Discovery of Trace Fossils from the Sinian-Cambrian Boundary Beds in Eastern Yunnan and Their Significance for Global Correlation

There are abundant and highly varied trace fossils in the Sinian-Cambrian boundary beds in eastern Yunnan. Collections from 27 sections and their study give altogether 45 ichnogenera and 87 ichnospecies. Among them, 2 ichnogenera and 7 ichnospecies are new, and 31 known ichnogenera and 38 known ichnospecies first found in the region. According to their order of appearance in the boundary beds and their assemblage features, the trace fossils in the Sinian-Cambrian boundary beds in the region may fall into 4 trace fossil assemblage zones in ascending order. In the paper they are correlated with those in the equivalent horizons abroad and their geological significance is discussed preliminarily.

GEOLOGICAL MARKS OF A POSSIBLE EXTRATERRESTRIAL IMPACT EVENT ON THE BOUNDARY BETWEEN SINIAN/CAMBRIAN IN TIANMENSHAN IN WESTERN HUNAN

Geologic marks related to extraterrestrial impact events, such as impact split gravels, impact brecciate layers, impact dikes, microirghizites, microtektites, especially meteoritic residues, were discovered on the boundary between Sinian/Cambrian at Tianmenshan of Western Hunan, which may possibly demonstrate that an extraterrestrial impact event has ever occurred there on the S/C boundary.

A Candidate Global Stratotype Section and Point for the Precambrian——Cambrian Boundary at Meishucun,Yunnan,China

This paper gives the detail description of Meishucun section , Yunnan , China . By studying biotic characteristics , analyzing isotopic age and comparing with the main Precambrian - Cambrian boundary sections in the world , we construct a global stratotype section and a point for the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary at Meishucun , which are of the convenient assessibility , abundant fossils of diverse groups , continuous sedimentation . perfect outcropping , lock of tectonic and metamorphic alteration , and have been deep studied in all related disciplines of sciences .

Geological characteristics of the southern segment of the Late Sinian–Early Cambrian Deyang-Anyue rift trough in Sichuan Basin, SW China

Based on the latest drilling, seismic and field outcrop data, the geological characteristics(e.g. strata, development and sedimentary evolution) of the southern segment of the Late Sinian–Early Cambrian Deyang–Anyue rift trough in the Sichuan Basin are analyzed. First, the strata in the southern segment are complete. The first to second members of Dengying Formation(Deng 1 + Deng 2) are found with relatively stable thickness(400–550 m), and the third to fourth members(Deng 3+ Deng 4) show great thickness difference between the marginal trough and the inner trough, which is up to 250 m. The Cambrian Maidiping Formation and Qiongzhusi Formation in southern Sichuan Basin are relatively thin, with the thickness changing greatly and frequently. Second, the Deyang–Anyue rift trough extended southward during the Deng 4 period, affecting southern Sichuan Basin. Compared to the middle and northern segments of the rift trough, the southern segment is generally wide, gentle and shallow, with multiple steps, and alternating uplifts and sags, which are distributed in finger shape. Third, the Deng 1 + Deng 2 in southern Sichuan Basin records the dominance of carbonate platform and unobvious sedimentary differentiation, and the Deng 4 exhibits obvious sedimentary differentiation, namely, basin–slope–secondary slope–slope–secondary slope–platform margin–restricted platform, from the inner trough to the marginal trough. Fourth, the rift trough in southern Sichuan Basin has evolved in four stages: stabilization of Deng 1–Deng 2, initialization of Deng 3–Deng 4, filling of Maidiping–Qiongzhusi, and extinction of Canglangpu Formation.

A Potential Candidate For the Middle-Upper Cambrian Boundary Stratotype——An Introduction to the Paibi Section in Huayuan,Hunan

The Middle-Upper Cambrian boundary is one of the current stratigraphical problems which remain openin the geological world, since there have been no universally acknowledged delimiting standard and stratotype.Acting on the instruction of Profs. Lu Yanhao and An Taixiang the author studied in details the Paibi Section,which is well exposed as a continuous sequence at an easily accessible locality. The Middle-Upper Cambrianboundary strata are composed of biocalcimicrosparite, indicating the sedimentary environment of anunderwater upheaval on the gentle slope along the frontal margin of the Yangtze carbonate platform. For the upper Middle and lower Upper Cambrian agnostid trilobite zones and conodont zones are erected,and a more accurate correlation between the trilobite and conodont sequences is established. Based on these,the Middle-Upper Cambrian boundary is drawn more reasonably and precisely than what was done before. Inshort, the section studied is superior to other known sections of Middle-Upper Cambrian. and it will probablybe an ideal candidate for the Middle-Upper Cambrian boundary stratotype.

