Experimental investigation on drag reduction in a turbulent boundary layer with a submerged synthetic jet

This work investigates the active control of a fully developed turbulent boundary layer by a submerged synthetic jet actuator.The impacts of the control are explored by measuring the streamwise velocities using particle image velocimetry,and reduction of the skin-friction drag is observed in a certain range downstream of the orifice.The coherent structure is defined and extracted using a spatial two-point correlation function,and it is found that the synthetic jet can efficiently reduce the streamwise scale of the coherent structure.Proper orthogonal decomposition analysis reveals that large-scale turbulent kinetic energy is significantly attenuated with the introduction of a synthetic jet.The conditional averaging results show that the induction effect of the prograde vortex on the low-speed fluid in a large-scale fluctuation velocity field is deadened,thereby suppressing the bursting process near the wall.

Supersonic boundary layer transition induced by self-sustaining dual jets

To promote high-speed boundary layer transition,this paper proposes an active self-sustaining dual jets(SDJ)actuator utilizing the energy of supersonic mainflow.Employing the nanoparticle-based planar laser scattering(NPLS),supersonic flat-plate boundary layer transition induced by SDJ is experimentally investigated in an Ma-2.95 low-turbulence wind tunnel.Streamwise and spanwise NPLS images are obtained to analyze fine flow structures of the whole transition process.The results reveal the transition control mechanisms that on the one hand,the jet-induced shear layer produces unstable Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities in the wake flow,on the other hand,the jets also generates an adverse pressure gradient in the boundary layer and induce unstable streak structures,which gradually break down into turbulence downstream.The paper provides a new method for transition control of high-speed boundary layer,and have prospect both in theory and engineering application.

Effects of single synthetic jet on turbulent boundary layer

The turbulent boundary layer(TBL)is actively controlled by the synthetic jet generated from a circular hole.According to the datasets of velocity fields acquired by a time-resolved particle image velocimetry(TR-PIV)system,the average drag reduction rate of 6.2%in the downstream direction of the hole is obtained with control.The results of phase averaging show that the synthetic jet generates one vortex pair each period and the consequent vortex evolves into hairpin vortex in the environment with free-stream,while the reverse vortex decays rapidly.From the statistical average,it can be found that a low-speed streak is generated downstream.Induced by the two vortex legs,the fluid under them converges to the middle.The drag reduction effect produced by the synthetic jet is local,and it reaches a maximum value at x^(+)=400,where the drag reduction rate reaches about 12.2%.After the extraction of coherent structure from the spatial two-point correlation analysis,it can be seen that the synthetic jet suppresses the streamwise scale and wall–normal scale of the large scale coherent structure,and slightly weakens the spanwise motion to achieve the effect of drag reduction.

Key structure in laminar-turbulent transition of boundary layer with streaky structures

A numerical simulation is performed to find out a key vortical structure in the laminar-turbulent transition. A low-speed streak is generated inside a laminar boundary layer using an isolated cuboid roughness, aimed at providing an environment unstable to outer disturbances. Then, a short duration jet is issued into the boundary layer. When the jet velocity is low, some vortices appear in the boundary layer, but the transition of the boundary layer does not take place.However, when the jet velocity exceeds a certain threshold, two vortices newly appear above the elongated legs of a V-shaped vortex and only one of them is stretched and survives. After that,vortices are generated one after another around the survived one. By comparing the decayed and the survived vortices, it is found that the difference in their heights is the key characteristic which leads to the transition.

