Comparison of Top down and Bottom up Cost Approaches in Colon and Rectal Cancer Treatment

Introduction: In recent years, health care expenditures have significantly risen across the world and in Turkey. Because of the limited resources allocated to health, it is very important for countries to conduct studies especially on cost of diseases such as colorectal cancer (CRC) with a high burden of disease and labor loss. The aim of this study was to calculate the cost of treatment for colon and rectal cancers based on two different cost approaches from the perspective of SSI (top-down and bottom-up) and to compare the results obtained. Materials and Methods: Data were obtained from the SSI MEDULA System a total of 62,970 colon and rectal cancer patient for the top-down cost approach. In the bottom-up cost approach, treatment costs were determined based on the expert opinions. Results: The average cost of treatment per patient for colon cancer was determined as 3055.5 TL, for rectal cancer was determined as 4146.2 TL with the top-down cost approach. The average cost of treatment per patient for colon cancer was determined as 14,920.4 TL, for rectal cancer was determined as 17,904.6 TL according to the bottom-up cost approach. Conclusion: Since the bottom-up cost approach provides more detailed information on the cost of illness, and thereby on the use of resources allocated to health, it is thought that the combined use of these two cost approaches completes each other’s weaknesses.

多维液相色谱 bottom-up top-down 阵列式 完整蛋白质 蛋白质分离

蛋白质组学出现之后,多维高效液相色谱（multidimensional HPLC,MD-HPLC）系统以其快速、高效、自动化程度高以及容易与质谱等其他技术联用等优势而成为蛋白质组学相关分析技术中研究应用的热点。本文主要以本实验室在蛋白质组学研究中的技术进展为主线,介绍了多维高效液相色谱技术的发展,包括经典的“bottom-up”技术和“top-down”式的多维高效液相色谱技术路线,以及为了提高系统的分离通量而自行设计搭建的阵列式多维高效液相色谱平台,这些技术路线在蛋白质组学研究中有着极大的潜在应用价值。

Bottom-up与Top-down设计方法比较及其交互使用

在传统设计中,通常单独使用Bottom-up或Top-down设计方法,分析了这两种设计方法的特点,在此基础上研究了它们在不同场合的应用情况,并对这两种设计方法的交互使用进行了探讨。通过工程实例,利用Pro/E软件平台对交互使用方法进行了计算机实现。

谈Bottom-Up与Top-Down在英语阅读教学中的运用

Richards曾提出bottom-up和top-down两种学习语言的技巧,把这两种方法有机结合起来运用到英语阅读教学中,并充分发挥Schemata在阅读理解过程中的作用,这是提高学生阅读能力的有效途径之一。

Bottom-Up和Top-Down结合的网络资源规划系统结构研究

为了降低CAPEX和OPEX,运营商需要运营恰到好处的网络规模和Service Ready的服务开通。本文提出了Bottom-Up和Top-Down结合的网络资源规划系统结构,其能够预测未来资源利用率过高或过低及容量不足的网络资源,有利于运营商进行准确的网络资源扩容,从而提升网络建设ROI;能够自动化地实现从业务和市场规划到最终的网络资源规划的转换,从而提高网络资源规划的准确性和效率。

组织工程微构建与Bottom-up构建思路的研究进展

天然组织结构是由高度复杂化的组织微结构体组成,现今组织工程学的巨大挑战就是在体外重现这些微结构体的结构和功能。微构建技术为组织构建提供了一条新途径。对微工程化水凝胶技术作了相关的介绍,举例阐述了其中的微流体技术和微孔技术在形成细胞集落、促进细胞-细胞与细胞-细胞外基质间作用等方面的影响。此外,还提出了一种通过自下而上的构建方式制备水凝胶微结构的新技术,利用微囊化细胞与生物凝胶材料进行体外组织工程构建。

人工智能研究中的Bottom-up方法和Top-down方法

将人工智能研究在方法上区分为Bottom-up派和Top-down派,并且分别叙述了这两种方法的哲学、历史和成果。主张两种方法走向极端是不可取的,人工智能研究要寻找两种方法的结合点,才可能避免任何一种极端方法所导致的研究复杂性。

QUALITY FUNCTION DEPLOYMENT IN BOTTOM-UP PROCESS FOR DESIGN REUSE

To deal with a bottom up process model for design reuses a specific extended house of quality(EHOQ)is proposed Two kinds of supported functions,basic supported functions and new supported functions,are defined.Two processes to determine two kinds of functions are presented A kind of EHOQ matrix for a company is given and its management steps are studied.

top-down法与bottom-up法评定黑臭水体氧化还原电位测量不确定度的比较研究

分别对top-down法与bottom-up法(GUM法)中控制图法评定黑臭水体中氧化还原电位测量不确定度的评定过程及结果进行比较,两种方法评定出来的氧化还原电位不确定度基本一致,提出在质控数据符合正态分布的前提下,从控制图法引入移动极差作为中间量进行叠加检验,可更直观的体现出时间参数对质控数据的测量不确定度的影响。

“Top-down” and “Bottom-up” approaches to teaching listening,when and which approach may be more useful?