Formation conditions of Sinian–Cambrian large lithologic gas reservoirs in the north slope area of central Sichuan Basin,SW China

Based on analyses of characteristics,hydrocarbon charging history and geological conditions for the formation of Sinian-Cambrian reservoirs in the north slope area of central Sichuan paleo-uplift,the natural gas origin,accumulation evolution,accumulation pattern and formation conditions of large lithologic gas reservoirs have been investigated.Through comprehensive analyses of natural gas composition,carbon and hydrogen isotopic compositions,fluid inclusions,reservoir bitumen,and geological conditions such as lithofacies paleogeography and beach body characterization,it is concluded that:(1)The natural gas in the Sinian-Cambrian of the north slope area is mainly oil cracking gas,and different contribution ratios of multiple sets of source rocks lead to different geochemical characteristics of natural gas in different reservoirs.(2)Although the both Sinian and Cambrian gas reservoirs in this area are lithologic gas reservoirs under monocline background,the former has normal-pressure and the latter has high-pressure.There are three types of source-reservoir-caprock combinations:single source with lower generation and upper reservoir,double sources with lower generation and upper reservoir or with side source and lateral reservoir,double sources with lower generation and upper reservoir or with upper generation and lower reservoir.The Permian-Triassic is the main generation period of oil,Early-Middle Jurassic is the main generation period of oil cracking gas and wet gas,and Late Jurassic-Cretaceous is the main generation period of dry gas.(3)The Sinian-Cambrian system of the north slope area has two favorable conditions for formation of large lithologic gas reservoirs,one is that the large scale beach facies reservoirs are located in the range of ancient oil reservoirs or near the source rocks,which is conducive to the"in-situ"large-scale accumulation of cracked gas in the paleo-oil reservoirs,the other is that the large scale mound-beach complex reservoirs and sealing layers of inter beach tight zones match effectively to form large lithologic traps under the slope background.The research results confirm that the north slope area has large multi-layer lithologic gas reservoirs with more than one trillion cubic meters of natural gas resources and great exploration potential.

Carbon Isotope Features of the Sugetbrak Section in the Aksu-Wushi Area, Northwest China: Implications for the Precambrian/Cambrian Stratigraphic Correlations

The upper Qigeblaq Formation （Fm） dolostones and the Yurtus Fm phosphatic cherts, black shales, limestones, and dolostones are widely distributed in the Precambrian/Cambrian transitional succession of the Aksu-Wushi area. Negative δ13C excursion above the Yurtus Fm/ Qigeblaq Fm boundary was determined in this study. The pronounced negative carbon isotope excursion occurs in the phosphatic chert layers at the bottom of the Cambrian Yurtus Fm, below which the first appearance of the Asteridium- Heh＇osphaeridium-Comasphaeridium （AHC） acritarch assemblage zone. The δ13C curve of the lower part of the Yurtus Fm in the Aksu-Wushi area was found to be correlated with the early Cambrian δ13C curves of the Zhujiaqing Fm （Daibu Member）, the lower part of the Yanjiahe Fm on the Yangtze Platform in China, the lower Tal Fm in India, the Sukharikha Fm in Siberia, and the upper part of the Tsagaan Oloom Fm in Mongolia through biostigraphy. The lower part of the Yurtus Fm in the Tarim Basin is at the Nemakit-Daldynian stage, and the Precambrian/Cambrian boundary of the Aksu-Wushi area may be located in the phosphatic chert unit which just below the first appearance AHC acritarch assemblage zone. The negative δ13C excursion （N1） across the Precambrian/Cambrian boundary in the studied section may have resulted from oceanic overturning and sea level rise.