Direct numerical simulation of shock wave/boundary layer interaction controlled by steady microjet in a compression ramp

Shock wave/boundary layer interaction in a 24°turning angle of the compression ramp at Mach number 2.9 controlled by steady microjet is investigated using direct numerical simulation.Three different jet spacings which are termed as sparse,moderate and dense are considered,and the induced vortex system and shock structures are compared.A moderate jet spacing configuration is found to generate counter-rotating vortex pairs that transport high-momentum fluid towards the vicinity of wall and strengthen the boundary layer to resist separation,reducing the separation region.The dense jet spacing configuration creates a larger momentum deficit region,reducing the friction downstream of the corner.Analysis of pressure and pressure gradient reveals that dense jet spacing configuration reduces the intensity of separation shock.The impact of varying jet spacings on the turbulent kinetic energy transport mechanism is also investigated by decomposing the budget terms in the transport equation.Furthermore,the spectral characteristics of the separation region are studied using power spectral density and dynamic mode decomposition methods,revealing that moderate jet spacing configuration suppresses low-frequency fluctuations in the separation region.

Tomographic particle image velocimetry measurements of synthetic jet in turbulent boundary layer

We experimentally investigate the 3-D flow characteristics caused by synthetic jet in the turbulent boundary layer(TBL),with the aim of analyzing the differences and similarities of hairpin vortices generated by jet of different hole diameters.For flow fields with hole diameters of 3 mm,4 mm,5 mm,the 2D time-resolved particle image velocimetry(TR-PIV)is used for preliminary experiment to determine the generation region of these hairpin vortices,and then the three-dimensional instantaneous snapshots of the region are obtained by tomographic PIV(Tomo-PIV).The statistical average results show that the downstream velocity deficit area is positively correlated with the hole diameter,and the drag reduction effect looks better with small hole diameter.The phase average extracts the three-dimensional morphology of the hairpin vortices produced by synthetic jet,and its distribution tends to be dense with the hole diameter,which is related to the velocity deficit.The two-point cross-correlation coefficient represents the scale of the coherent structure,and the three component scales of these hairpin vortices are smaller with large hole diameter,which is due to insufficient space for development.The flow fields are divided into high-energy and low-energy by proper orthogonal decomposition(POD).It is found that the increase of hole diameter can transfer the generated hairpin vortices from low-energy to high-energy,showing that the strength of high-energy hairpin vortices is positively correlated with the hole diameter.

Role of the Nocturnal Low-level Jet in the Formation of the Morning Precipitation Peak over the Dabie Mountains

The diurnal variation of precipitation over the Dabie Mountains(DBM) in eastern China during the 2013 mei-yu season is investigated with forecasts of a regional convection-permitting model. Simulated precipitation is verified against surface rain-gauge observations. The observed morning precipitation peak on the windward(relative to the prevailing synoptic-scale wind) side of the DBM is reproduced with good spatial and temporal accuracy. The interaction between the DBM and a nocturnal boundary layer low-level jet(BLJ) due to the inertial oscillation mechanism is shown to be responsible for this precipitation peak. The BLJ is aligned with the lower-level southwesterly synoptic-scale flow that carries abundant moisture.The BLJ core is established at around 0200 LST upwind of the mountains. It moves towards the DBM and reaches maximum intensity at about 70 km ahead of the mountains. When the BLJ impinges upon the windward side of the DBM in the early morning, mechanical lifting of moist air leads to condensation and subsequent precipitation.

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here,we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs)in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5)reanalysis dataset.Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs)concentrated at heights of 900-1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 2300 LST(LST=UTC+8 hours)but are strongest at 0200 LST,with composite wind velocities>14 m s^(-1).Synoptic-system-related LLJs(SLLJs)occur most frequently at 0800 LST but are strongest at 1100LST,with composite wind velocities>12 m s^(-1).Both BLJs and SLLJs are characterized by a southwesterly wind direction,although the wind direction of SLLJs is more westerly,and northeasterly SLLJs occur more frequently than northeasterly BLJs.When Wuhan is south of the mei-yu front,the westward extension of the northwest Pacific subtropical high intensifies,and the low-pressure system in the eastern Tibetan Plateau strengthens,favoring the formation of LLJs,which are closely related to precipitation.The wind speeds on rainstorm days are greater than those on LLJ days.Our analysis of four typical heavy precipitation events shows the presence of LLJs at the center of the precipitation and on its southern side before the onset of heavy precipitation.BLJs were shown to develop earlier than SLLJs.