This paper mainly deals with two mainstreams in teaching listening comprehension:bottom-up processing approach and top-down processing approach.In the first part of the essay the importance of listening comprehension in language learning will be demonstrated briefly.Then the author will go on to explore the nature of top-down and bottom-up approaches in teaching listening.Lastly,at the third part of the essay,the author shall try to discuss the possibility of applying these approaches into practice,that is,when and why one of them is more useful.Furthermore in this section,a more integrated view will be introduced.

A bottom-up method for module-based product platform development through mapping,clustering and matching analysis

Designing product platform could be an effective and efficient solution for manufacturing firms. Product platforms enable firms to provide increased product variety for the marketplace with as little variety between products as possible. Developed consumer products and modules within a firm can further be investigated to find out the possibility of product platform creation. A bottom-up method is proposed for module-based product platform through mapping, clustering and matching analysis. The framework and the parametric model of the method are presented, which consist of three steps:(1) mapping parameters from existing product families to functional modules,(2) clustering the modules within existing module families based on their parameters so as to generate module clusters, and selecting the satisfactory module clusters based on commonality, and(3) matching the parameters of the module clusters to the functional modules in order to capture platform elements. In addition, the parameter matching criterion and mismatching treatment are put forward to ensure the effectiveness of the platform process, while standardization and serialization of the platform element are presented. A design case of the belt conveyor is studied to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method.

Bottom-Up Saliency Estimation Based on Redundancy Reduction and Global Contrast

A new algorithm for bottom-up saliency estimation is proposed.Based on the sparse coding model,a power spectral filter is proposed to eliminate the second-order residual correlation,which suppresses the global repeated items effectively.In addition,aiming at modeling the mechanism of the human retina prior response to high-contrast stimuli,the effect of color context is considered.Experiments on the three publicly available databases and some psychophysical images show that the proposed model is comparable with the state-of-the-art saliency models,which not only highlights the salient objects in a complex environment but also pops up them uniformly.

Application of the Bottom-up Method on Risk Evaluation of Climate Change in Water Resources System

Traditional approach to evaluate the impacts of climate change on the water resources systems always begins with downscaling general circulation models( GCMs) and proceeding back to the hydrological model. This approach has some distinct disadvantages: 1) GCM must be downscaled; 2) different GCMs are difficult to be reconciled for a given climate change scenario;3) the uncertainty of GCMs is far from the requirement of the evaluation of climate change impacts. To overcome these limits of the traditional method,a new method termed as "bottom-up"was used for climate risk assessment that linked vulnerability assessment with climate information to assess the risk of climate change impacts on the Quabbin Reservoir,and United States under A2 scenario.The result shows that the risks are around 20% in 2006-2035 and 2036-2055,50% in 2066-2095.

英语听力教学“Top-down”和“Bottom-up”使用策略分析

“Top-down”和“Bottom-up”是在英语听力教学中两种重要的策略。“Top-down”是听者根据上下语境去猜测听到的大致内容;“Bottom-up”指的是从单个的词汇开始逐个记录,直到获取整个句子的含义。总体上来说,“Top-down”听力策略更适用于英语水平较高的学习者,因为他们已经能比较轻松地识别大部分的常用词汇;而“Bottom-up”听力策略则对英语水平较低的学习者有很大帮助,可以为他们打下坚实的听力基础。但“Top-down”和“Bottom-up”都有其局限性。教师应该在实际的听力教学中保持这两种听力策略练习的平衡性,教会学生如何根据自身的英语水平、不同的学习目标及语境差异灵活地将这两种策略结合起来。

石墨烯的Bottom-up法制备技术新进展

随着石墨烯需求量的不断加大,掌握高效的石墨烯制备方法很有必要。石墨烯的制备方法分为Top-down和Bottom-up两大类,但Top-down法制备石墨烯存在耗时长、产品尺寸小、难以大规模工业化应用等缺陷,迫切需要一种经济有效的技术来合成高质量、大面积的石墨烯。基于这一目的,文中就Bottom-up法制备石墨烯展开讨论,介绍了外延生长法、化学气相沉积法(CVD)法、等离子体增强化学气相沉积合成(PECVD)法和溶剂热法等技术,为石墨烯大规模应用铺路。

