Deep-large faults controlling on the distribution of the venting gas hydrate system in the middle of the Qiongdongnan Basin, South China Sea

Many locations with concentrated hydrates at vents have confirmed the presence of abundant thermogenic gas in the middle of the Qiongdongnan Basin(QDNB).However,the impact of deep structures on gasbearing fluids migration and gas hydrates distribution in tectonically inactive regions is still unclear.In this study,the authors apply high-resolution 3D seismic and logging while drilling(LWD)data from the middle of the QDNB to investigate the influence of deep-large faults on gas chimneys and preferred gasescape pipes.The findings reveal the following:(1)Two significant deep-large faults,F1 and F2,developed on the edge of the Songnan Low Uplift,control the dominant migration of thermogenic hydrocarbons and determine the initial locations of gas chimneys.(2)The formation of gas chimneys is likely related to fault activation and reactivation.Gas chimney 1 is primarily arises from convergent fluid migration resulting from the intersection of the two faults,while the gas chimney 2 benefits from a steeper fault plane and shorter migration distance of fault F2.(3)Most gas-escape pipes are situated near the apex of the two faults.Their reactivations facilitate free gas flow into the GHSZ and contribute to the formation of fracture‐filling hydrates.

Infrared Fault Detection Method for Dense Electrolytic Bath Polar Plate Based on YOLOv5s

Electrolysis tanks are used to smeltmetals based on electrochemical principles,and the short-circuiting of the pole plates in the tanks in the production process will lead to high temperatures,thus affecting normal production.Aiming at the problems of time-consuming and poor accuracy of existing infrared methods for high-temperature detection of dense pole plates in electrolysis tanks,an infrared dense pole plate anomalous target detection network YOLOv5-RMF based on You Only Look Once version 5(YOLOv5)is proposed.Firstly,we modified the Real-Time Enhanced Super-Resolution Generative Adversarial Network(Real-ESRGAN)by changing the U-shaped network(U-Net)to Attention U-Net,to preprocess the images;secondly,we propose a new Focus module that introduces the Marr operator,which can provide more boundary information for the network;again,because Complete Intersection over Union(CIOU)cannot accommodate target borders that are increasing and decreasing,replace CIOU with Extended Intersection over Union(EIOU),while the loss function is changed to Focal and Efficient IOU(Focal-EIOU)due to the different difficulty of sample detection.On the homemade dataset,the precision of our method is 94%,the recall is 70.8%,and the map@.5 is 83.6%,which is an improvement of 1.3%in precision,9.7%in recall,and 7%in map@.5 over the original network.The algorithm can meet the needs of electrolysis tank pole plate abnormal temperature detection,which can lay a technical foundation for improving production efficiency and reducing production waste.

On the Kinematic Characteristics and Dynamic Process of Boundary faults of the Nansha Ultra-crust Layer-Block

Abstract The Nansha ultra-crust layer-block is confined by ultra-crustal boundary faults of distinctive features, bordering the Kangtai-Shuangzi-Xiongnan extensional faulted zone on the north, the Baxian-Baram-Yoca-Cuyo nappe faulted zone on the south, the Wan'an-Natuna strike-slip tensional faulted zone on the west and the Mondoro-Panay strike-slip compressive faulted zone on the east. These faults take the top of the Nansha asthenosphere as their common detachmental surface. The Cenozoic dynamic process of the ultra-crust layer-block can be divided into four stages: K2-E21, during which the northern boundary faults extended, this ultra-crust layer-block was separated from the South China-Indosinian continental margin, the Palaeo-South China Sea subducted southwards and the Sibu accretion wedge was formed; E22-E31, during which the Southwest sub-sea basin extended and orogeny was active due to the collision of the Sibu accretion wedge; E32-N11, during which the central sub-sea basin extended, the Miri accretion wedge was formed and “A-type” subduction of the southern margin of the north Balawan occurred; N12-the present, during which large-scale thrusting and napping of the boundary faults in the south and mountain-building have taken place and the South China Sea stopped its extension.