Numerical Simulation of Lateral Jet Interaction

Jet interaction effects on aerodynamic characteristics of aircraft in subsonic/transonic compressible crossflow are investigated numerically. The high reliable CFD method is established and compared with existing experimental results. The lateral jet interaction characteristics of lateral jet in subsonic/ transonic compressible crossflow on an ogive-cylinder configuration are simulated numerically. Variation characteristics of normal force amplification factor, pitching moment and amplification factor are analyzed and compared with the results at supersonic condition. Research results and some useful conclusions can be provided for the design of RCS aircraft control system as basis and reference in subsonic/transonic compressible crossflow.

华北局地大暴雨过程中多个β中尺度对流系统发生发展对比分析

利用常规地面高空观测、多普勒雷达、风廓线、VDRAS(Variational Doppler Radar Analysis System)和NCEP再分析资料,对2018年8月5—6日副热带高压(以下简称副高)控制下华北一次局地大暴雨过程中多个β中尺度对流系统触发和发展机制进行了分析。结果表明:这次大暴雨发生在副高控制下,处于高温、高湿气团中,大气层结极不稳定。暴雨由多个相继发展的中尺度对流系统造成,分别是太行山迎风坡上西南—东北向、华北平原地区保定一带南北向、保定至霸州附近西南—东北向和以雄安新区为中心东西向原地生消的准静止MCS-Ⅰ、MCS-Ⅱ、MCS-Ⅲ和MCS-Ⅳ,均属于β中尺度。在相似的环境中,不同中尺度对流系统触发机制有较大差异,太行山迎风坡上的MCS-Ⅰ是由近地层偏东暖湿气流在迎风坡与山风形成的辐合抬升触发;由辐射差异和前期强降水形成的局地冷池受MCS-Ⅰ影响再次加强后,其出流与环境风形成的两条地面辐合线分别触发了MCS-Ⅱ和MCS-Ⅲ,并组织对流沿辐合线呈带状发展;而超低空偏东风增强叠加冷池出流在地形抬升作用下促使沿山暖湿气团进一步抬升,使得原本消亡的MCS-Ⅰ再次重建。MCS-Ⅳ发展最旺盛、持续时间最长,是大暴雨中心的直接制造者,一方面MCS-Ⅱ与MCS-Ⅲ、MCS-Ⅰ与MCS-Ⅳ的两次合并过程,是MCS-Ⅳ增强、持久的重要原因;另一方面边界层偏东风急流为MCS-Ⅳ的发展提供了水汽和不稳定能量等有利条件,同时推动其左前方中尺度涡旋的发展,导致MCS-Ⅳ所在地的气旋性涡度大大增加,加强了以急流轴为中心的垂直次级环流发展,造成MCS-Ⅳ的发展维持,形成华北平原地区以雄安新区为中心的东西向大暴雨带。

不同风场中特高压换流站阀厅屋盖风压特性试验研究

特高压(ultra high voltage,UHV)换流站阀厅的金属屋面系统在风荷载作用下易发生屋面表层风揭事故。为深入探讨该类建筑屋面的风压极值特性,基于风洞试验分别探讨了大气边界层(atmospheric-boundary-layer,ABL)风、壁面射流、均匀湍流三种风场作用下的屋面风压特性,比较了平均风剖面、风速、风向、湍流强度等因素对屋面风压的影响。结果表明:阀厅屋盖迎风前缘负风压最大,且控制风向角在45°左右;壁面射流风场下平均风压系数与脉动风压系数均超过大气边界层风场的结果;风速对阀厅屋盖的负风压系数均值和极值影响较小,而湍流度对风压系数的极值影响较大;大气边界风场时,JGJ/T 481—2019《屋盖结构风荷载标准》的最不利风压系数建议值偏于安全;而在壁面射流风场下,阀厅屋盖全风向最不利风压系数在所有区域都大于JGJ/T 481—2019的建议值,设计中应加以重视。

