Unit stream power,minimum energy dissipation rate,and river engineering

Unit stream power is the most important and dominant parameter for the determination of transport rate of sand,gravel,and hyper-concentrated sediment with wash load.Minimum energy dissipation rate theory,or its simplified minimum unit stream power and minimum stream power theories,can provide engineers the needed theoretical basis for river morphology and river engineering studies.The Generalized Sediment Transport model for Alluvial River Simulation computer mode series have been developed based on the above theories.The computer model series have been successfully applied in many countries.Examples will be used to illustrate the applications of the computer models to solving a wide range of river morphology and river engineering problems.

Impact of stretching-segment on saturated flow rate of signalized intersection using cellular automation

In order to analyze the impact of stretching-segment on the saturated flow rate of signalized intersection approach, an improved cellular automation model was proposed to estimate its saturated flow rate. The NaSch model was improved by adding different slow probabilities, turning deceleration rules and modified lane changing rules. The relationship between the saturated flow rate of stretching-segments and adjacent lanes was tested in numerical simulation. The length of stretching-segment, cycle length and green time were selected as impact factors of the cellular automation model. The simulation result indicates that the geometrics design of stretching-segment and the traffic signal timing scenario have major effects on the saturated flow rate of the intersection approach. The saturated flow rate will continually increase with increasing stretching-segment length until it reaches a threshold. After reaching the threshold, the stretching-segment can be treated as a separate lane. The green time is approximately linearly related to the threshold length of the stretching-segment. An optimum cycle length exists when the length of the stretching-segment is not long enough, and it is approximately linearly related to the length of stretching-segment.

Tectonic-thermal history and hydrocarbon potential of the Pearl River Mouth Basin,northern South China Sea:Insights from borehole apatite fission-track thermochronology

The Pearl River Mouth Basin(PRMB)is one of the most petroliferous basins on the northern margin of the South China Sea.Knowledge of the thermal history of the PRMB is significant for understanding its tectonic evolution and for unraveling its poorly studied source-rock maturation history.Our investigations in this study are based on apatite fission-track(AFT)thermochronology analysis of 12 cutting samples from 4 boreholes.Both AFT ages and length data suggested that the PRMB has experienced quite complicated thermal evolution.Thermal history modeling results unraveled four successive events of heating separated by three stages of cooling since the early Middle Eocene.The cooling events occurred approximately in the Late Eocene,early Oligocene,and the Late Miocene,possibly attributed to the Zhuqiong II Event,Nanhai Event,and Dongsha Event,respectively.The erosion amount during the first cooling stage is roughly estimated to be about 455-712 m,with an erosion rate of 0.08-0.12 mm/a.The second erosion-driven cooling is stronger than the first one,with an erosion amount of about 747-814 m and an erosion rate between about 0.13-0.21 mm/a.The erosion amount calculated related to the third cooling event varies from 800 m to 3419 m,which is speculative due to the possible influence of the magmatic activity.

Variation Law of Organic Contaminant in Lijiang River

Water environmental capacity of Lijiang River within Guilin city is researched. The relationship among concentration of pollutants and flow rate as well as water environmental capacity of Lijiang River is discussed. The changes of pollutant concentration in past years is analyzed. The results show that there exists a certain value of flow rate corresponding to a certain average concentration of pollutants on the upper and lower sections of the research area. If flow rate is greater than that value, the concentration of pollutants will decrease with the increase of flow. While the result will be the contrary when river flow is smaller than that value, that is to say, the concentration will increase with the increase of flow. To be aware of this regularity is of vital significance in water resource protection and comprehensive utilization[1].

隧道火灾相向射流排烟系统烟气质量流率比例系数

为探究隧道相向射流排烟系统中火灾发生时烟气的流动特性,通过FDS数值模拟研究隧道内不同上、下游风速工况下的上、下游烟气质量流率变化。基于等效风速、理论分析和数值模拟结果得到上、下游风速与烟气质量流率比例系数的关系式。结果表明:当等效风速小于临界风速时,上、下游烟气质量流率比值和烟气质量流率比例系数随等效风速增加而减小,并且等效风速与上、下游烟气质量流率比值存在线性关系;当等效风速大于临界风速时,上、下游烟气质量流率比值和烟气质量流率比例系数为0。