Basal stacking fault induced twin boundary gliding,twinning disconnection and twin growth in hcp Ti from the first-principles

First-principles calculations were performed to investigate the structures and energetics of {101n} coherent twin boundaries(CTBs) and glide twin boundaries(GTBs) in hexagonal close-packed(hcp) Ti. The formation mechanism of GTBs and their correlation with twin growth were fundamentally explored. Results suggested that GTBs can form from the gliding of CTBs, through their interaction with basal stacking fault. The gliding eventually restored the CTB structures by forming a pair of single-layer twinning disconnections. The pile-up of twinning disconnections should be responsible for the wide steps at twin boundaries as observed in high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, which can further promote twin growth. Possible effects of various alloying elements on pinning twin boundaries were also evaluated, to guide the strengthening design of Ti alloys.

An equivalent-boundary method for the shell analysis of buried pipelines under fault movement

A new shell finite element method (FEM) model with an equivalent boundary is presented for estimating the re- sponse of a buried pipeline under large fault movement. The length of affected pipeline under fault movement is usually too long for a shell-mode calculation because of the limitation of memory and time of computers. In this study, only the pipeline segment near fault is modeled with plastic shell elements to study the local buckling and the large section deformation in pipe. The material property of pipe segment far away from the fault is considered as elastic, and nonlinear spring elements at equivalent boundaries are obtained and applied to two ends of shell model. Compared with the fixed-boundary shell model, the shell model with an equivalent boundary proposed by the study can remarkably reduce the needed memory and calculating time.

Characteristics of boundary fault systems and its hydrocarbon controlling on hydrocarbon accumulation in Awati Sag,Tarim Basin,China

Based on the interpretation of two-dimensional seismic data, this paper analyzes the characteristics of three boundary fault systems including the Shajingzi fault, the Aqia fault and the Tumuxiuke fault around the Awati sag of the Tarim Basin, and studies its controlling on hydrocarbon accumulation. Neotectonic movement is ubiquitous in oil and gas bearing basins in China, such as Neogene intense activities of large boundary thrusting faults of the Awati sag: Shajingzi fault, Aqia fault and Tumuxiuke fault. Based on a large number of seismic data, it is showed that they have section wise characteristics in the direction of fault strike, and active periods and associated structures formed of different sections are different. Usually, large anticlinal structures are formed in the upper wall, and faulted anticline controlled by companion faults are formed in the bottom wall. Large faults cut the strata from Cambrian up to Neogene. For the anticline in the upper wall, fault activities caused by neotectonic movement played a destructive role in hydrocarbon accumulation, thus the preservation condition is critical for reservoir formation. In this sense, attention should be paid to formations in the upper walls of Aqia fault and Tumuxiuke fault under the Cambrian salt bed, whose plastic deformation could help to heal faults. Companion faults in the bottom wall cut down to the Cambrian and up to the Triassic serving as the pathway for hydrocarbon migration, and associated structures in the bottom wall are noteworthy exploration targets.

Study of the segmentation of active fault by the boundary element method──analysis of the Xianshuihe fault zone

On the basis of the recent geological surveys and the relevant studies of the Xianshuihe fault zone, this paper analyzes the seismogenic mechanism of some faults and characteristic morphology on the fault zone by the boundary element method and discusses the fault segmentation and the related distribution of the earthquake ruptures. The main conclusions are: For the first order segmentation, the Xianshuihe fault zone can be divided into three major segments (the northwestern Luhuo-Qianning segment, the middle linking fracture region and the southeastern Kangding segment). Among them, the differences are not only in geometry and structure, but also in mechanical property and dynamics. Some of the characteristic morphologies on the Xianshuihe fault zone reflect the effects in cumulative deformation due to long-term fault movement, and reveal the fault segmentation in different orders. Such morphologies control, to some extent, the developments and the distributions of the earthquake ruptures on the fault zone.

Boundary integral equations for dynamic rupture propagation on vertical complex fault system in half-space:Theory

The boundary integral equation method （BIEM） is now widely used in numerical studies on earthquake rupture dynamics, and is proved to be a powerful tool to deal with problems on complex fault system. However, since this method heavily lies on the specific forms of Green＇s function and only the Green＇s function in full-space has a closed analytic expression, it is usually limited to a full-space medium. In this study, as a first step to extend this method to an arbitrary complex fault system in half-space, the boundary integral equations （BIEs） for dynamic strike-slip on vertical complex fault system in half-space are derived based on exact Green＇s function for isotropic and homogeneous half-space. Effect of the geometry of the complex fault system are dealt with carefully. Final BIEs is composed of two parts： contribution from full-space, which has been thoroughly investigated by Aochi and his co-workers by using the Green＇s function for full-space, and that from free surface, which is studied in detail in this study.

