台风浪下海上机场VLFS动态响应与能量转换机理

超大浮式结构(very large floating structure,简称VLFS)是集空港和海港为一体的大型海上多功能浮式结构,现有研究大多关注规则波下刚性模块柔性连接模型的动力响应,忽略了台风浪极端环境下海上机场自身柔性引起的非线性振动特性。针对此问题,提出了一种新型多柔-刚性混合模块建模方法,采用Jonswap谱特征参数对台风“鲇鱼”过境实测海浪谱开展了精细化仿真模拟,分析了台风浪下海上机场VLFS整体和局部非线性动态响应特性,揭示了海上机场与环境荷载之间的能量转换机理。结果表明:海上机场多柔-刚性混合模块模型可以较好地反映此类VLFS结构动力响应特性;海上机场超长柔性及台风浪场不均匀性使其结构呈现显著非线性,位移、转角和水弹性变形分别以沿波向、绕展向和沿垂向为主,极值应力主要分布于撑杆附近;环境荷载能量和结构重力势能在初始阶段主要转换为系泊势能,稳定阶段则主要转换为结构动能和弹性势能。

Variations of Atmospheric ELF/VLF Radio Noise Due to Seismogenic Modifications in Tropospheric Conductivity

We suggest a possible explanation of the influence of pre-seismic activity on the registration rate of natural ELF(extremely low frequency)/VLF(very low frequency) pulses and the changes of their characteristics. The main idea is as follows. The distribution of the electric field around a thundercloud depends on the conductivity profile of the atmosphere. Quasi-static electric fields of a thundercloud decrease in those tropospheric regions where an increase of air conductivity is generated by pre-seismic activities due to emanation of radioactive gas and water into the lower atmosphere. The electric field becomes reduced in the lower troposphere, and the probability decreases of the cloud-to-ground (CG) strokes in such “contaminated” areas. Simultaneously, the electric field grows inside and above the thunderclouds, and hence, we anticipate a growth in the number of horizontal and tilted inter-cloud (or intra-cloud) (both termed as IC discharges) strokes. Spatial orientation of lightning strokes reduces vertical projection of their individual amplitudes, while the rate (median number strokes per a unit time) of discharges grows. We demonstrate that channel tilt of strokes modifies the spectral content of ELF/VLF radio noise and changes the rate of detected pulses during the earthquake preparation phase.

基于VLF/LF三维闪电定位系统的吉林省闪电特征分析

利用2018—2020年吉林省VLF/LF三维闪电定位资料,分析了吉林省闪电的时空分布和雷电流强度特征。结果表明:吉林省闪电集中发生在5—9月,峰值在6月;日闪电高发时段在13—19时;总闪、地闪和云闪频数时变化特征趋于一致,均呈双峰型,主峰值出现在16—17时,次峰值出现在23—24时;地闪以负闪为主,云闪中的正、负闪比例相近。吉林省总闪密度高值区主要集中在辽源北部、四平东部、长春南部至吉林中西部一带,东部延边州的龙井、延吉、图们一带,松原南部至长春西部一带;云闪和地闪高密度区域也基本出现在这三个高值区内;闪电高值区均处于山区及半山区地带。雷电流强度主要集中在10~50 kA,正闪的平均雷电流强度高于负闪。云闪多发生在2~5 km的高度,高度小于16 km时,平均雷电流强度随高度的增加而增大;高度大于16 km时,高度越高平均雷电流强度越小。

A Study on Hydroelastic Response of Box-Type Very Large Floating Structures

The application of very large floating structure (VLFS) to the utilization of ocean space and exploitation of ocean resources has become one of the issues of great interest in international ocean engineering field. Owing to the advantage of simplicity in structure and low cost of construction and maintenance, box-type VLFS can be used in the calm water area near the coast as the structure configuration of floating airport. In this paper, a 3D linear hydroelastic theory is used to study the dynamic response of box-type VLFS in sinusoidal regular waves. A beam model and a 3D FEM model are respectively employed to describe the dynamic characteristics of the box-type Structure in vacuum. A hydrodynamic model (3D potential theory of flexible body) is applied to investigate the effect of different dry models on the hydroelastic response of box-type structure. Based on the calculation of hydroelastic response in regular waves, the rigid body motion displacement, flexible deflection, and the short term and long term wave induced bending moments are also predicted.

