinal velocity, the thickness and attenuation） of an immersed linear-viscoelastic thin layer by using the normally-incident reflected and transmitted ultrasonic waves. The analytical formula of the layer thickness related to the measured trans- mitted transfer functions is derived. The two determination steps of the four layer parameters are developed, in which acoustic impedance, time-of-flight and attenuation are first determined by the reflected transfer functions. Using the derived formula, it successively calculates and determines the layer thickness, longitudinal velocity and mass density by the measured transmitted transfer functions. According to the two determination steps, a more feasible and simplified measurement setups is described. It is found that only three signals （the reference waves, the reflected and transmitted waves） need to be recorded in the whole measurement for the determination of the four layer parameters. A study of the stability of the determination method against the experimental noises and the error analysis of the four layer parameters are made. This study lays the theoretical foundation of the practical measurement of a linear-viscoelastic thin layer.

Response of loose bonding on reflection and transmission of elastic waves at interface between elastic solid and micropolar porous cubic crystal

The problem of reflection and transmission of plane periodic waves incident on the interface between the loosely bonded elastic solid and micropolar porous cubic crystal half spaces is investigated. This is done by assuming that the interface behaves like a dislocation, which preserves the continuity of traction while allowing a finite amount of slip. Amplitude ratios of various reflected and transmitted waves have been depicted graphically. Some special cases of interest have been deduced from the present investigation.

Reduction of signal reflection along through silicon via channel in high-speed three-dimensional integration circuit

The through silicon via （TSV） technology has proven to be the critical enabler to realize a three-dimensional （3D） gigscale system with higher performance but shorter interconnect length. However, the received digital signal after trans- mission through a TSV channel, composed of redistribution layers （RDLs）, TSVs, and bumps, is degraded at a high data-rate due to the non-idealities of the channel. We propose the Chebyshev multisection transformers to reduce the signal reflec- tion of TSV channel when operating frequency goes up to 20 GHz, by which signal reflection coefficient （$11） and signal transmission coefficient （$21） are improved remarkably by 150% and 73.3%, respectively. Both the time delay and power dissipation are also reduced by 4% and 13.3%, respectively. The resistance-inductance-conductance-capacitance （RLGC） elements of the TSV channel are iterated from scattering （S）-parameters, and the proposed method of weakening the signal reflection is verified using high frequency simulator structure （HFSS） simulation software by Ansoft.

Parameter Estimation Approach of FSK/PSK Radar Signal

A parameter estimation approach of reconnaissance hybrid radar signal combined frequency-shift keying （FSK） and phase-shift keying （PSK） is presented. Firstly, the multi-phase difference is adopted to calculate the instantaneous frequency （IF） of FSK/PSK, then the frequency points of FSK are estimated from the histogram of IF. The code rate of PSK is extracted from the locations of phase discontinuity. Finally, the multi-phase difference of the square of the received signal is computed to estimate the code rate of FSK. The presented algorithm has higher accuracy of parameter estimation when the signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） is above 11 dB.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION FOR DYNAMIC INITIAL SHOCK PARAMETERS OF COUPLING CHARGE ON BOREHOLE WALL UNDER THE ACTION OF HIGH EXPLOSIVES

According to detonation theory and hydrodynamic principle, a physical model has been set up in this paper. Based on the model a methodology for calculating dynamic initial shock parameters such as shock pressure pm shock wave velosity Dm etc. of coupling charge on borehole wall has ben developed. The shock parameters have been calculated when high explosives works on granite, limestone and marble respectively. The magnitude of every parameter on borehole wall has been obtained from ignited dot to the end of borehole along axial direction. Some important conclusions are also gained.

基于反射系数谱的配电电缆局部缺陷识别定位

传统配电电缆在局部缺陷识别与精准定位上灵敏度较差,位置范围识别受到限制,为解决现有技术在配电电缆缺陷诊断上存在的不足,提出一种基于反射系数谱的配电电缆局部缺陷识别定位方法。首先依据电缆分布参数模型,获得配电电缆完好状态与存在局部缺陷段的反射系数谱,然后利用广义正交积分法,将反射系数谱的虚部从频域转换到空间域,建立积分诊断图,得到具有直观性的定位图谱,根据积分诊断图实现配电电缆局部缺陷的识别与精准定位,方法适用于同时存在多处电缆缺陷的情况。最后,在实验室50 m长的配电电缆上制作老化与破损两种缺陷,用于验证所提方法的有效性。仿真和实验结果表明,该方法对不同缺陷情况均具有较高的识别精度,定位误差小于0.15 m。