Cambrian Sequence Stratigraphy and Sea Level Cycles of North China Platform

The Cambrian of the North China platform consists chiefly of shallow water deposits and shows the sedimentary characters of an epicontinental sea basin. Controlled mainly by global sea level changes and sedimentary influx, the depositional sequences all exhibit as composite sequences. From bottom upward, 14 sequences (3rd order) are recognized, which may be grouped into 5 sequence sets and further into 2 mesosequences (2nd order). It is suggested herein that the Cambrian/Ordovician boundary may better be set at the MFS (maximum flooding surface) of the sequence OSq1, above which the conodont Cordylodus lindstroemi occurs. This position is about 40 m above the traditional Cambrian/Ordovician boundary and is within the Yeli Formation.

Stratigraphical and biological significance of negative carbon isotopic anomalies in the basal Cambrian series of Guizhou Province

The early Early Cambrian strata within the bounds of Guizhou Province are almost predominated by black shale deposition. Recently, however, the authors have found a section consisting of a set of mudstones interbedded with limestones at the basement of the Cambrian at Yingping, Fuquan County, Guizhou Province, which provides favorable conditions for the study of marine geochemical characteristics of the early Early Cambrian. The characteristics of intense negative carbon isotopic anomalies near the Precambrian/Cambrian boundary at Yingping, Fuquan County, Guizhou Province, can be correlated with those of global carbon isotopic anomalies at the same time on a global scale, corresponding to the intense negative carbon isotopic anomalies near the Neoproterozoic/Cambrian boundaries at the bottom of the Xiaowaitoushan Member, Huize, Yunnan Province, at the top of the Tsagaan Oloom Formation of Mongolia and at the top of the Salarmy Gol Formation of Siberia, as well as those observed in southwestern United States, Iran, Amman, Poland, Newfoundland, the Great Britain, Canada, etc. Negative carbon isotopic anomalies can be used as the important basis for the division of the Precambrian/Cambrian boundaries. There have been found 8 m-thick black shales and cherts below the intense negative carbon isotopic anomalies in this profile. In the black shales there have been found large amounts of fossils such as Bradorida, gernus Archotuba, indicating that during the period of sedimentation of black shales under anaerobic conditions there would be large quantities of organic species living in the sea. But in the section of grayish-green mudstones interbedded with limestones with intense negative carbon isotopic anomalies almost no organic fossil has been found. This may imply that the anaerobic event seems to have little bearing on the mass extinction near the Precambrian/Cambrian boundary, whereas the intense negative carbon isotopic anomaly event appears to be more closely related to the mass extinction occurring near the Precambrian/Cambrian boundary.

Microfossils from the Chert in the Lower Cambrian Shuijingtuo Formation at Miaohe, Zigui, Hubei Province

This paper reports for the first time on the microfossils discovered in the black cherts of the basal part of the Lower Cambrian Shuijingtuo Formation at Miaohe village, Zigui County, Hubei Province, all of which were observed in thin sections. Nine genera, 9 species and 3 indeterminate species (including a new species) are described. According to these microfossils, the conclusion is made that the microfossil zone may be equivalent to the small shelly fossil assemblage zones 2—3 of the Meishucun stage. They have provided another important line of evidence for the correlation of the Sinian-Cambrian boundary strata with those of the adjacent areas.

The pre-Sinian rift in central Sichuan Basin and its control on hydrocarbon accumulation in the overlying strata

Based on the latest seismic data, resistivity profile, outcrop evidence and logging data, the structural features of basement in Sichuan Basin and its control on the hydrocarbon accumulation in the Sinian-Cambrian strata was discussed. It was found that a NE striking pre-Sinian rift was developed across the whole basin. Controlled by a series of rift-parallel normal faults, horst-graben structures were developed inside the rift, large horst-graben structures and later activity of their boundary faults controlled the distribution of beach facies of the overlying strata. The horst-graben structures induced the formation of local highs of ancient landform and controlled the successive development of overlapped bioherm beach facies in long-term marine setting from the Sinian period to the Permian period, and as a result a widely distributed favorable sedimentary facies belt was developed. The pre-Sinian rift and later activities of related normal faults controlled the development of the grain beach and karst reservoirs and the deposition of high quality source rock, which form structural-lithologic traps. Through comprehensive evaluation, two large structural-lithologic composite trap favorable exploration areas in the south and north of the Gaoshiti-Moxi area, were selected.