VLFS的新型结构设计

作为一种新型的海洋浮式结构,将网架结构的设计理念应用于超大型海洋浮式结构物VLFS的设计。网架结构具有结构强度高、工业化程度高、制造难度低、安装便利和制造工期短等优点。运用ABAQUS有限元软件对新型VLFS浮式结构在海洋环境条件下的应力和应变进行分析,新型VLFS浮式结构的强度、稳定性和耐波性满足工程要求。

An Improved Simplified Method for Predicting the Hydroelastic Response of Mat-Like VLFS

Very Large Floating Structures (VLFS) have received considerable attention recently. Efficient and accurate estimation of their hydroelastic responses in waves is very important for the design. The most efficient approach would obviously be the analytical one, Within the category of analytical approaches, the simplified method proposed by Ohkusu and his colleague are of special characteristics. However, when one studies their methods, several questions arise. The purpose of this paper is to critically study the simplified methods proposed by Ohkusu and his colleague in order to answer these questions. Some problems in their original methods have been found and possible improvements are suggested. It is concluded that the improved simplified method using the same idea of Ohkusu and his colleague could provide a reasonable estimate of the hydroelastic response of mat-like VLFS in a certain range of incident angles of waves.

Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Hydrodynamic Interactions of Two VLFS Modules Deployed in Tandem

This paper numerically and experimentally investigates the hydrodynamic interaction between two semi-submersible type VLFS modules in the frequency domain. Model tests were conducted to investigate the relationship between interactions and wave headings. Numerical studies were performed by solving the radiation-diffraction problem and were validated against the experimental results. Motion Response Amplitude Operators (RAOs) were obtained from numerical and experimental studies. The dependency of the hydrodynamic interaction effect on wave headings is clarified. The influence of different wave periods on the motion responses of two-module VLFS and wave elevations in the gap is studied. The results indicate that the hydrodynamic interactions of the two modules are directly related to the wave headings and the periods of the incident wave. The shielding effect plays an important role in short wave, and the influence decreases with the increase of the incident wavelength. The numerical results based on the diffraction-radiation code can give a relatively good estimation to the responses in short wave while for long wave, it would over-predict the response.

A method to Estimate Dynamic Responses of VLFS Based on Multi-Floating-Module Model Connected by Elastic Hinges

Based on the elastic foundation beam theory and the multi-floating-module hydrodynamic theory,a novel method is proposed to estimate the dynamic responses of VLFS(Very Large Floating Structure).In still water,a VLFS can be simplified as an elastic foundation beam model or a multi-floating-module model connected by elastic hinges.According to equivalent displacement of the two models in static analysis,the problem of rotation stiffness of elastic hinges can be solved.Then,based on the potential flow theory,the dynamic responding analysis of multi-floatingmodule model under wave loads can be computed in ANSYS-AQWA software.By assembling the time domain analysis results of each module,the dynamic responses of the VLFS can be obtained.Validation of the method is conducted through a series of comparison calculations,which mainly includes a continuous structure and a three-part structure connected by hinges in regular waves.The results of this paper method show a satisfactory agreement with the experiment and calculation data given in relative references.

