Remaining Oil Distribution Law and Potential Tapping Strategy of Horizontal Well Pattern in Narrow Oil Rim Reservoir with Gas Cap and Edge Water

For thin oil rim reservoir with gas cap and edge water, it is helpful to improve the development effect to find out the distribution law of remaining oil in this kind of reservoirs. For this reason, taking the narrow oil rim reservoir with gas cap and edge water of Oilfield A in Bohai Sea as a case, the main controlling factors, including reservoir structure, fault, gas cap energy, edge water energy and well pattern, affecting the distribution of residual oil in this kind of reservoir were analyzed by using the data of core, logging, paleogeomorphology and production. Then, the distribution law of remaining oil was summarized. Generally, the remaining oil distribution is mainly potato-shaped or strip-shaped in plane. Vertically, it depends on the energy of gas cap and edge water. For the reservoir with big gas gap and weak edge water, the remaining oil mainly lies in the bottom of oil column. And for the reservoir with small gas gap and strong edge water, the remaining oil mainly locates at the top of oil column. Aiming at different distribution modes of remaining oil, the corresponding potential tapping strategies of horizontal wells are put forward: in the late stage of development, for the reservoir with big gas gap and weak edge water, the remaining oil concentrates at the bottom of the oil column, and the position of horizontal well should be placed at the lower 1/3 to the lower 1/5 of the oil column;for the reservoir with small gas cap and strong edge water, the remaining oil locates at the top of the oil column, and the position of horizontal well should be put at the upper 1/5 to the upper 1/3 of the oil column height, vertically. Based on the study on remaining oil of Oilfield A, a potential tapping strategy of well pattern thickening and vertical position optimization of horizontal well was proposed. This strategy guided the efficient implementation of the comprehensive adjustment plan of the oilfield. Moreover, 18 infill development wells were implemented in Oilfield A, and the average production of the infill wells is 2.1 times that of the surrounding old wells. It is estimated that the ultimate recovery factor of the oilfield will reach 33.9%, which is 2.3% higher than that before infilling wells. This study can be used for reference in the development of similar reservoirs.

Adaptability of Development Methods for Offshore Gas Cap Edge Water Reservoirs under Different Permeability Levels

The BZ 34-1 oilfield is a typical gas cap edge water reservoir in the Bohai oilfield. The main characteristics of the oilfield were multi-phase sand body stacking and the sand body was composed of three parts: gas cap, oil reservoir, and edge water. The actual production site results show that the permeability difference of multi-layer sand bodies has a serious impact on the development effect. This article establishes a typical reservoir model numerical model based on the total recovery degree of the reservoir and the recovery degree of each layer, and analyzes the impact of permeability gradient. As the permeability gradient increases, the total recovery degree of all four well patterns decreases, and the total recovery degree gradually decreases. The recovery degree of low permeability layers gradually decreases, and the recovery degree of high permeability layers gradually increases. As the permeability gradient increases, the degree of recovery gradually decreases under different water contents. As the permeability gradient increases, the reduction rate of remaining oil saturation in low permeability layers is slower, while the reduction rate of remaining oil saturation in high permeability layers was faster. By analyzing the impact of permeability gradient on the development effect of oil fields, we could further deepen our understanding of gas cap edge water reservoirs and guide the development of this type of oil field.

Formation conditions of Sinian–Cambrian large lithologic gas reservoirs in the north slope area of central Sichuan Basin,SW China