基于水情变化的河流生态流量阈值及多时间尺度保障率计算

为加强河流生态流量阈值及保障率计算对天然水文情势变化的适应性,提出了基于水文集合分位数的生态流量计算方法。根据河流长序列实测径流数据,在年际和年内划分不同水文情景,基于生态流量水文集合的中位数和下四分位数确定年内汛期、非汛期生态流量阈值下限,以丰、平水年组的计算结果分别作为平、枯水年组的生态流量理想值,结合生态流量中长期和短期保障率,计算分析河流在不同时间尺度下的生态流量保障程度。抚河下游应用结果表明:综合水情变化的生态流量阈值和多时间尺度保障率分析方法能够更好地适应天然河流年际和年内水情变化,更准确识别河流水文健康状况;丰、平、枯水年组抚河下游年均生态流量阈值下限分别为156.49、90.43、29.54 m 3/s;不同时间尺度下抚河下游生态流量的保障程度均较低,中长期保障率大于短期保障率,中长期和短期保障率分别为63.64%~93.11%、42.50%~91.85%。

超临界二氧化碳泄漏减压模型构建及泄漏量分析

为了解决超临界二氧化碳管道泄漏风险评估问题,基于工业规模超临界二氧化碳小孔泄漏试验结果,提出分别构建超临界泄漏阶段、气液两相泄漏阶段、气相泄漏阶段的理论模型,并通过确定各阶段的传递参数,实现二氧化碳减压过程的理论建模。采用MATLAB软件编制了模型求解程序。通过试验数据验证了理论模型的可靠性。基于理论模型计算结果定量探讨了初始压力、初始温度和泄漏口径对泄漏减压过程压力及质量流量的影响。结果表明:初始压力在8~9.5 MPa变化时,对减压过程压力及泄漏质量流量影响较小;初始温度在33~39℃变化时,压力降至临界值的时间逐渐增加;泄漏口径减小,压降时间显著变长;在泄漏减压初期,泄漏质量流量均出现波动,随后随压力降低而逐渐降低。构建的理论模型能够实现超临界二氧化碳泄漏质量流量预测。

闽江下游水文情势演变及其对压咸流量保证率的影响

针对近年来闽江下游河口自然水文情势发生变化致使咸潮上溯现象逐渐加剧的问题,选取闽江下游竹岐站1950~2018年逐日流量资料,采用Mann-Kendall法进行趋势和突变检验,确定1997年为径流突变年份。采用水文指标变化范围法(IHA/RVA)对突变前后两个时间序列1950~1996、1997~2018年的32个水文指标进行分析。结果发现除了低流量脉冲发生次数及历时和逆转次数为高度改变,其余指标均为中、低度改变,闽江下游水文整体改变度为38.16%,为中度改变。采用两种压咸流量方案对两个时间序列代表年进行保证率分析,其中方案1压咸流量过程的最小值及总需水量较方案2少,压咸流量保证率高。压咸流量保证率突变后较突变前整体增加,尤其是在枯水年,压咸流量保证率大幅增加,但同时存在丰水年压咸流量保证率下降的问题。说明水库的投入运行影响下游径流过程,可以改善枯水期下游河口地区咸潮入侵问题,但也使丰平枯各年的压咸流量保证率趋于一致。

引黄滴灌不同含沙率对灌水器堵塞影响和试验研究

灌水器堵塞是影响黄河水滴灌灌水质量的关键因素。对8种不同灌水器与1‰(1 kg/t)、2‰(2 kg/t)、4‰(4 kg/t)3种含沙率进行模拟试验,重点研究了引黄滴灌不同类型滴灌灌水器的流量变化规律和堵塞效应。试验结果表明:灌水器的流量衰减率随着灌水历时的增加而增大,灌水300 h后衰减率整体达到43%~72%;流量衰减率随着含沙率的增加而增大,低泥沙含量时(1‰),75%的灌水器呈现中度堵塞情况,高泥沙含量时(4‰),100%的灌水器呈现重度堵塞。灌水器N-1.6与N-2.0B在3种不同含沙率下的灌水均匀度均达到80%以上,可以满足作物的灌溉需求。灌水器的流量衰减与灌水器的流道长度呈正相关,随着流道长度的增加,灌水器抗堵塞性能降低,流量衰减率增大。流道内沉积泥沙的中值粒径与灌水器设计流速呈负相关,随着设计流速的增加而减小。灌水器流道内0~30μm粒径的沉积泥沙体积比随含沙率的增加而不断降低。研究成果可为解决引黄滴灌灌水器堵塞问题提供参考。