Hydroelastic Response of VLFS with An Attached Submerged Horizontal Solid/Porous Plate Under Wave Action

The hydroelastic responses of a submerged horizontal solid/porous plate attached at the front of a very large rectangular floating structure(VLFS)under wave action has been investigated in the context of linear water wave theory.Darcy’s law is adopted to represent energy dissipation in pores.It is assumed that the porous plates are made of material with very fine pores so that the normal velocity across the perforated porous is linearly associated with the pressure drop.In the analytic method,the eigenfunction expansion-matching method(EEMM)for multiple domains is applied to solve the hydrodynamic problem and the elastic equation of motion is solved by the modal expansion method.The performance of the proposed submerged horizontal solid/porous plate can be significantly enhanced by selecting optimal design parameters,such as plate length,horizontal position,submerged depth and porosity.It is concluded that good damping effect can be achieved through installation of solid and porous plate.Porous plate has better damping effect at low frequencies,while solid plate has better damping effect at high frequencies.The optimal ratio of plate length to water depth is 0.25-0.375,and the optimal ratio of submerged depth to water depth is 0.09-0.181.

人工磁流源辐射VLF波的传播特性研究

利用大功率高频(HF)电波对多个电离层区域进行调制加热,使电离层中的自然电流产生振荡,被调制的电流组成VLF磁流源,以此作为辐射VLF波的小环天线。利用全波解的方法对磁流源向下辐射的电磁波在电离层中的传播进行数值模拟,计算出在海面上的场强,分析在不同电离层参数和地磁场参数条件下对传播衰减的影响。结果表明:VLF磁流源的磁偶极矩与调制频率和加热功率有关,调制频率越低,加热功率越大,所产生的磁偶极矩越大。调制过程中所产生的电子温度变化对电磁波的传播衰减影响很小,而地磁场参数对传播衰减的影响较大。

Oblique Wave-Induced Responses of A VLFS Edged with A Pair of Inclined Perforated Plates

This paper is concerned with the hydroelastic responses of a mat-like, rectangular very large floating structure(VLFS) edged with a pair of horizontal/inclined perforated anti-motion plates in the context of the direct coupling method. The updated Lagrangian formulae are applied to establish the equilibrium equations of the VLFS and the total potential formula is employed for fluids in the numerical model including the viscous effect of the perforated plates through the Darcy’s law. The hybrid finite element-boundary element(FE-BE) method is implemented to determine the response reduction of VLFS with attached perforated plates under various oblique incident waves.Also, the numerical solutions are validated against a series of experimental tests. The effectiveness of the attached perforated plates in reducing the deflections of the VLFS can be significantly improved by selecting the proper design parameters such as the porous parameter, submergence depth, plate width and inclination angle for the given sea conditions.

Analysis on the applicability of VLFS for China

With the advantages on rapid construction,no limitation of extent,less influence on environment, the VLFS has been turned into the focus of coastal and offshore engineering studying.As the platform,VLFS was built as airport,huge oil house etc,and would play the role of ocean economics,politics and military.The restrictive condition of VLFS is strong wave by monsoon,seismic,serious bomb etc.The floating breakwater should be put forward to shelter VLFS.The analysis of wave condition including typhoon route,archipelago and water depth is performed in this paper.The advantage and disadvantage are compared between VLFS and the marine structure from land.

A Novel Conceptual Telescopic Positioning Pile for VLFS Deployed in Shallow Water:Structure Design

A conceptual design of using novel telescopic piles to position a multi-modular very large floating structure(VLFS),which is supposed to be severed as a movable floating airport,is proposed.The telescopic piles can automatically plug in the soil to resist the environmental loads and pull out from the soil to evacuate or move on to the next operational sea.The feasibility demonstration of the conceptual design includes two parts:function verification and structure design.In the latter part of the conceptual design,a time-domain structural analysis is firstly conducted by using Abaqus software.The simulation results suggest that the preliminary structure scheme is not optimum due to the insufficient structure utilization,although both structure safety of the piles and positioning accuracy are guaranteed.To realize a cost reduction of construction and installation,a Genetic Algorithm-Finite Element Analysis(GA-FEA)method is employed to perform structural optimization.After optimization,31 percent of the weight of each pile is reduced and higher structure utilization is maintained.The difference of the self-weight and allowable buoyancy of a single module(SMOD)of a semisubmersible-type VLFS is much larger than the weight of the piles.Combined with the function verification in our previous work,the conceptual design of using the novel telescopic pile to position VLFS is demonstrated to be feasible.