Based on analyses of characteristics,hydrocarbon charging history and geological conditions for the formation of Sinian-Cambrian reservoirs in the north slope area of central Sichuan paleo-uplift,the natural gas origin,accumulation evolution,accumulation pattern and formation conditions of large lithologic gas reservoirs have been investigated.Through comprehensive analyses of natural gas composition,carbon and hydrogen isotopic compositions,fluid inclusions,reservoir bitumen,and geological conditions such as lithofacies paleogeography and beach body characterization,it is concluded that:(1)The natural gas in the Sinian-Cambrian of the north slope area is mainly oil cracking gas,and different contribution ratios of multiple sets of source rocks lead to different geochemical characteristics of natural gas in different reservoirs.(2)Although the both Sinian and Cambrian gas reservoirs in this area are lithologic gas reservoirs under monocline background,the former has normal-pressure and the latter has high-pressure.There are three types of source-reservoir-caprock combinations:single source with lower generation and upper reservoir,double sources with lower generation and upper reservoir or with side source and lateral reservoir,double sources with lower generation and upper reservoir or with upper generation and lower reservoir.The Permian-Triassic is the main generation period of oil,Early-Middle Jurassic is the main generation period of oil cracking gas and wet gas,and Late Jurassic-Cretaceous is the main generation period of dry gas.(3)The Sinian-Cambrian system of the north slope area has two favorable conditions for formation of large lithologic gas reservoirs,one is that the large scale beach facies reservoirs are located in the range of ancient oil reservoirs or near the source rocks,which is conducive to the"in-situ"large-scale accumulation of cracked gas in the paleo-oil reservoirs,the other is that the large scale mound-beach complex reservoirs and sealing layers of inter beach tight zones match effectively to form large lithologic traps under the slope background.The research results confirm that the north slope area has large multi-layer lithologic gas reservoirs with more than one trillion cubic meters of natural gas resources and great exploration potential.

Pliocene hyperpycnal flow and its sedimentary pattern in D block of Rakhine Basin in Bay of Bengal

Based on core,logging,lab test and seismic data,sedimentary characteristics and pattern of marine hyperpycnal flow,the distribution rules of hyperpycnal flow reservoir,prediction method of favorable hyperpycnal flow reservoir zones,hydrocarbon accumulation model in hyperpycnal flow reservoir in D block of Bay of Bengal were investigated,and the favorable exploration zone and well sites were predicted.Pliocene in D block has typical hyperpycnal flow sediment,which is a set of fine-medium sandstone held between thick layers of marine mudstone and features a series of reverse grading unit and normal grading unit pairs.The hyperpycnal flow sediment appears as heavily jagged box shape,bell shape and tongue shape facies on log curves with linear gradient,and corresponds to multiple phases of deep channels on the seismic section and high sinuous channel on stratal slices.The sedimentary bodies formed by a single phase hyperpycnal flow which include five types of microfacies,namely,supply channel(valley),channel complex,branch channel,levee and sheet sand.The hyperpycnal flow sediments appear in multiple branches,multiple generations and stages in space,forming high-quality reservoirs in strips on the plane and superposition vertically,with fairly good physical properties.The channel complex sandstone,with large thickness,coarse particle size and good physical properties,is the most favorable exploration facies.Based on the guidance of the sedimentary model,distribution of the channel complex microfacies was delineated in detail by seismic reflection structure analysis,spectrum waveform characteristic analysis,slice and attribute fusion,and combined with the structural feature analysis,the favorable drilling zone was sorted out,effectively guiding the exploration deployment of the block.

Fracture-controlled fracturing mechanism and penetration discrimination criteria for thin sand-mud interbedded reservoirs in Sulige gas field,Ordos Basin,China

Considering the problems in the discrimination of fracture penetration and the evaluation of fracturing performance in the stimulation of thin sand-mud interbedded reservoirs in the eighth member of Shihezi Formation of Permian(He-8 Member)in the Sulige gas field,a geomechanical model of thin sand-mud interbedded reservoirs considering interlayer heterogeneity was established.The experiment of hydraulic fracture penetration was performed to reveal the mechanism of initiation–extension–interaction–penetration of hydraulic fractures in the thin sand-mud interbedded reservoirs.The unconventional fracture model was used to clarify the vertical initiation and extension characteristics of fractures in thin interbedded reservoirs through numerical simulation.The fracture penetration discrimination criterion and the fracturing performance evaluation method were developed.The results show that the interlayer stress difference is the main geological factor that directly affects the fracture morphology during hydraulic fracturing.When the interlayer stress difference coefficient is less than 0.4 in the Sulige gas field,the fractures can penetrate the barrier and extend in the target sandstone layer.When the interlayer stress difference coefficient is not less than 0.4 and less than 0.45,the factures can penetrate the barrier but cannot extend in the target sandstone layers.When the interlayer stress difference coefficient is greater than 0.45,the fractures only extend in the perforated reservoir,but not penetrate the layers.Increasing the viscosity and pump rates of the fracturing fluid can compensate for the energy loss and break through the barrier limit.The injection of high viscosity(50–100 mPa·s)fracturing fluid at high pump rates(12–18 m~3/min)is conducive to fracture penetration in the thin sand-mud interbedded reservoirs in the Sulige gas field.

