Pollutant mixing and transport process via diverse transverse release positions in a multi-anabranch river with three braid bars

A multi-anabranch river with three braid bars is a typical river pattern in nature, but no studies have been conducted to describe mixing characteristics of pollutants in the river. In this study, a physical model of a typical multi-anabranch river with three braid bars was established to explore the pollutant mixing characteristics in different branches. The multi-anabranch reach was separated into seven branches, B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, and BT, by three braid bars. Five tracer release positions located 2.9 m upstream from the inlet section of the multi-anabranch reach were adopted, and the distances from the five positions to the left bank of the upstream main channel were 1/6B, 1/3B, 1/2B, 2/3B, and 5/6B （B is the width of the upstream main channel）, respectively. The longitudinal velocities and pollutant concentrations in the seven branches were measured. The planar flow field and mixing characteristics of pollutants from the bottom to the surface in the multi-anabranch river were obtained and analyzed. The results show that the pollutant release positions are the main influencing factors in the pollutant transport process, and the diversion points and pollutant release positions jointly influence the percentage ratios of the pollutant fluxes in branches B 1, B2, and B3 to the pollutant flux in the upstream main channel.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON OPTIC PERFORMANCES OF OPTIC FIBER BRAIDED IN CARBON FIBER BRAIDED COMPOSITES

D braiding technology has stimulated a great deal of interest in the world at large and been widely used in aerospace, military, civil construction and medical fields. Although 3 D braided composites have many good features, their features are very complicated. Optic fiber sensors can be multi braided into 3 D braided composites to fulfill a new kind of 3 D smart composites to monitor RTM process, study mechanical behaviors and damage states after molding, and monitor its own condition during service life. Since optic performances of optic fibers have direct and important relation to the performances of optic fiber sensors, experimental research is done to devise a method to incorporate the optic fiber into a 3 D structure. The optical performances of the braided optic fibers are tested and compared with the original one to study the optic performances of optic fibers, before their being braided into composites and after the RTM process.

Analysis of mechanical performance of braided esophageal stent structure and its wires

This paper aims to find the relationship between the structural parameters and the radial stiffness of the braided stent and to understand the stress distribution law of the wires. According to the equation of the space spiral curve, a three-dimensional parametrical geometrical model is constructed. The finite element model is built by using the beam-beam contact elements and 3D beam elements. The constituent nitinol wires are assumed to be linear elastic material. The finite element analysis figures out that the radial stiffness of the stent and the stress distribution of the wires are influenced by all the structural parameters. The helix pitch of the wires is the most important factor. Under the condition of the same load and other structural parameters remaining unchanged, when the number of wires is 24, the stress of the wire crosssection is at the minimum. A comparison between the vitro experimental results and the analytical results is conducted, and the data is consistent, which proves that the current finite element model can be used to appropriately predict the mechanical performance of the braided esophageal stents.

INCLINED LAMINAL COMBINATION MODEL OF 3D BRAIDED COMPOSITES

As an advanced composite material, the 3D braided composite has received more and more attention in foreign countries. However, it has received less attention in China. The geometric unit cell which can describe the basic structure and the relationship between the braiding angle and geometric parameters of the fabric and fiber volume ratio are given in this paper based on two 3D braiding processes, namely, the four-step and the twostep ones. Several existing mechanical models to predict groperties of the 3D braided comPOsites are discussed and their shortcomings are pointed out herein. Then a new model called the inclined laminal combination model is proposed, which is based on the classical laminated plate theory and can predict the basic mechanical behavior of the two 3D braided composites with four-step or two-step braid. In the model, each yarn in the unit cell is regarded as an inclined laminate and then a 3D analysis is performed. It is found that the predicted mechanical properties of the 3D braided composites by the proposed model are compared well with the experimental data.