“23.7”河北罕见特大暴雨过程降水演变与中尺度特征分析

2023年7月29日至8月2日,受台风“杜苏芮”北上减弱低压影响,河北出现罕见特大暴雨天气过程(以下简称“23.7”暴雨过程),其中位于冀南的邢台市梁家庄自动站52 h累积降水量高达1003.4 mm。利用常规地面与探空资料以及区域自动站资料、雷达拼图与ERA5再分析资料等,对“23.7”暴雨过程的降水演变特征、环流形势与环境条件、中尺度特征进行了初步分析。结果表明:此次暴雨过程具有持续时间长、累计雨量大、覆盖范围广等特征;台风“杜苏芮”登陆北上后,受500 hPa华北北部“高压坝”阻挡而停滞,河北大部地区整层水汽总量达到其气候平均态的2倍以上,环境大气具有低的抬升凝结高度和自由对流高度及一定的对流不稳定能量,以及850 hPa倒槽切变线稳定少动提供的持久辐合抬升条件,使得降水回波长时间维持在河北西南部太行山前和河北中部。边界层东南风急流伴随台风倒槽向北发展,急流核风速在河北中部超过22 m·s^(-1),大暴雨过程中地形作用明显。边界层急流影响河北西南部期间,回波强度30~40 dBz、质心高度低于6 km的多个对流单体先后移过梁家庄站上空,造成梁家庄站累计出现24 h的短时强降水;边界层急流北移后,8 m·s^(-1)左右的偏东风使太行山前层积混合云降水回波继续长时间维持造成雨区重叠,是梁家庄站52 h累积降水量超过1000 mm的主要原因。

Large-eddy simulation of shock-wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction with and without Spark Jet control

The efficiency and mechanism of an active control device ＂＇Spark Jet＂ and its application in shock-induced separation control are studied using large-eddy simulation in this paper. The base flow is the interaction of an oblique shock-wave generated by 8° wedge and a spatially-developing Ma = 2.3 turbulent boundary layer. The Reynolds number based on the incoming flow property and the boundary layer displacement thickness at the impinging point without shock-wave is 20000. The detailed numerical approaches were presented. The inflow turbulence was generated using the digital filter method to avoid artificial temporal or streamwise periodicity. The , merical results including velocity profile, Reynolds stress profile, skin friction, and wall pressure were sys- tematically validated against the available wind tunnel particle image velocimetry （PIV） measure- ments of the same flow condition. Further study on the control of flow separation due to the strong shock-viscous interaction using an active control actuator ＂＇Spark Jet＇＂ was conducted. The single-pulsed characteristic of the device was obtained and compared with the experiment. Both instantaneous and time-averaged flow fields have shown that the jet flow issuing from the actuator cavity enhances the flow mixing inside the boundary layer, making the boundary layer more resis- tant to flow separation. Skin friction coefficient distribution shows that the separation bubble length is reduced by about 35% with control exerted.

Characteristics of array of distributed synthetic jets and effect on turbulent boundary layer

An array of distributed round synthetic jets was used to control a fully developed turbulent boundary layer.The study focused on the related skin friction drag reduction and mechanisms involved.The control effects were analyzed by measuring the streamwise velocities using a hot-wire anemometer downstream of the array.A reduction in the skin friction was observed both in the regions downstream of the orifices and in the regions between two adjacent orifices.A statistical analysis with the variable-interval time-averaging(VITA)technique demonstrated a weakened bursting intensity with synthetic jet in the near-wall region.The streamwise vortices were lifted by the upwash effect caused by synthetic jet and induced less low-speed streaks.The control mechanism acted in a way to suppress the dynamic interaction between the streamwise vortices and low-speed streaks and to attenuate the turbulence production in the near-wall region.The forcing frequency was found to be a more relevant parameter when synthetic jet was applied in turbulent boundary layer flow control.A higher forcing frequency induced a higher reduction in the skin friction.The power spectral density and autocorrelation of the fluctuating velocities showed that the synthetic jets gradually decayed in the streamwise direction,having an effect as far as 34.5 times the displacement thickness that was on the trailing edge of the distributed synthetic jets array.