Main models and distribution patterns of gas reservoirs in large-medium gas fields of China

Based on characteristics and trap types of gas reservoirs in large and medium gas fields in China, 4 gas reservoir models have been established; (i)structural trap gas reservoir model I , formed earlier than or simultaneously with generating of gases; (ii) structural trap gas reservoir model II , formed later than generating of gases; ( iii )fossil weathered residuum gas reservoir model; and (iv) mud diapir abnormal temperature and pressure gas reservoir model. Distribution patterns of large-medium gas fields are described with the concept of "sealed compartment". It is concluded that the inner-compartment area, marginal area of the compartment and the areas between two overlapped sealed compartments are the most favourable areas for discovering large-medium gas fields.

“Extreme utilization”development theory of unconventional natural gas

In the process of unconventional natural gas development practice,the"extreme utilization"concept that focuses on"continuously breaking through the limit of development technology"is gradually formed,and supports the scale benefit exploration of unconventional gas in China.On this basis,the development theory of"extreme utilization"is proposed,its theoretical connotation together with development technologies of unconventional natural gas are clarified.The theoretical connotation is that,aiming at"extreme gas reservoirs","extreme techniques"are utilized to build subsurface connected bodies,expand the discharge area,and enlarge the production range,to obtain the maximum single-well production,extreme recovery,and eventually achieve the"extreme effect"of production.The series of development technologies include micro/nano-scale reservoir evaluation,"sweet spot"prediction,unconventional percolation theory and production capacity evaluation,optimization of grid well pattern,optimal-fast drilling and volume fracturing,and working regulation optimization and"integrated"organizing system.The"extreme utilization"development theory has been successfully applied in the development of unconventional gas reservoirs such as Sulige tight gas,South Sichuan shale gas,and Qinshui coalbed methane.Such practices demonstrate that,the"extreme utilization"development theory has effectively promoted the development of unconventional gas industry in China,and can provide theoretical guidance for effective development of other potential unconventional and difficult-to-recovery resources.

基于改进粒子群算法的不规则井网自动优化

深水油藏由于其特殊的油藏条件和开发特点,一般采用"少井高产"的高效开发模式,井网类型多为不规则井网,因此利用传统的规则井网部署方法进行井位的部署将不再适用。本文从惯性权值、速度更新策略和位置更新策略等三方面对标准粒子群算法进行了改进,建立了井位和井型自动优化模型,并利用改进的算法进行了求解。实例应用表明,本文对标准粒子群优化算法的改进是有效的,利用本文优化方法进行直井、水平井和定向井等不规则井网的优化是可行的。本文方法可以为深水油田高速开发模式的建立提供基础,同时为陆上油藏不规则井网部署提供参考。

特低渗透断块油藏不规则三角形井网有效动用系数计算及应用

针对断块油藏的布井方式,考虑特低渗透储层流体非线性渗流特征,从非线性渗流基本公式出发,应用流管积分法推导不规则三角形井网有效动用系数计算公式,并分析注采压力差、井网几何形状及非线性渗流曲线等因素对有效动用系数的影响,进而将研究成果应用于江苏油田花17断块井网评价中并提出井网调整方案。研究结果表明:均质各向同性特低渗透断块油藏适合部署等腰或近等腰三角形井网;当井网形状偏离等腰三角形程度较高时,存在引起有效动用系数突变的注采压力差和井距;渗透率较大的储层,宜通过放大注采压力差来提高有效动用系数,而渗透率较小的储层,缩小井、排距为更有效的手段。

高邮凹陷南断阶不规则油藏井网优化研究

应用数值模拟技术，建立了不同储量规模不同布井方式下的模型，对不规则油藏的井网优化进行了研究。从研究结果对比来看，对高邮凹陷南断阶这种复杂不规则油藏来说，当储量规模相对较大时采用反五点法井网油藏开发效果较好，但不同的布井模式开发效果有所差异，因此进行实际油藏布井时应结合油藏形态与地应力方位有针对性地部署。对储量规模相对较小的油藏，一般选用点状面积注水，不同的注水方式水驱效果差异不大，关键要与裂缝方位相匹配。研究认为这类不规则油藏的井距一般在210～300m左右灵活确定，理论研究排距在150～170m左右比较合适。