Formation of I1 stacking fault by deformation defect evolution from grain boundaries in Mg

I_(1)stacking faults(SFs)in Mg alloys are regarded as the nucleation sites of<c+a>dislocations that are critical for these alloys to achieve high ductility.Previously it was proposed that the formation of I_(1)SFs requires the accumulations of a large number of vacancies,which are difficult to achieve at low temperatures.In this study,molecular dynamics(MD)and molecular statics(MS)simulations based on empirical interatomic potentials were applied to investigate the deformation defect evolutions from the symmetric tilt grain boundaries(GBs)in Mg and Mg-Y alloys under external loading along<c>-axis.The results show the planar faults(PFs)on Pyramidal I planes first appear due to the nucleation and glide of(1/2 c+p)partial dislocations from GBs,where p=1/3(1010).These partial dislocations with pyramidal PFs interact with other defects,including pyramidal PFs themselves,GBs,and ppartial dislocations,generating a large amount of I_(1)SFs.Detailed analyses show the nucleation and growth of I_(1)SFs are achieved by atomic shuffle events and deformation defect reactions without the requirements of vacancy diffusion.Our simulations also suggest the Y clusters at GBs can reduce the critical stress for the formation of pyramidal PFs and I_(1)SFs,which provide a possible reason for the experimental observations that Y promotes the<c+a>dislocation activities.

Assessment of Vertical Magnetic Gradient Data of Tuzla Fault Using Boundary Analysis and 3-D Inversion Techniques

The magnetic prospection is one of the most useful methods to determine buried geological structures such as shallow fracture zones. The investigation of vertical and horizontal gradient and total magnetic field variations over geological structures, which have been used for many years, may reveal their locations, geometries and physical characteristics. In this study, a proposed iterative 3-D rectangular prismatic model inversion algorithm was modified to interpret vertical magnetic gradient data defining the boundaries and the physical parameters of the anomalous structure. Vertical magnetic gradient measurements were carried out at the Tuzla fault, an active fault system located along NE-SW direction in Izmir (Turkey). Boundary analysis studies were applied to data in order to obtain boundaries of the structures, afterwards the inversion process was carried out considering these geometries. As a result, location, direction and other physical and geometrical features of the fault are achieved.

W元素在新型镍基粉末高温合金中的强化作用

通过真空感应熔炼(VIM)棒料+电极感应熔炼氩气雾化(EIGA)制粉+热等静压(HIP)成形+热处理(HT)工艺制备三种W含量(质量分数4.1%、6.1%和8.1%)的新型镍基粉末高温合金实验锭坯。以此锭坯为对象,结合金属材料相图计算及材料性能模拟软件JMatPro 6.5计算,利用SEM、EBSD和XRD分析W含量对热处理态锭坯显微组织(如晶粒尺寸、退火孪晶、γ′强化相及错配度)的影响,测试分析不同温度下合金的拉伸性能,通过经验公式量化分析各强化机制对合金室温屈服强度的贡献情况。结果表明,随着W含量增加,γ基体层错能明显降低,热处理态退火孪晶界Σ3数量增多;W促使晶内一次γ′强化相由立方状加速粗化为固态枝晶状,对γ′总量和二次、三次γ′的影响不大;W进入γ基体产生晶格畸变的程度大于γ′强化相,使得γ′/γ错配度呈下降趋势;W有助于提高室温和650~800℃拉伸强度,但略微降低塑性;W主要起固溶强化、γ/γ′共格应变强化和晶界强化作用,其中固溶强化贡献相对最低,固溶强化时以强化γ基体为主,γ基体固溶强化和γ/γ′共格应变强化效果随W含量增加而减弱,W含量为6.1%时晶界强化效果最大;固溶强化、γ/γ′共格应变强化和晶界强化贡献值总和不足室温屈服强度实测值的50%,合金以γ′相沉淀强化为主,测试值和计算值较为吻合。

利用换流器构建有源边界的单端全线速动保护原理

换流器技术变革导致线路边界的无源元件弱化甚至被取消,仅凭单端电气量特征难以实现全线范围内的故障识别。针对该问题,文中充分发挥换流器的高可控性,主动构建换流器对区内外故障的特异性响应特征,建立与单端量保护具有配合关系的有源边界,进而实现单端全线范围的故障识别。在此基础上,进一步讨论有源边界特性的附加控制策略和关键参数的选择依据,并分析有源边界响应在故障回路中的传播规律,进而设计与之配合的单端全线速动保护判据。仿真验证结果表明,所提方法在高阻故障时仍能够可靠识别,提高了传统单端量保护的可靠性和灵敏性。