Effects of single circular synthetic jet on turbulent boundary layer

The periodic synthetic jet emerging from a circular orifice actively controls the turbulent boundary layer(TBL).A time-resolved particle image velocimetry(TR-PIV)system was designed to capture the velocity field database and based on the single-pixel ensemble correlation(SPEC)algorithm,an average drag reduction rate of 6.2%was obtained.The results show that the synthetic jet causes a wide range of low momentum zones and a low-speed streak in the downstream flow field.And the places where the disturbance intensity is strong are often accompanied by a larger velocity deficit.The instantaneous flow fields are visualized with the Finite-Time Lyapunov Exponent(FTLE),and the hairpin vortex packet composed of five hairpin vortices and the generation of new hairpin vortices are observed when there is no control.Under the action of the synthetic jet,the hairpin vortices are continuously generated from the jet orifice.The synthetic jet mainly achieves the drag reduction effect mainly by modulating the mean convection term cC and the spatial development term c^(D).The drag reduction effect appears in the region of x/δ0>0.38,and the maximum drag reduction rate is 12.2%at x/δ0=0.75,and then gradually decreased.Using proper orthogonal decomposition(POD),it is found that the synthetic jet reduces the energy proportion of the large-scale energetic structures.After the conditional average,the synthetic jet limits the influence range of bursting events at various scales in the near-wall region,and weakens the normal transport of momentum and energy brought about by large-scale ejection events(Q2 events)and the wall friction resistance caused by large-scale sweep events(Q4 events).

2023年4月闽南沿海一次暖区暴雨过程中尺度分析

本文利用常规和非常规资料对2023年4月18日闽南沿海地区一次特大暴雨过程进行了中尺度特征分析和研究。结果表明:此次特大暴雨过程是副高北抬和南风暖湿气流强迫背景下形成的强对流天气,东南季风绕过台湾省形成地形高压,南海水汽通道建立与弱冷空气触发是此次过程的降水机制。“列车效应”在雷达图中表现突出,针对区域性冷空气的入侵,风廓线雷达资料较常规资料更精细,地形正面阻挡对边界层偏南急流造成的暖区暴雨大值落区判断有指示意义。

广西沿海“23.6”弱热带低压破纪录暴雨过程的诊断分析

利用多源观测资料及ERA5再分析资料,基于大气热、动力诊断方程,对2023年6月7—9日广西沿海破纪录热带低压暴雨过程的成因及低压维持的可能机制进行了分析,结果表明:(1)在中高纬度与低纬度天气系统相互作用背景下,热带低压在广西境内盘旋少动,促成了此次强降水过程。期间大气热力、水汽因子均伴有显著异常,整层水汽通量散度、大气可降水量及K指数标准化异常分别达到-5.5、3.2、1.3。(2)降水最强时段集中于夜间至凌晨,准静止的中尺度对流云团以及对流系统“列车效应”使降水不断在局地累积,造成破纪录累计雨量。(3)7日(8日)夜间至8日(9日)凌晨,热带低压东南侧(东侧)暖式切变线(边界层急流)以及陆面摩擦为强降水的发生、发展提供了动力条件。9日边界层急流辐合强于8日切变线辐合,锋生强迫更强。热带低压系统增强导致的气压梯度力增大以及位势高度经向平流对应的气压梯度力做功过程促进了局地动能增长,是边界层急流发展的原因。(4)热带低压环流不断将中国南海水汽卷入其内部,水汽辐合及垂直输送使得湿层不断增厚,有利于降水率增大。持续的暖湿气流输送有利于不稳定层结维持,使大气低层对流不稳定结构贯穿整个降水过程。其中,风垂直切变和大气斜压性的有利配置使得9日层结不稳定特征较8日更强,与动力条件相结合促使9日出现更强降水。(5)热带低压系统维持主要受水平风场辐合效应支撑,地转风分量在整个过程中贡献相对较弱,非地转风分量的水平散度项主导了局地涡度变化,与非地转风惯性旋转后向热带低压中心辐合有关。