中医五行人之火行人与水行人认知功能差异比较研究

目的基于五行理论探究中医五行人中火行人与水行人的认知功能及加工过程差异性,为进一步丰富中医五行人理论内涵、推进我国本土化人格理论模型提供基础。方法在招募的受试者中根据前期制订的《中医五行(形)人面部表型分类量化规范》筛选出典型的火行人与水行人,采用成套重复性神经心理测查工具(Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status,RBANS)和Top-down及Bottom-up认知心理测查范式对其认知功能进行测评。采用独立样本t检验对两组受试者的认知功能进行差异性分析。结果招募受试者火行人24人,水行人20人,与水行人组相比,火行人组在注意功能维度得分明显更高,在RBANS各部分得分上数字广度和编码测验任务得分更高;火行人组在Bottom-up认知心理测查范式的长时认知加工过程中的反应时更短、准确率更高,水行人在Bottom-up认知心理测查范式的短时加工准确率差值更低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论中医五行人中火行人更易高度集中注意力,更易被线索所吸引,但注意力的维持时间较短,同时水行人在注意力反应时间更长,更不易被线索所影响,且注意力稳定性更强。

渤海油田侧钻井轨道优化设计方法

渤海油田利用老井侧钻可实现老油田剩余油经济有效开发,不同的侧钻轨道设计方案决定着防碰风险大小、老井眼弃井工艺、侧钻后井身结构等等,如何选择最优的侧钻轨道至关重要。基于安全、经济、高效的设计准则,提出一种“井位匹配+自下而上的侧钻点优选”的渤海油田侧钻轨道设计方法,该方法应用于渤海某油田3口井的钻完井设计中,结果表明:该方法可实现轨道防碰风险降低、井控风险可控,降低成本100余万元,能够满足地质油藏所有需求。该方法在满足安全的前提下,可大幅提高侧钻井的经济性及方案设计的效率,为渤海油田侧钻井轨道设计提供了一种新思路。

基于深度学习的二维人体姿态估计:现状及展望

二维人体姿态估计旨在从摄像机拍摄的图像中识别并定位每个行人的人体关键点.作为行人分析和理解领域的基础任务之一,人体姿态估计能够为多个下游任务和应用提供支持.近年来,随着深度学习技术的进步,人体姿态估计的研究迎来快速发展.基于图像包含的行人数量,人体姿态估计可以分为单人姿态估计和多人姿态估计两大类.本文首先介绍人体姿态估计的研究背景、问题定义、任务难点以及当前方法中的关键点表示方法.在此基础上,本文进一步总结和介绍了具有代表性的单人姿态估计和多人姿态估计方法.单人姿态估计方法包括回归法和检测法,主要关注于网络结构设计、热力图编解码、多任务学习等.对于多人姿态估计,本文分别介绍了基于热力图预测的方法和基于向量场回归的方法.随后,本文总结了当前常用的代表性数据集和性能度量方法,总结了代表性方法在几个常用数据集上的性能,对它们的预测错误的场景进行了详细分析和对比.最终,本文分析了现有二维人体姿态估计算法仍未有效解决的难题,对未来研究进行了展望.

广东不同区域汽车新能源化的减碳潜力及成本预测

汽车新能源化被认为是减少交通运输行业碳排放的有效政策,实施不同政策的碳减排效果及减排成本值得关注。本文在分析广东省各区域发展现状基础上,基于各车型存活和淘汰规律,搭建自下而上的汽车碳排放预测模型,通过耦合汽车保有量预测模型以及碳减排技术成本核算模型,分区域和分阶段研究广东省不同力度汽车新能源化情景的减碳潜力及短期成本。结果表明:在现有政策情景下,广东省将在2060年前实现车队大规模新能源化,更激进的新能源化政策将有望使此进程提前10年;广东省在现有政策力度下,能够在2030年前实现汽车碳达峰目标,峰值约为1亿t;珠三角(不含广深)地区和非珠三角地区将是减碳重点区域,私家车、其他乘用车以及出租车将是减碳重点车型;短期成本分析显示,相较于基准情景,各情景均呈现短期累计减碳总成本以及单位减碳成本广州和深圳低,珠三角(不含广深)和非珠三角高的特点。