原油裂解气资源评价的理论技术创新与评价应用——以四川盆地震旦系—寒武系为例

四川盆地震旦系—寒武系天然气资源丰富。近年来,在四川盆地川中古隆起和北部斜坡区先后获得了两个万亿级大气区的重大发现。为了明确该领域天然气的资源规模以及未来的勘探方向和创建一套切实可行的原油裂解气资源量的评估方法,本次研究基于该区天然气为古油藏原油裂解的基本认识,按照干酪根生油,再到古油藏裂解生气的技术路线对原油裂解气的资源量进行计算。应用成因法,采用PetroMod 3D盆地模拟软件,输入地层等厚图、岩相古地理图、烃源岩综合评价图、剥蚀量展布图以及生油动力学参数图版,建立整个盆地的三维地质模型,并切分为5个区块分别计算生油量,然后探讨了石油运聚系数、石油裂解率、天然气散失率以及寒武系石油运移的分配系数,并创建了天然气散失系数计算公式。在以上基础上,恢复了盆地及5个构造单元的生油史,并明确了古油藏形成的关键时刻,最终得到全盆地震旦系—寒武系常规天然气资源量为13.43×10^(12)m^(3),其中寒武系为5.43×10^(12)m^(3),震旦系为8.0×10^(12)m^(3)。并指出除了川中地区以外,川南和川东具有巨大的勘探潜力,尤其是位于川南地区德阳—安岳裂陷槽两侧的台缘带和台内颗粒滩是下一步勘探的现实领域。本次研究在理论创新和勘探实践中都具有重要意义。

塔里木盆地西北部震旦系—寒武系不整合面成因——来自沉积学的证据

【目的】塔里木盆地西北部阿克苏地区广泛发育震旦系—寒武系平行不整合面,目前对其形成机制还存在争议。【方法】以沉积学方法为手段,基于上震旦统奇格布拉克组顶部的沉积相及其岩溶现象,通过详细的野外观察和镜下鉴定,对上述不整合面的成因开展研究。【结果】阿克苏地区奇格布拉克组顶部主要发育于台地边缘和斜坡环境。台地边缘包括颗粒滩和台缘礁,岩相为厚层—块状鲕粒白云岩、中—厚层状砂屑白云岩以及块状叠层石礁白云岩。斜坡环境包括的岩相有滑塌角砾白云岩、浊积岩以及薄层状粒泥白云岩。震旦纪晚期,阿克苏地区东部的沉积水体更深,岩溶发育程度也明显强于西部,垂向上以潜流带为主。此外,寒武纪早期沉积的玉尔吐斯组保持了与奇格布拉克组顶部相一致的沉积趋势,两者自西向东均表现为水体加深的地层序列。【结论】该不整合面由震旦纪末期台缘构造活动诱导的掀斜运动形成,导致阿克苏西部发生抬升,并形成了向东流动的大气淡水水文系统,使得东部台缘带岩溶作用强烈。该研究可为该区域震旦系白云岩储层的油气勘探提供参考。

四川盆地东部下寒武统有效烃源岩与有利油气聚集区预测

为了评价四川盆地东部震旦系—下寒武统天然气勘探前景,在区域沉积--构造背景分析基础上,利用实测烃源岩总有机碳含量(TOC)、测井和二维地震数据,预测了下寒武统有效烃源岩;综合分析中三叠世末震旦系顶面古构造和下寒武统生烃中心分布,预测了有利油气聚集区。研究结果表明:晚震旦世至早寒武世强烈的沉积--构造分异导致在中上扬子地区形成台内断陷/裂陷槽、台内凹陷和台内凸起;四川盆地东部主要位于台内凸起,有效烃源岩厚度为50~150 m;习水—南川—石柱一带厚度小于30 m,有效烃源岩发育较差;平面上围绕四川盆地东部发育4个由裂陷槽和台内凹陷控制的烃源岩厚度中心及其对应的生烃中心,能够为震旦系—下寒武统提供充足的油气;四川盆地东部天然气勘探前景较好,川中古隆起及其围斜区是有利油气聚集区。