水库生态流量核定及保障措施研究

为推动江河湖库生态保护治理,以乌都河英武水库为例开展了生态流量核定及保障措施研究。英武水库作为乌都河干流的龙头水库,是流域内唯一的大型水库,其工程建设运行对下游水生态系统的结构和功能具有显著影响。在分析其坝下河段用水需求的基础上,综合采用水文学Tennant法、水力学R 2-Cross法等生态需水分析方法,结合坝址上下游梯级已批复的生态流量成果,综合研究确定英武水库生态流量以及保障措施。结果表明:按照取外包最大值的原则确定工程初期蓄水期和运行期,每年11月至次年3月下泄生态流量不应低于1.45 m^(3)/s,4~10月下泄生态流量不应低于2.9 m^(3)/s。研究成果可为维持英武水库下游河流形态和基本生态功能、复苏乌都河流域生态环境提供参考。

民用航空发动机液压加载试验技术研究

发动机在试车台进行试车时,需模拟发动机在飞机上运行时的各种中状态,其中液压加载试验是模拟发动机在工作过程中带动液压泵向飞机液压系统提供液压动力的状态,是发动机试验重要组成部分。本文针对某型大涵道比民用涡扇发动机功率提取试验要求,进行需求分析和液压加载系统设计,开展发动机液压加载功率提取的试验研究。以实现在发动机稳态、过渡态状态下提取出额定功率并满足输出液压压力需求为目标,制定一套可用于台架试验的液压加载系统。文章介绍系统需求、工作原理、结构、控制和功能的设计方案,并通过试验调试情况验证系统的性能。

基于MIKE21模型的码头工程防洪评价研究

为评价广州市南沙区某码头工程防洪安全,采用MIKE21水动力模型模拟200年一遇洪水条件下工程建设前、后水位、流速和流向等水力要素的变化,模型计算分析得出:工程建设后,水位壅高最大值不超过0.007 m,流速减小不超过0.39 m/s,流向偏转最大不超过13°。研究结果表明该码头工程的建设对所在河段的防洪和河势不会产生明显不利影响。

基于多源数据的黄河冰凌监测技术研究

为提升黄河冰凌监测的准确性与效率,克服传统人工观测在精度和效率上的局限,通过整合卫星遥感、无人机遥感及视频监控技术,开展基于多源数据的黄河冰凌监测技术研究。该技术能够利用多光谱遥感影像结合雪被指数法,实现对河道冰凌的全面监测,同时,借助无人机自动识别技术精确获取冰凌的关键参数,并通过视频监控技术实时发现并预警冰凌密度变化。在这项研究中,无人机遥感参数的误差被控制在5%以内,视频监控技术的误差最大为7.2%,最小仅为0.1%。基于多源数据的冰凌监测技术在山东黄河河务局的应用表明:该技术不仅显著提高工作效率,还变革传统的冰凌监测模式,极大地支撑河道管理及相关业务工作,对高纬度地区河流冰凌灾害的智能监测预警具有重要价值,也为可视化冰情分析提供可靠的图像成果,未来有着广泛的应用潜力。

装配式空箱生态护岸在高流速河道防护工程中的应用

针对传统生态护岸抵抗高流速洪水冲刷能力较差的现状,提出装配式空箱生态护岸这一在水利工程领域尚未应用的新形式。通过抗冲刷稳定计算确定抗冲尺寸要求,并对不同形式的构件尺寸、生态效果等进行比选,结果表明:装配式空箱护岸形式在高流速生态型河道治理中优势明显,既能满足抗冲流速要求,又兼具生态效果。结合朝阳市十家子河城区段综合治理工程,对装配式空箱护岸方案进行比选,最终确定生态景观效果更好的阶梯式方块结构,并对其进行设计。装配式空箱生态护岸形式值得在水利工程领域推广,可为高流速生态型河道的治理方案研究提供新的方向。

Experimental and Numerical Study of Impact of Air Filter Holes Masking on Altitude at Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine

At high altitudes, power of an internal combustion engine reduces due to air density reduction. In turbocharged diesel engine this issue affects the performance of the compressor and can result in unstable operation of the turbocharger if the power is not decreased by engine actuator. Mainly for testing the effects of altitude in the test room, air throttle valve and combustion air handling unit were used to reduce the suction air pressure. Easier and cheaper solution to consider effect of altitude on engine performance is to mask part of the air filter to reduce the suction pressure. In this paper, pressure drop against 0%, 26%, 52%, 66% and 74% of air filter hole’s masking for different mass flow rates has been studied by computational fluid dynamics. The analysis output mass flow rate-pressure diagram for the air filter, will be used as input data in the GT-Power software which is a one-dimensional computational fluid dynamics software and the effect of masking on altitude and performance at different revolutions per minute of the engine is investigated. Also, an experimental and computational fluid dynamics study was carried out to predict altitude against different proportions of air filter hole’s masking at 1000 rpm. The predicted results are validated by comparing with those of experimental data. A good agreement between the predicted and experimental values ensures the accuracy of the numerical predictions with the present work.