2023年4月18日厦门暖区特大暴雨中尺度特征及低空急流的作用

2023年4月18日厦门遭遇入汛以来最强暖区暴雨过程,过程具有降水强度大、局地性强等特点。利用常规观测资料、地面自动站观测资料以及双偏振雷达、风廓线雷达、雨滴谱仪等新型探测资料对此次暴雨的天气背景、中尺度对流系统发展演变及低空急流在其中的作用进行了分析,结果表明:(1)此次暖区暴雨主要影响系统为偏南风天气尺度低空急流和东南风边界层急流,其强烈发展增强了局地的水汽及不稳定条件;(2)低质心的线状中尺度对流系统(MCS)嵌有类超级单体风暴在低空急流左侧辐合区内形成发展,MCS在福建南部沿海长时间维持,形成“列车效应”导致厦门极端强降水的发生;(3)类超级单体风暴强回波区差分反射率因子(ZDR)、差分传播相移(KDP)与相关系数(CC)均较大,质心低于经典超级单体风暴。此外,强降水云具有高浓度的小雨滴与大雨滴并存的暖区暴雨云微物理特征。(4)低空急流迅速增强和向下扩展与强降水密切相关,双低空急流耦合产生的上升运动是此次暖区暴雨主要的天气尺度触发机制。

层冰边界条件下多气泡破冰试验研究

为提高破冰船的破冰能力,探究气泡运动状态和特征参数对层冰的影响规律,在一定的气泡间距和气泡与层冰距离条件下,通过超高速摄像机研究在层冰下方布置单个气泡、水平布置2个气泡、垂直布置2个气泡的运动状态、半径变化及其破冰效果。研究结果表明:带孔层冰下方布置单个气泡时,气泡塌陷后形成冲击波,在层冰的上、下表面形成膨胀波和压缩波,导致层冰自上向下破裂;无孔层冰下方水平布置2个距离过近的气泡,相互融合后坍塌,形成斜射流后释放冲击波,传播到层冰的上、下表面,导致层冰自下向上破裂;带孔层冰下方水平布置2个距离较近的气泡时,气泡融合后坍塌,形成朝下的斜射流,射流碰撞后形成冲击波,导致层冰自下向上破裂;带孔层冰下方垂直布置2个距离较近的气泡时,气泡相互融合后收缩,形成向下的射流,射流碰撞产生水锤效应,产生冲击波传播到层冰表面产生反射波,导致层冰自下向上破裂。气泡与带孔层冰相互作用的破冰效果弱于无孔层冰。

宜昌市致洪中尺度极端降水成因分析

极端降水对河流防洪调控、水库蓄水泄洪等具有重要的影响,研究极端降水成因成为强化区域洪水资源管理的必要环节。基于多源观测资料和ERA5再分析资料,利用HYSPLIT后向轨迹模式和锋生强度诊断等方法,对2023年8月26日夜间宜昌市致洪中尺度极端降水成因进行分析。结果表明:①此次极端降水过程关键影响系统为低空急流、超低空急流、边界层冷空气和中尺度低涡。强降水可以分为中尺度低涡新生、低空急流发展,冷暖对峙、冷锋南下,低涡中心东移3个阶段。②此次过程中低层主要有4条暖湿输送通道,强降水区水汽通量超800 kg/(m·s),可降水量超70mm。③强降水时段低层相对涡度正值中心与垂直速度负值中心基本重合,加之锋生作用增强,强降水中心低层垂直速度达-7.1 Pa/s。④强降水时段,地形过渡带附近形成θ_(se)(假相当位温)能量锋区,垂直方向上出现高能舌,800 hPa附近中心强度达360 K以上。⑤中尺度地形形成了“西北冷干、东南暖湿”中尺度温湿锋区,并起到了阻挡抬升和触发作用,使强降水出现在山前喇叭口内。研究成果可为汛期区域洪水资源管理策略制定提供依据。