鄂尔多斯盆地东部边界的构造学分析:以石楼北地区为例

通常认为鄂尔多斯东部边界带由晋西挠褶带和离石断裂组成,但这一边界为残余边界,并非原始的沉积边界。文中以石楼北区域为例,过该区域构建了1条鄂尔多斯盆地东部盆-山尺度的区域地质大剖面,运用2D-Move软件进行构造演化的反演与正演模拟,对其构造变形进行定量分析,并根据研究结果对鄂尔多斯盆地东部边界进行重新厘定。研究认为:(1)石楼北地区在加里东晚期受深部基底断裂活动影响,奥陶系膏盐岩层中形成盐滑脱褶皱,之后沉积石炭系—白垩系,至燕山期受到东西向的挤压应力,地层整体发生掀斜,最终在新生代吕梁隆起加速隆升,遭受差异风化剥蚀形成现今构造格局。(2)构建的区域地质大剖面现今长度为263.76 km,海拔最高可达2000 m,从加里东晚期到白垩纪地层缩短量为3.14 km,缩短率为1.18%,地层抬升高度为3.82 km。(3)根据地层、构造、演化特征对燕山运动期鄂尔多斯盆地的东部边界进行重新厘定,认为东部边界应向东延伸至吕梁隆起东侧。该成果可为鄂尔多斯盆地东缘范围、构造变形研究以及晋西挠褶带煤层气勘探开发提供参考与新思路。

川滇块体东边界断裂带应力演化特征及地震危险性数值

建立川滇块体东边界及龙门山断裂带区域三维粘弹性有限元模型,以GNSS速度场为约束,计算区域内主要断裂带长期平均构造应力积累速率;并根据历史地震破裂滑动模型,计算其对鲜水河断裂带、龙门山断裂带等造成的同震和震后库仑应力变化,从而得到研究区域主要断裂带总应力演化结果。研究表明,鲜水河断裂带、大凉山断裂带南段以及理塘断裂带的构造应力积累速率较高,达到1.0~1.5 kPa/a。2022年泸定MS6.8地震破裂区在一个地震复发周期内的构造应力积累量约为0.177 MPa,而历史强震产生的库仑应力加载量为0.07 MPa,二者共同导致了泸定地震的发生。此外,安宁河断裂带地震空区在前次地震离逝时间(约487 a)内的总应力积累量约为0.3 MPa,大凉山断裂带南段以及理塘断裂带历史地震离逝时间均为千年左右,总应力积累量>1.0 MPa,可能有较大的地震活动潜力。

基于快速边界元方法的倾滑断层近场效应和盆地聚焦效应耦合作用研究

基于快速边界元方法和三维运动学有限断层模型,对倾滑断层作用下复杂场地地震动进行求解。以三维近断层沉积盆地为例,采用频域内动力格林函数求解散射场的地震动,以频域内地震波的相位变化反映发震断层在时域内的动态破裂过程,突破了确定性震源难以模拟高频地震波散射的瓶颈,通过设计快速边界元方法频域-时域自适应逆变换程序得到时域内地震响应,在频域和时域内皆实现了基于确定性运动学有限震源模型的地震动快速边界元法模拟,量化分析了倾滑断层动态破裂下近场沉积盆地地震动的放大效应,揭示了地震的近断层效应与盆地效应的耦合机制。结果表明:近断层效应和盆地聚焦效应存在明显的耦合作用,显著影响了盆地区域地震动的空间分布,盆地中心点的地震动相较于断层附近输入地震动放大了3.97倍;永久位移随断层距离的增加而衰减;在沉积盆地区域内,地震动持时显著延长,软土沉积对外部输入的速度脉冲有放大作用,出现幅值较大的长周期速度大脉冲;沉积盆地会显著增大近断层强震集中性的分布范围。