叠合盆地古老地层热史恢复及应用——以四川盆地川中古隆起震旦系-寒武系为例

由于古温标样品稀缺、热史复杂、方法单一且难以进行有效表征等原因,叠合盆地古老地层热史恢复一直是沉积盆地热史研究的难点问题之一。为此,以四川盆地川中古隆起震旦系灯影组与寒武系沧浪铺组为例,探索了可指示叠合盆地古老地层热史的有效古温标组合与方法体系,将传统古温标与具有不同封闭温度的低温热年代学古温标相结合,恢复了川中古隆起震旦系—寒武系重点层系热史,分析了在不同构造阶段的地层热演化特征、主要构造—热事件的热效应以及古地温对油气成藏关键过程的控制作用,并探讨了不同古温标在叠合盆地古老地层热史恢复中的适用性与应用意义。研究结果表明:①川中古隆起高石梯—磨溪地区灯影组与沧浪铺组主要经历了2期升温和2期冷却过程,在2期升温过程中,川中古隆起高磨地区灯影组达到的最高古地温接近240℃,沧浪铺组约200℃,在该区域峨眉山地幔柱事件未产生决定性影响;②古地温控制下,德阳—安岳裂陷区下寒武统烃源岩的热演化进程、高磨地区灯影组储集层的埋藏溶蚀高峰及油气充注成藏过程三者可相关联,而裂陷东翼下寒武统烃源岩热演化与之相比呈现出“滞后性”;③前陆盆地演化期的深埋藏升温是有机质向高—过成熟转化、原油裂解成气的主要阶段,燕山晚期—喜马拉雅期的构造抬升可能为后2期的天然气充注提供了驱动力。结论认为,不同类型古温标可对叠合盆地古老地层所经历的不同阶段的热演化过程与构造—热事件起到指示作用,对叠合盆地古老地层热史进行恢复,可采用多古温标—多地层联合的方法,并基于古温标数据分析,结合地层埋藏史与盆地古热流数值模拟等结果,可对关键时期的热史路径进行多手段约束。

重力——地震联合剥层预测石柱东部裂陷槽分布

石柱东部存在震旦—寒武系裂陷槽已经得到地震资料证实,但由于资料的局限性不能准确刻画裂陷槽展布特征。通过大量实测岩石样品和钻井资料分析研究,认识到石柱地区盐酸岩地层密度高,碎屑岩地层密度较低,且不同地层间存在一定的密度差,是重力资料研究深部结构良好的物性基础。因此在石柱地区开展了重力勘探工作,通过针对裂陷槽的重力—地震联合剥层反演技术,确定了石柱东部震旦—寒武系裂陷槽及深部断裂的分布特征。

四川盆地中部前震旦系裂谷及对上覆地层成藏的控制

利用最新地震、大地电磁、野外露头和钻探等资料,分析四川盆地中部基底构造特征及其对震旦系—寒武系油气成藏的控制作用。研究发现,四川盆地中部发育北东走向的前震旦系裂谷,裂谷内部受一系列与裂谷走向平行的正断层控制,发育地垒-地堑结构,大型垒-堑结构及控制垒-堑结构的边界断层后期活动对上覆地层滩体有利相带具有重要的控制作用。基底差异性升降导致垒-堑结构的形成,地垒导致局部高地貌的形成,有利于滩体的发育,并在长期海相沉积环境中继承性发育,在震旦系—寒武系甚至二叠系中形成一系列上下叠置的丘滩体,形成大面积的有利沉积相带。前震旦系裂谷及相关正断层后期活动控制了上覆震旦系—寒武系颗粒滩和岩溶储集层以及烃源岩的规模发育并形成构造-岩性圈闭。通过综合评价,优选出高石梯—磨溪以北和高石梯—磨溪以南2个大型构造-岩性复合圈闭有利勘探区,有望成为安岳特大型气田发现后重要的天然气勘探领域。