关于Braided双代数的一些注记

本文首先讨论了余半单Ｈｏｐｆ代数的Ｂｒａｉｄｅｄ结构的有限性．其次，对于左Ｈ－模代数Ａ，通过构造新的代数结构Ａ＃σＨ，推广了Ｄｏｉ．Ｙ．在文献［２］中的部分结果．

Making the category of entwined modules into a braided monoidal category

The question of how the category of entwined modules can be made into a braided monoidal category is studied. First, the sufficient and necessary conditions making the category into a monoidal category are obtained by using the fact that if （A, C, ψ） is an entwining structure, then A × C can be made into an entwined module. The conditions are that the algebra and coalgebra in question are both bialgebras with some extra compatibility relations. Then given a monodial category of entwined modules, the braiding is constructed by means of a twisted convolution invertible map Q, and the conditions making the category form into a braided monoidal category are obtained similarly. Finally, the construction is applied to the category of Doi-Hopf modules and （α, β ）-Yetter-Drinfeld modules as examples.

Investigation on the Thermal Conductivity of 3-Dimensional and 4-Directional Braided Composites

It is vital to choose a factual and reasonable micro-structural model of braided composites for improving the calculating precision of thermal property of 3-D braided composites by finite element method （FEM）. On the basis of new microstructure model of braided composites proposed recently, the model of FEM calculation for thermal conductivity of 3-dimennsional and 4-directional braided composites is set up in this paper. The curves of coefficient of effective thermal conductivity versus fiber volume ratio and interior braiding angle are obtained. Furthermore, comparing the results of FEM with the available experimental data, the reasonability and veracity of calculation are confirmed at the same time.

Microstructure Analysis of 4-Step Three-Dimensional Braided Composite

The yarn architecture of 3-D braided composites products by the four-step 1×1 braiding technique has been studied by means of a control volume method in conjunction with experimental investigation and a numerical method, respectively. An ellipse assumption for the cross-section of yarn was proposed in this analysis method with considering the yarn size and yarn-packing factor. Two types of local unit cell structures were identified for 4-step braided composites by considering the nature of the braiding processes and by observing the sample cross-sections. The relationship between the braiding procedure and the properties for 3-D braided structural shapes was established. This method provides the basis for analyzing stiffness and strength of 3-D braided composites.

On braided Lie algebras

Let （C, C） be a braided monoidal category. The relationship between the braided Lie algebra and the left Jacobi braided Lie algebra in the category （C, C） is investigated. First, a braided C2-commutative algebra in the category （C, C） is defined and three equations on the braiding in the category （C, C） are proved. Secondly, it is verified that （A, [, ] ） is a left （strict） Jacobi braided Lie algebra if and only if （A, [, ] ） is a braided Lie algebra, where A is an associative algebra in the category （C, C）. Finally, as an application, the structures of braided Lie algebras are given in the category of Yetter-Drinfel＇d modules and the category of Hopf bimodules.

Paired bialgebras and braided bialgebras

First, we present semisimple properties of twisted products by means of constructing an algebra isomorphism between twisted products and crossed products, and point out that there exist some relations among braided bialgebras, paired bialgebras and Yang-Baxter coalgebras. Furthermore, we give an example to illustrate these relations by using Sweedler's 4-dimensional Hopf algebra. Finally, from starting off with Yang-Baxter coalgebras, we can construct some quadratic bialgebras such that they are braided bialgebras.

Internal Strain Measurement in 3D Braided Composites Using Co-braided Optical Fiber Sensors

3D braided composite technology has stimulated a great deal of interest in the world at large. But due to the three-dimensional nature of these kinds of composites, coupled with the shortcomings of currently-adopted experimental test methods, it is difficult to measure the internal parameters of this materials, hence causes it difficult to understand the material performance. A new method is introduced herein to measure the internal strain of braided composite materials using co-braided fiber optic sensors. Two kinds of fiber optic sensors are co-braided into 3D braided composites to measure internal strain. One of these is the Fabry-Parrot (F-P) fiber optic sensor; the other is the polarimetric fiber optic sensor. Experiments are conducted to measure internal strain under tension, bending and thermal environments in the 3D carbon fiber braided composite specimens, both locally and globally. Experimental results show that multiple fiber optic sensors can be braided into the 3D braided composites to measure the internal parameters, providing a more accurate measurement method and leading to a better understanding of these materials.