改进鲸鱼优化算法的壁面红外反射特性求解

壁面的红外反射特性由双向反射分布函数(BRDF)表征和求解。目前BRDF测量需要大量实验数据,同时存在精度不高的问题。通过构建壁面反射特性测试平台,使用MR170型傅立叶红外光谱辐射计获取2~15μm波段下入射角度和各个反射角度的目标辐射亮度。针对隐身目标,应用RBF网络对3~5μm以及8~14μm波段的辐射亮度曲线进行拟合,排除大气干扰,进而求解出上述两个波段隐身目标的BRDF值。为了解决BRDF模型精度不高的问题,提出了改进的鲸鱼优化算法(IWOA),对BRDF模型参数进行反演,并设计了基于BRDF的反射率求解方法。IWOA对BRDF计算模型参数反演有良好的效果。根据反射法,应用所得到的BRDF数据求解得到的反射率为0.5496,相对误差为6.17%,满足工程需求。

基于黏弹性Chapman-Kelvin模型的裂缝储层频变AVAZ反演研究

为了在地震资料和裂缝储层特征之间建立联系,对裂缝储层采用了等效介质模型.而传统的等效介质模型未充分考虑非完全弹性介质理论和基于频变各向异性理论的双相或多相流体假设,也不能对实际裂缝储层中的地震波频散和衰减现象提供准确合理的解释,并且储层参数的反演研究对裂缝储层的定性预测和定量描述举足轻重.为此,本文首先根据所提出的黏弹性Chapman-Kelvin动态等效介质模型,该模型考虑了耦合的双相流体假设、黏弹性理论、喷射流以及斑块效应,并在此基础上分析了裂缝储层参数(主要为裂缝密度、裂缝长度、孔隙度和含水饱和度)对地震波频变特征的影响.然后基于黏弹性Chapman-Kelvin模型与Schoenberg和Protazio概括的Zoeppritz方程所计算出的频变反射系数,分析了反射PP波和PS波的频变AVAZ(Amplitude Versus Angle and Azimuth)特性和PP波频变反射系数与裂缝储层参数的关系.同时考虑到发生地震频散时,反射系数和频率产生关系,构建了在角度、方位和时间域内的新型正演方程.最后,基于PP波频变反射系数对裂缝密度、裂缝长度、孔隙度和含水饱和度的变化有较好的敏感性特点,进行了两种反演方法研究:其一是基于贝叶斯理论直接反演方法,其中以对数绝对范数作为似然函数和高斯分布,即L2范数度量作为先验约束;其二是基于频变反射系数的MCMC(Markov Chain Monte Carlo)随机反演方法.通过频变AVAZ进行裂缝储层参数的反演研究,结果表明,MCMC随机反演方法在缺失先验的储层参数信息时,反演结果的不确定性较强.当存在有效且足够的先验信息时,反演结果的可靠性进一步提升.而基于贝叶斯理论直接反演方法,则显示出基于频变AVAZ来区别大尺度裂缝和微尺度裂隙的潜力.

基于遗传算法的吸波材料P波段电磁参数的计算与优化

针对吸波材料P波段电磁参数准确测试存在困难的问题,本研究基于吸波材料反射率计算理论模型中电磁参数与反射率的关系,利用遗传算法不断调整磁性材料的电磁参数,直到磁性材料反射率的计算值与测试值相吻合。探究遗传算法中种群数量、变异概率以及迭代次数对电磁参数求解的影响。结果表明,设定未知解的上下限为(0,100),种群数量为1000~2000,迭代次数为100,变异概率为0.1,可以兼顾求解速度和准确性。将4种不同厚度磁性材料的反射率的测试值与计算值的差值求和,进行指数化处理,作为目标函数,并参考前后频点的电磁性能,得到误差最小且相对稳定的一组解即为磁性材料的电磁参数。最后制作磁性材料石墨烯平板样件进行实验验证,结果表明:反射率计算值与测试值的误差由初始的58.8%降为7.5%。计算值与测试值相吻合,验证了该电磁参数计算优化方法的可行性和有效性。

基于不同形貌硫化钴材料的吸波性能研究

为了进一步探究硫化钴(CoS)材料在吸波领域的发展潜力,为后续制备CoS基多元复合材料提供参考,采用溶剂热法分别制备了球状、纳米颗粒状、花状3种不同形貌的CoS材料,并对3种CoS材料的微观形貌、物相结构和吸波性能进行表征分析。结果表明:相较于纳米颗粒状和花状,球状CoS具有更为复杂的3D多孔结构且呈现出良好的阻抗匹配,更利于实现对入射电磁波的多重散射消耗,在填料量同为40wt%时,球状CoS的最小反射损耗为-44.59 dB,有效吸波带宽最大可达3.6 GHz,对应匹配厚度为1.5 mm。3种不同形貌的CoS材料吸波性能的研究为后续制备新型高效的CoS基多元复合吸波材料提供了良好的参考价值。