辫状河沉积气藏井网模式初探

气藏开发实践表明,利用规则井网理论开发气藏,尤其是辫状河沉积气藏,会产生大量的低效井和无效井,规则井网理论对辫状河沉积气藏已不再适用。根据辨状河气藏的储层沉积特征,提出了其气藏不规则井网开发模式,给出了不规则井网的一般布井原则。应用不规则井网对苏里格苏10区块进行了虚拟开发,开发效果表明,不规则井网开发效果明显优于规则井网,能够更好地适应辫状河沉积气藏的高效开发。

整体压裂井网与裂缝优化设计新方法

建立了既适用于常规低渗透油藏也适用于复杂断块低渗透油藏的压裂井网和裂缝优化模型,以压裂井对油藏的波及系数最大、死油区最小为目标,充分考虑压裂裂缝与井网的优化匹配,结合油藏数值模拟的方法,通过选取采出程度较高、平均单井产油量较高、油藏综合含水率较低的井网部署方案来达到对压裂井参数的优化,从而获得适合油藏实际情况的井网类型和裂缝参数的最佳组合方案。在此基础上系统研究了地层最大水平主应力方向和单井椭圆泄油区域对低渗透油藏井网部署的影响。首次对复杂断块低渗透油藏不规则井网的部署以及整体压裂开发方案的设计进行了研究,进一步完善了低渗透油藏整体压裂开发方案的设计理论。该方法应用于大庆油田和渤海某油田试验区整体压裂开发方案的设计中,取得了较好的生产效益。

低渗复杂断块整体压裂裂缝参数优化设计

低渗复杂断块油藏在进行整体压裂改造时,由于其地应力场分布复杂且井网形式不规则,常规整体压裂产量预测方法不再适用。为此,将油藏数值模拟中的新型网格结构———PEBI网格应用到整体压裂优化设计中,实现了不规则井网条件下任意方位裂缝的模拟,并证实了PEBI网格模拟水力裂缝相对于传统直角网格的优越性。根据濮城油田卫42断块压裂注采井网的实际特点,抽象出适用于复杂断块油藏的3种典型的注采井位关系,并在此基础上进行了裂缝与井网匹配关系和裂缝参数的优化研究。指出:在复杂断块油藏的整体压裂中,注采井位相对角度存在最优值,应根据具体地应力方向进行优化;远离断层区域地应力方向一致,应造长缝,断层附近区域地应力方向容易发生偏转,应重点优化缝长;就特低渗透复杂断块油田而言,注采相对井位、压裂规模对于开发效果的影响要远远大于裂缝导流能力的影响。

A simulation study of water injection and gas injectivity scenarios in a fractured carbonate reservoir:A comparative study

Regarding the enormous demands of numerous industries to fossil fuels,it is essential to select the proper enhanced oil recovery approaches for vertical and horizontal wells to supply the demands with the optimum expenditure.Water and gas injectivity as the secondary enhanced oil recovery techniques would be preferentially considered regarding their low costs of performances rather than chemical recovery and thermal techniques.Injected gas tends to push oil through pores or cracks in the matrix block and lead them to the production well.Therefore,injection of gas may significantly increase the recovery factor in these reservoirs.In this research,different injection scenarios in a fractured carbonate reservoir in the west of Iran are being simulated by the PVT modules of Eclipse software.The purpose of this research is to analyze the possibility of gradually increasing the extent of recovery by injecting carbon dioxide,methane,and water,and different injectivity patterns are considered in this research.The selection of injectivity patterns is severely based on the highest recycling rate of gas injection on different injection scenarios,and the injectivity scenarios were being compared with the natural depletion scenario.Consequently,Co2 injection(about 60%)had the highest oil recovery factor and CH4 and TB(about 54%and 53%)injectivity scenarios had the second and third highest rate of the oil recovery factor.

超薄油层扁七点井网数值模拟研究

以大庆外围超薄油层典型的水平井开发井网为例,选取实际油藏地质和工程参数,运用数值模拟方法,研究油层厚度、渗透率、井距、排距、水平段长及含油砂岩钻遇率等影响因素对水平井初期产能等生产指标的作用规律,并进行油藏实例分析评价。研究成果可为此类油藏的水平井钻井和开发设计提供理论指导和建议。