Filling Simulation of Three-dimension Braided Composite in Resin Transfer Molding

This paper measured permeability of three-dimension braided preform by radial technology. The results show that principal permeability tensor coincided with their braiding axial direction. The software of one dimensional flow filling mold was designed using Visual C++ language. Filling time is predicted and validated. The result showed that the filling time of the mold centerline agrees with the prediction value. The filling time of the mould edge is shorter than that of the prediction. An actual plate of 3D braided preform/ modified polyarylacetylene composite is produced according to prediction value and validation analysis.

Braided river and distribution patterns of sand bodies of Jurassic Badaowan formation in Block T13 of Junggar basin

In order to determine the planar and volume distribution of sand bodies of the Jurassic Badaowan formation in Block T13 of Junggar basin,we used analysis of field outcrop and 3D seismic data,which play an essential role in areas of sparse well coverage.We describe sedimentary facies characteristics,sand body planforms,width and connectivity patterns of sand bodies,and vertical associations and successions by acoustic impedance inversion technology and sedimentological theory.Results of our study show braided fluvial strata deposits in the Jurassic Badaowan formation.Each sand body is approximately lenticular in shape.The width of each sand body falls in the range 100～800 m,with most between 200 and 400 m.The sand bodies vary in thickness from 4 to 13 m,with most below 9 m.The width/thickness ratios lie in the range 20～55.The connectivity of braided fluvial channel sand bodies is controlled by changes of accommodation space.One fining-upward sedimentary cycle of base-level rise is recognized in Badaowan formation,representing an upward rise of base level.The connectivity of sand bodies was found to be greatest in the early stage of base-level rise,becoming progressively worse with increasing base-level rise.

Relationship between energy dissipation rate and channel morphology in the development of the model braided channel

A certain pattern of channel is the product of its self-adjustment under given boundary, discharge and sediment conditions. Based upon the principle of process-response model, an experimental study with 18 runs is carried out in LESRC. This paper is focused on the variation of the energy dissipation versus the channel morphology during and after the bedmaking process of braided channel. The results show that there exists a good empirical relationship between the energy dissipation rate and channel morphology. According to this relationship and the theory of minimum rate of energy dissipation, the authors explain the metamorphosis of the model channel with the development of the braided river.

Paleotopographic controls on facies development in various types of braid-delta depositional systems in lacustrine basins in China

Braid-delta depositional systems are widely developed in most continental basins in China. Research indicates that, for different types of braid delta, the facies sequence and association, which are critical to the prediction of the distribution of reservoirs, differ greatly. This study illustrates the differences in braid-delta depositional systems in terms of sedimentary characteristics, associated systems and reser- voir distributions using three typical paleodeltas in western China： the Zhenbei delta of the upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin, the Yuanba delta of the upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation in the Sichuan Basin and the Jimsar delta of the upper Permian Wutonggou Formation in the Junggar Basin. A stratigraphic framework was established using seismic data, logs and cores by choosing stable mud sections as regional correlation markers and, topographies of these deltas were reconstructed based on the decompaction and paleobathymetric corrections. Based on both the paleotopography of these deltas and the differences of their sedimentary facies, these braided deltas can be classified into two systems： steep-gradient braid-delta-turbidite system and low-gradient braid-delta-lacustrine system. Moreover, the low-gradient braid-delta-lacustrine system can be further divided into interfingered and sharp contact sub-types according to the contact relation between the delta sands and lacustrine muds. This study shows that the paleotopography of basin margins strongly controls the accommodation as braid deltas prograde into lacustrine basins and, influences the location of the shoreline in response to changes in the lake level. Furthermore, paleotopography plays a significant role in facies and reservoir distribution which is important for petroleum exploration and development.

Creep Test of Polymer-matrix 3-D Braided Composites

The long-term creep behavior of polymer-matrix 3-D braided composites was studied by using the tensile creep test method, and the effect of braiding structure, braiding angle and fiber volume fraction were discussed. The creep curve appears as expected, and can be defined two phases, namely, the primary phase and the secondary phase. For each sample, strain increases with time rapidly, and then the strain rate decreases and appears to approach a constant rate of change (steady-state creep). The experiment results show that the creep resistant properties are improved while the braiding angle decreases or the fiber volume fraction increases, and that the five-directional braiding structure offers better creep resistant properties than the four-directional braiding structure.