四川盆地寒武系沉积前震旦系顶界岩溶地貌特征及其地质意义

受桐湾运动的影响,四川盆地震旦系灯影组发育2期大规模风化壳岩溶作用,岩溶识别标志明显。为探寻岩溶作用与震旦系灯影组油气成藏的关系,综合应用野外剖面、新钻井以及地球物理勘探资料,通过分析不整合面上、下地层的补偿关系,根据灯影组"残余厚度"和下寒武统"印模厚度"的特征,依据地层厚度组合关系恢复了该区寒武系沉积前震旦系顶界的岩溶地貌,并将其分为岩溶高地、岩溶坡地、岩溶谷地和岩溶盆地4个二级地貌单元,认为寒武系沉积前四川盆地震旦系顶界具有大型近南北向侵蚀谷地和大面积分布的岩溶坡地并存的地貌特征。在此基础上,研究了桐湾期的表生岩溶作用对灯影组储层形成和油气成藏的重要意义:①大面积分布的岩溶坡地与灯影组丘滩体叠合形成了连片叠置发育的优质储层;②近南北向大型侵蚀谷地充填下寒武统巨厚的优质烃源岩,形成了古隆起高部位下寒武统生烃中心;③优质烃源岩与储层大面积对接有利于油气侧向运聚成藏。

前寒武纪沉积盆地发育特征与深层烃源岩分布——以塔里木新元古代盆地与下寒武统烃源岩为例

基于全盆地野外露头、钻井、地震资料,系统分析塔里木新元古代盆地地层序列、分布及其构造演化特征。受Rodinia超大陆聚合与裂解事件的控制,塔里木新元古代发育南北分异的伸展性沉积盆地,充填火山岩、碎屑岩、冰碛岩、碳酸盐岩等岩石类型,中间被古陆分隔。北部盆地呈东西向条带状展布,西北部阿克苏地区和东北部满加尔—库鲁克塔格地区为沉积中心,最大沉积厚度约2 500-3 500 m。南部两个盆地呈北东向展布,叶城、和田地区为沉积中心,最大沉积厚度约1 500-2 000 m。新元古代盆地演化分为南华纪、震旦纪两期,分别对应裂陷阶段和坳陷阶段,后者范围大而厚度小,两期沉积结构存在一定差异。下寒武统烃源岩分布受新元古代盆地发育特征控制,继承南北分异的格局,具有良好生烃潜力。

四川盆地震旦纪末期—寒武纪早期台盆的形成与演化

基于钻测井、地震和露头资料,从沉积、构造和岩溶作用的角度分析了四川盆地震旦纪末期—寒武纪早期台盆的形成与演化过程,利用灯影组三段+灯影组四段的残余厚度、麦地坪组+筇竹寺组的厚度及麦地坪组的岩相分区特点综合确定了台盆的展布,并揭示其对灯影组天然气分布的控制作用。台盆区表现为灯影组三段+灯影组四段残厚小、上覆充填的麦地坪组与筇竹寺组厚度大、麦地坪组以深水相的含磷碳硅泥岩为主,平面上主要分布于青川—资阳—宜宾一带,其形成和演化经历了4个阶段:1灯影组一段、灯影组二段沉积期,四川盆地为一镶边碳酸盐台地,台地边缘和台地内部丘滩体发育,灯影组二段、灯影组三段之间的桐湾运动一幕作用形成了川西海盆的雏形,台盆与其两侧地貌存在差异;2灯影组三段沉积期,上扬子内克拉通由于拉张裂陷,形成了以磨溪、长宁、镇雄等为沉积中心的沉降带,控制着优质烃源岩的分布;灯影组四段沉积期,四川盆地演化为一内部发育台盆的镶边碳酸盐台地,灯影组末期的桐湾运动二幕作用使得四川盆地整体抬升遭受暴露,高部位风化剥蚀、低部位流体下切侵蚀,并使台盆区的范围达到最大;3寒武纪早期的麦地坪组为灯影组岩溶地貌基础上的第一套充填沉积,且平面上发育3个岩相区,麦地坪组与筇竹寺组之间的桐湾运动三幕作用对麦地坪组沉积后的地貌进行了局部改造;4筇竹寺组与沧浪铺组的持续充填,使四川盆地演化为一较平缓的碎屑岩缓坡。台盆的形成与演化不仅促进了其周缘灯影组四段台缘带优质储层的形成,而且控制着寒武系麦地坪组与筇竹寺组2套优质烃源岩的分布,环台盆灯影组白云岩具有良好的源-储配置关系,是最有利的勘探领域。