变系数的强反射分离技术及应用

基于地震多子波分解的强反射识别与分离技术已广泛应用于地震解释性处理环节中,该技术能够去除强屏蔽影响,提高隐蔽储层的识别精度。针对多子波分解技术在分解效率和分解精度上的问题,引入地震信号的瞬时特性作为初始值,根据小波参数之间的关系减少局部扫描参数,提出了一种三参数快速子波分解技术提高了子波分解精度和效率。通过模型正演分析了地层厚度与强屏蔽能量的关系,建立了地层厚度与分离系数的关系,探索了一种变系数的强反射分离应用思路。将新技术和新思路应用于实际地震数据,分离结果削弱了强屏蔽的影响,突出了隐蔽储层的有效信号,提高了储层预测精度;由于强反射分离过程充分考虑了不同厚度的煤层与分离系数的关系,分离结果更加符合实际地质情况。

基于匹配追踪算法的薄煤层强反射分离参数优选方法

近年来,基于匹配追踪算法的强反射分离方法在不同强反射类型的实际资料应用中取得了较好的效果,但该算法关键参数的选择缺乏理论依据和标准,相关研究较少。为此,在薄煤层强反射分离过程中,明确子波相位和分离系数两个关键参数的含义,提出基于匹配追踪算法的薄煤层强反射分离参数优选方法,以进一步提高薄煤层强反射表征的精度,更好地开展强反射分离和储层预测。首先根据不同强反射储层类型对应的强反射子波特征进行分类,分析薄煤层强反射相位参数特征;然后基于钻井处反射系数计算及分离方法,确定强、弱反射的能量关系,估算分离系数,提高强反射分离效果。实际应用结果表明,该方法对薄煤层强反射特征的识别更加准确,分离的效果有明显提升;突出了储层弱反射特征,可为储层精细预测提供较好的资料基础。

A polynomial hybrid reflection model and measurement of its parameters based on images of sample

Reflectance model is a basic concept in computer vision. Some existing models combining the classical diffuse reflectance model and those for surfaces containing specular components can approximately describe real reflectance. But the ratio of diffuse and specular reflection decided manually has no clear meaning. We propose a new polynomial hybrid reflectance model. The reflectance map equation with a known shape （for example cylinder） as a sample is used to estimate parameters of the proposed reflectance model by least square regression algorithm. Then the reflectance parameters for surfaces of the same class of materials can be determined. Experiments are performed for a metal surface. The synthesis images produced by the proposed method and existing ones are compared with the real acquired image, and the results show that the proposed reflectance model is suitable for describing real reflectance.

雷达吸波涂层腐蚀失效对雷达隐身性能的影响

目的 研究腐蚀失效后的吸波涂层与雷达隐身性能的变化规律。方法 制备7块吸波涂层样品,分别进行0、24、48、96、240、480、840 h的中性盐雾试验。通过X射线能谱仪和扫描电子显微镜、电化学工作站分别对试验后的样品组成成分和微观形貌、电化学阻抗谱进行表征。利用矢量网络分析仪对盐雾试验后的样品在8~18 GHz频率范围内的雷达波反射率进行测试。结果 吸波涂层在试验96、240 h后出现局部小范围点蚀现象,480、840h时出现大面积点蚀现象。同时,吸收剂形貌也发生改变,涂层氧含量增加,说明涂层中吸收剂被渗入的腐蚀介质腐蚀氧化。通过等效电路图拟合交流阻抗谱数据结果,认为样品腐蚀失效经历了3个阶段,840 h盐雾试验后,样品膜值较试验前原始样品(0 h)已下降69.7%,说明涂层防护性能得到极大破坏。0h样品雷达波反射率均值为-4.27,4dB带宽实现了70.07%,840h样品反射率均值为-4.71,4 dB带宽达到了87.53%,整个试验过程反射率测试结果的均值相差不到0.5 dB,说明雷达隐身性能并没有下降。结论 在一定时间阶段内,雷达吸波涂层中吸收剂被氧化腐蚀,并不会导致雷达隐身性能下降。

沙漠区基于浅层反射波的双参数扫描静校正方法

沙漠区初至波信噪比低和高密度采集导致初至拾取困难,影响了基于初至波的静校正效果和效率。浅层反射波结合沙丘曲线的静校正方法在沙漠区被证明是有效的,但目前该类方法通常在CMP域和叠加剖面上进行,可利用反射信息少,同时需要手动拾取反射波信息,操作过程繁琐。对浅层反射波结合沙丘曲线的静校正方法进行了改进,提出了基于浅层反射波对低速层速度和深度同时进行扫描反演近地表结构,并利用沙丘曲线静校正原理计算静校正量的方法。通过数值模拟测试了该方法对不同近地表模型的适应性、对不同信噪比数据反演的稳定性及影响反演效果的关键参数。实际地震资料处理结果表明,该方法能适应低信噪比数据,不依赖初至波或反射波拾取,计算效率高;与基于近地表调查的传统沙丘曲线静校正方法相比,可减少近地表调查的费用,且近地表建模精度更高,静校正效果更好,适用于沙漠区可控震源高效采集的地震数据处理。