Braid-Delta Deposits from a Broad Shallow-Marine Setting: the Middle Member of the Kalpingtag Formation in the Central Tarim Basin

During the early Silurian, a transgressive and vast shallow sea with flat sea-floor covered the central Tarim Basin (the Tazhong area). The depositional environment of the middle member of the Kalpingtag Formation is controversial. In order to provide a basis for the prediction of reservoir sand, the sedimentary facies are recognized according to abundant core observations and de- scriptions combined with well-log analysis, isograms, seismic interpretations and regional sedimentary background. The middle member of the Kalpingtag Formation, which shows a retrograding sequence, is interpreted as braid-delta deposits influenced by mi- nor tidal reworking. The sources of clasts are from the southern uplift. The subaqueous braid-delta deposits in the study area have some characteristics quite different from the common deltas that generally deposit in marginal seas. Four facies grouped to a delta front association are recognized, ranging from distributary-channel (Facies A), front bar (Facies B), sand sheet (Facies C) and inter- distributary bay (Facies D). The distributary channels construct the sandbody framework of the delta front. Front bar deposits, which are fine-grained with low depositional dips, display a near-continuous sand strip around the entire periphery of the delta. Sand sheet deposits are mainly found in front of Facies B, gradationally contacting with the prodelta. The interdistributary bay is essentially the uppermost unit capping the channel sequence and generally made up of laminated and massive mudstones. The delta front deposits display extensive sheet-like bodies contrasting with the characteristic wedge shapes of common subaqueous delta bodies. The bi- modal cross-stratification and mud drapes in the fine- to medium-grained sandstone in the distal area are inferred to reflect high-energy tidal processes.

Fan-Delta,Braid Delta and the Classification of Delta Systems

This paper mainly discusses the origin and deposhional features of fan-deltas and braid deltas. Fan-del-tas are storm discharge-dominated, while braid deltas are usually flashy flood-dominated. The two types ofdelta, like common deltas, were reworked by marine processes. Delta systems are classified into nine deltatypes on the basis of the subaerial depositional processes and the nature of marine reworking. Fan-deltas and braid deltas are of great significance for petroleum exploration. In divergent-marginforeland and intraplate rift-subsided basin settings fan-deltas often form combination traps for petroleum ac-cumulation.

Architectural Model of a Dryland Gravel Braided River,based on 3D UAV Oblique Photogrammetric Data:A Case Study of West Dalongkou River in Eastern Xinjiang,China

Three-dimensional unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)oblique photogrammetric data were used to infer mountainous gravel braided river lithofacies,lithofacies associations and architectural elements.Hierarchical architecture and lithofacies associations with detailed lithofacies characterizations were comprehensively described to document the architectural model,architectural element scale and gravel particle scale.(1)Nine lithofacies(i.e.,Gmm,Gcm,Gcc,Gci,Gcl,Ss,Sm,Fsm and Fl)were identified and classified as gravel,sand and fine matrix deposits.These are typical depositional features of a mountainous dryland gravel-braided river.(2)Three architectural elements were identified,including channel(CH),gravel bar(GB)and overbank(OB).CH can be further divided into flow channel and abandoned channel,while GB consists of Central Gravel bar(CGB)and Margin Gravel bar(MGB).(3)The gravel bar is the key architectural element of the gravel braided river,with its geological attributes.The dimensions of GBs and their particles are various,but exhibit good relationships with each other.The grain size of GB decreases downstream,but the dimensions of GB do not.The bank erosion affects the GB dimensions,whereas channel incision and water flow velocity influence the grain size of GB.The conclusions can be applied to the dryland gravel braided river studies in tectonically active areas.

Permutation Analysis of Track and Column Braiding

The positions of braiding carrier in track and column braiding are represented by a diagrammatic braiding plan and a corresponding lattice-array is defined. A set is then formed so that the permutation analysis can be performed to represent the movement of carriers in a braiding process. The process of 4-step braiding is analyzed as an example to describe the application of the proposed method by expressing a braiding cycle as a product of disjoint cycles. As a result, a mapping relation between the disjoint cycles and the movement of carriers is deduced. Following the same analysis principles, a process of 8-step braiding and the corresponding initial state of the lattice-array is developed. A successful permutation analysis to the process manifests the general suitability of the proposed method.