新时代健全干部容错工作机制的边界尺度、现实困境和路径选择

新时代健全干部容错工作机制是落实“三个区分开来”重要讲话精神、建设堪当民族复兴重任的高素质干部队伍的重要举措。在健全干部容错工作机制的过程中,一是要明确何错可容的边界尺度是“容为公之失,惩为私之罪”“免创新之责,担逾矩之过”;二是要探究有错难容的现实困境,包括认知困境、实施困境、管理困境、制度困境的成因和表征;三是要完善有错能容机制,通过重塑容错认知、优化容错运转、整合容错主体、完善容错制度等路径,对干部容错工作机制面临的现实困境逐一破解,从而系统构建起干部容错工作机制。

巴颜喀拉块体南边界带西端当江断裂的活动构造变形:高分遥感的解译与野外验证

以活动断裂遥感影像解译标志为基础,利用奥维地图、91卫图等影像资料,结合前人的研究成果,重点分析了甘孜-玉树断裂带当江段的空间展布及几何学与运动学特征;在此基础上对重点段进行野外踏勘,通过一系列的断错地貌现象验证解译结果,最后得到甘孜-玉树断裂带当江段的几何展布。研究结果显示:①甘孜-玉树断裂带当江段总体走向为NWW;②断裂地貌发育有断层陡坎、槽谷、冲沟和河流阶地的左旋位错等;③断裂运动性质以左旋走滑为主,带有垂直的倾滑分量;研究同时表明:①遥感解译对于高寒、高海拔、交通不便的地区开展工作十分重要;②遥感解译对于地表破坏少、植被覆盖少的地区其效果更为直观、更利于在此类地区发挥作用;③活动构造变形强烈地区的遥感影像特征明显,更易于开展遥感解译工作。

基于介质碳化通道电阻与温度映射关系的光伏直流汇集系统早期故障判别

光伏中压直流汇集系统中,极间短路故障过流很可能迫使换流器在几毫秒内闭锁,保护来不及动作,引发整个系统停运。该问题可通过提前识别并隔离直流线路中的早期故障来解决。然而在直流线路上,早期故障与绝缘缺陷尚缺乏明确的边界,故障检测判据的阈值难以给定。为此,该文提出了基于碳化通道电阻与温度映射关系的早期故障边界给定原则。基于早期故障发展机理,建立了电缆早期故障实验拟合模型,选取介质碳化通道电阻为故障特征量。在计及系统电压控制约束条件下,解析电缆层间温差与碳化通道电阻的映射关系,进而确定早期故障边界。在此基础上提出了基于故障介质碳化通道电阻值的早期故障判据。仿真结果证明了早期故障边界的合理性以及早期故障判据的有效性,能够为光伏中压直流汇集系统的持续安全运行提供保障。

基于相模变换的柔性直流电网短路故障电流计算

精确的短路故障电流计算对柔性直流电网的器件选型、参数设计以及继电保护研究十分重要。针对现有短路故障电流计算方法未充分考虑直流线路极间耦合的问题,文中提出一种基于相模变换的柔性直流电网短路故障电流计算方法。首先,建立换流站与直流线路的故障等值模型;然后,利用相模变换实现柔性直流电网正极与负极的电气解耦,并获取柔性直流电网在模域内的节点阻抗矩阵;接着,结合柔性直流电网的故障边界条件,计算出柔性直流电网短路故障电流的复频域值,并利用矢量拟合得到故障电流的时域值;最后,利用PSCAD/EMTDC仿真验证所提故障电流计算方法的有效性。仿真分析结果表明,在直流电网发生故障且换流站尚未过流闭锁期间,所提故障电流计算方法能够精准描述直流故障电流的变化规律。

基于保边滤波的断层似然属性在西湖凹陷复杂断裂识别中的应用

西湖凹陷中央背斜带N构造区油气资源富集,但地质活动频繁,断层期次、交切关系复杂,同时,靶区地震资料信噪比低,目的层段反射杂乱,进一步影响断层精细刻画。本文利用非线性各向异性保边滤波方法去噪,克服传统线性滤波对断层边缘破坏问题,兼顾噪音压制与边界信息保护;通过对每个样点进行断层倾向和倾角扫描,依次计算相似系数和似然属性,选取最大的似然属性值作为最终结果,该方法较传统相干算法可更精细表征断层。实际资料应用表明:联合非线性各向异性保边滤波去噪与断层似然属性方法能够更好地压制随机噪音、保护断层边界信息,断层刻画精度更高,较好地落实了N构造区复杂断裂幕次精细刻画。