Effect of indirect non-thermal plasma on particle size distribution and composition of diesel engine particles

To explore the effect of the gas source flow rate on the actual diesel exhaust particulate matter（PM）, a test bench for diesel engine exhaust purification was constructed, using indirect nonthermal plasma technology. The effects of different gas source flow rates on the quantity concentration, composition, and apparent activation energy of PM were investigated, using an engine exhaust particle sizer and a thermo-gravimetric analyzer. The results show that when the gas source flow rate was large, not only the maximum peak quantity concentrations of particles had a large drop, but also the peak quantity concentrations shifted to smaller particle sizes from 100 nm to 80 nm. When the gas source flow rate was 10L min^-1, the total quantity concentration greatly decreased where the removal rate of particles was 79.2%, and the variation of the different mode particle proportion was obvious. Non-thermal plasma（NTP） improved the oxidation ability of volatile matter as well as that of solid carbon. However, the NTP gas source rate had little effects on oxidation activity of volatile matter, while it strongly influenced the oxidation activity of solid carbon. Considering the quantity concentration and oxidation activity of particles, a gas source flow rate of 10L min^-1 was more appropriate for the purification of particles.

非额定工况实船试验确定消滩水力指标的方法

消滩水力指标是急滩整治依据的一项标准,但采用实船试验确定时常常难以满足理想的额定条件。首先指出了实船试验确定消滩水力指标的3个理想额定条件,给出了额定载重,额定功率条件下确定消滩水力指标的简单方法。根据非额定工况和额定工况各自的受力平衡方程,导出了将非额定工况的实测对水航速转换为消滩水力指标对应航速的转换公式,并给出了兹万科夫阻力公式法、通用阻力公式法和修正通用阻力公式法等3个转换方法。依据澜沧江四级航道静水航速和上滩实船试验成果,演示了测点数据的取舍、推进系数的计算、坡流指标的拟合等过程,并对比了3个转换方法的计算成果,推荐了简便合理的转换公式。

基于神经网络PID的疏浚管道泥浆流速控制

疏浚作业中,泥浆管道内物料的组成、粒径、浓度等随水下地形土质等变化很大,易造成流速波动甚至堵管、爆管等故障,因此泥浆流速稳定控制对泥浆输送的效率和安全具有重要意义;疏浚管道输送系统具有非线性、大时滞和参数时变等特征,传统PID控制方法效果不佳,故此将BP神经网络和传统PID控制算法相结合,并将其应用于泥浆流速控制中;以河海大学管道输送实验平台为对象,采用受控自回归CAR模型描述泥泵变频器频率与管道泥浆流速之间的关系,通过实验和数值处理对模型进行离线辨识;在此基础上通过仿真对比传统PID、单神经元PID和BP-PID的流速控制性能,发现BP-PID控制器的超调量仅为3.8%,响应时间为11 s,控制性能较好;最后通过在体积浓度-10%到-30%泥浆范围内,泥浆浓度小幅度和大幅度增减实验,对流速控制方法进行了验证,结果表明在浓度平缓或剧烈波动时,采用BP-PID控制算法的流速控制系统,均能够在保证输送安全的前提下,快速、稳定地达到目标流速,具有较好的自适应控制性能。

公路隧道排水管防结晶措施室内试验探究

为了探究排水管内的结晶行为和差异,结合现场调研和结晶堵塞理论,采用室内模型试验,探究了6种排水管材质、纳米涂层及硅磷晶阻垢剂在排水管内的结晶规律。结果表明:流量是影响管材改善效果的主要因素,小流量条件下,不同排水管材质、纳米涂层防结晶的效果不明显,结晶量均很大;大流量条件下,各工况结晶量均很低,结晶量从小到大依次为:纳米涂层<聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)<聚乙烯(PE)<聚丙烯(PPR)<双壁波纹管(HDPE)<聚氯乙烯(PVC)<钢管<硅磷晶,表面能低、接触角大的排水管材质在较大流量条件下具有一定的预防结晶作用;小流量条件下排水管内结晶物以重力沉积居主导,并促进异相成核作用,而大流量条件下的沉积作用与管材的材料特性密切相关,且剥蚀作用占绝对主导。