Experimental Study of Mooring Type Effect on the Hydrodynamic Characteristics of VLFS

Mooring system is a significant part of very large offshore floating structures(VLFS).In this paper,a single module pontoon type VLFS model considering four mooring types is studied through physical model tests to determine the effects of mooring conditions on the hydroelastic response,mooring force,incident coefficient,reflection coefficient and energy dissipation coefficient.Eight mooring cables are symmetrically arranged on both sides of the model.The floating body model satisfies the similarity of stiffness and gravity,while the cable satisfies the similarity of elasticity and gravity.The results show that the effect of mooring type on mooring force is greater than that on hydroelastic response.Increasing the initial tension of the mooring cable will reduce the amplitude of the leeward of the VLFS model.The mooring angle of the mooring cable will affect the maximum mooring force and the initial tension of the mooring line will affect the wave period in which the maximum mooring force occurs.The transmission coefficient and wave energy dissipation coefficient will change regularly with different mooring types.These results may provide a reference to facilitate the mooring design of VLFS.

Theoretical and Experimental Studies of a Box-Type Solar Cooker in Unfavorable Climatic Conditions

A box-type solar cooker with an inclined surface, equipped with a concentration reflector to allow maximum energy to be collected, enabled cooking tests to be carried out in the rainy season. Different thermocouples were implanted on various places of the cooker. The temperature measurements from these sensors were taken every 10 minutes. The tests presented in this article relate to the preparation of eggs and rice. The absorber temperatures during the tests exceeded 100°C. The cooking times were between 1 h 50 min and 2 h 20 min despite the numerous cloudy periods. The cooker made it possible to reach sufficient temperatures for healthy cooking of food. The results obtained for these first tests are satisfactory and very encouraging.

一种基于VLF/LF闪电数据的多算法融合雷暴系统识别技术

为深入挖掘VLF/LF三维闪电监测网在雷电临近预警中的应用效益,提出一种基于VLF/LF闪电数据的多算法融合雷暴系统识别技术,首先对OPTICS聚类法进行参数自适应改进,即基于VLF/LF闪电数据的空间分布特征,利用双总体t检验法实时计算初始输入参数Min_ρ,使其自适应于待处理的闪电数据;而后与K-Means聚类法融合应用,利用K-Means法通过迭代计算聚类中心的优势,改进仅凭OPTICS法无法准确定位雷暴体的中心点的缺陷。经不同尺度雷暴天气过程检验,该技术有效改善OPTICS法等常规的密度聚类法无法适用于三维闪电数据聚类处理、无法识别区分密度差异不大的相邻雷暴体的缺陷,能实现任意尺度形状雷暴体的识别及中心点的精准计算,可为雷暴追踪及趋势外推工作提供优于传统聚类技术的雷暴系统识别结果,也能为雷暴灾害天气的预报及雷电预警模型的训练提供有效的知识库支撑。

台风-浪-流耦合作用超大浮体水弹性响应分析方法

海上机场超大浮体结构在台风等极端海洋环境下的动态响应准确预测是保障其安全性能的关键前提,其难点在于准确构建中/小尺度复杂流场与浮体结构的流固耦合计算模型。本文提出了一种基于中/小尺度嵌套的海上机场超大浮体水弹性响应分析方法,二次开发实现了台风-浪-流耦合模拟,分析了超强台风“莫兰蒂”途经海上机场超大浮体全过程台风-浪-流时空演变规律;采用中/小尺度流场嵌套技术计算水动力和气动力,代入结构动力学方程进行双向迭代解耦求解;通过算例分析了台风-浪-流耦合作用下浮体结构水弹性响应及影响机制。研究表明:本文提出的方法能够有效地预测此类极端环境下超大浮体结构水弹性响应。

南极长城站哨声波监测仪设备及其初步观测

在子午工程二期项目的支持下,武汉大学(Wuhan University,WHU)联合中国极地研究中心研制了一套甚低频(very low frequency,VLF)波动探测系统,并在2022年由中国极地研究中心部署于南极洲的中国长城站(Great Wall Station,GWS,62.22°S,58.96°W).该探测系统的动态范围为~110 dB,时间精度为~100 ns,可为空间物理和空间天气研究提供高分辨率的波动观测数据.本文详细介绍了WHU VLF(子午工程编码:OCHCH_WHWM01)波动探测系统在GWS的初步观测结果,充分验证了系统的优越性能和稳定性.在过去一年的常规运行中,此系统能精确探测北美和欧洲等区域内各种地基VLF台站信号的动态变化.初步分析结果表明,在多次X级太阳耀斑爆发期间,GWS观测到的人工VLF台站信号特性与以往的研究结果高度一致.由于HWU-GWS(HWU为发射台站的名称)路径穿过南大西洋异常(south Atlantic anomaly,SAA)区域,观测结果同时表明,在磁暴期间,HWU VLF信号的扰动与磁层电子沉降在时空关系上具有很强的关联性.此外,此设备也能观测到闪电激发的宽频带哨声波,在频谱图上呈现特有的清晰色散结构.因此,在南极独特的地理位置,地基哨声波监测仪的观测结合其它仪器的观测,有利于深入开展与极区哨声波传播、低电离层扰动、地面闪电放电和辐射带粒子沉降等相关的空间天气学研究,对开展全天时空间环境监测具有重要意义.

汶川8级地震前空间电离层VLF电场异常现象

基于法国DEMETER卫星记录的空间电场频谱资料,提取分析了汶川地震前可能存在的电场异常信息。首先利用轨道的重访特性分析了四川汶川8级地震前震中上空固定纬度点(31°N)的VLF电场信号2年多的正常频谱变化背景,结果显示1～6月各频点变化比较稳定,但在7～10月份各频点谱值扰动比较剧烈,存在整体幅度上升或者下降的现象,因此电场可能存在年周期变化。在背景分析的基础上,收集了2008年4月1日～5月12日震中区上空2000km范围内所有夜间的降轨轨道在北纬31°记录的电场所有频点资料,计算结果显示震前1周内即5月6～10日相对4月份呈现明显的电场能量增强现象,增强幅度达到3σ,频率集中分布在2～6kHz范围内,异常区域的空间统计分布反映该电场增强现象位于震中以南较大范围内。这次异常发生在空间电磁活动平静时期,可能与汶川地震的孕育过程有关。最后讨论了空间地震电场异常的可能形成机理,对地震电离层耦合机理的深入认识还需要地基和空间的联合立体观测来支持。

用VLF、EH4和CSAMT方法寻找隐伏矿——以赤峰柴胡栏子金矿床为例

VLF、EH4和CSAMT均为基于电磁原理的地球物理手段,但它们在探测深度、测量精度和野外操作的复杂程度上有较大的差异.因而不同探测目标和精度要求,尽可能使用不同的方法或方法组合.VLF一般用于矿区及外围的地球物理扫面,以快速确定和发现覆盖层(不超过50～60m)之下矿化构造系统的空间展布和基本规模.CSAMT具有探测深度大(>2000m)、工作效率高和抗干扰能力强等特点,一般用于确定矿化系统的深部的宏观几何形态和产状变化.EH4是这三种方法中对地下地质结构解析度最高、有效探测深度适中(800～1200m)的一种地球物理测深方法,它可以解析较为精确地探测矿体的三维形态、规模、产状变化和细部结构但采集数据时对近场电磁干扰要求较高.这三种地球物理方法在赤峰柴胡栏子金矿区的联合应用,为寻找覆盖层之下隐伏矿体取得了良好的效果.