Optimising repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for neural circuit repair following traumatic brain injury

While it is well-known that neuronal activity promotes plasticity and connectivity, the success of activity-based neural rehabilitation programs remains extremely limited in human clinical experience because they cannot adequately control neuronal excitability and activity within the injured brain in order to induce repair. However, it is possible to non-invasively modulate brain plasticity using brain stimu- lation techniques such as repetitive transcranial （rTMS） and transcranial direct current stimulation （tDCS） techniques, which show promise for repairing injured neural circuits （Henrich-Noack et al., 2013; Lefaucher et al., 2014）. Yet we are far from having full control of these techniques to repair the brain following neurotrauma and need more fundamen- tal research （Ellaway et al., 2014; Lefaucher et al., 2014）. In this perspective we discuss the mechanisms by which rTMS may facilitate neurorehabilitation and propose experimental techniques with which magnetic stimulation may be investi- gated in order to optimise its treatment potential.

Modulation of abnormal neuronal circuit in temporal lobe epilepsy

OBJECTIVE Temporal lobe epilepsy(TLE)is one of the most common types of human epilepsy,and they are often resistant to current treatments.METHODS By using optogenetic,electrophysiological,imaging and pharmacology strategies,we aimed toinvestigate the underlying circuit mechanism of TLE and tried to developthe novel and efficient approach to control epilepsy.RESULTS(1)Using micro PET and multichannel EEG recording,we found an abnormal neural network,characterized by early hypometabolism and after discharge spread,during the epileptogenensis of TLE.(2)Deep brain stimulation,especially low frequency stimulation,targeted the epileptic focus and the areas outside of the focus(critical regions for seizure spread),such as the piriform cortex,cerebellum,entorhinal cortex or subiculum,reduced seizure severity in TLE.Its anti-epileptic effect is time-window dependent and polarity dependent,which shows a promising strategy for treating epileptic seizures.(3)Using an optogenetic strategy,we demonstrated that excitatory projection from entorhinal cortex to hippocampus instructs the brain-stimulation treatments of epilepsy.(4)Our data from both the clinical and experimental studies further demonstrated that a disinhibitory GABAergic neuronmediated microcircuit in the subiculum contributes to secondary generalized seizures in TLE.(5)Finally,based on abnormal synchronization of the electrical activity in epileptic circuit,we developed electroresponsive hydrogel nanoparticles modified with angiopep-2 to facilitate the delivery of the antiepileptic drug phenytoin sodium,which greatly improves the therapeutic index.CONCLUSION Our findings may update the current view of epileptic neuronal networks and suggest possible promising ways for epilepsy treatment.

The Neuron as a Controlled Toggle Circuit

This paper considers a model of a recursive neuron whose circuit the author finds interesting, not because of its financial possibility, but because of its surprising electrical behavior. Below, a recursive neuron is modeled with excitatory and inhibitory triggering, and simulated using Win Spice. This model is shown to be capable of controlled toggling, and so promises energy-efficient, massively parallel computing.

神经环路鉴定技术在中医药脑科学领域的应用

神经环路是由不同神经元组成的复杂网络,是大脑功能实现的物质载体。神经环路鉴定技术通过对特定神经环路的结构追踪及其活动操纵,研究其对脑功能的充分性和必要性,对理解脑疾病发病机制尤为关键。作为神经科学与脑科学领域的高新技术手段,近年来已被逐渐引入中医药领域基础研究。本综述系统性梳理神经环路鉴定技术的原理及其在中医药脑科学领域的应用研究进展,指出该领域后期发展方向应立足中医药特色整体观念和辨证论治展开设计。开展中医药多样化手段干预疾病的神经环路机制研究有助于促进中医药与现代脑科学的深度融合。

面向智能机器人的类脑定位框架及实现方法

智能机器人需要与环境进行高效实时交互,这对位置表征的多样性和定位的实时性、适应性、鲁棒性及低功耗等提出了新的需求,给传统定位技术带来了许多新的挑战。借鉴大脑定位神经环路机理所发展的类脑定位技术为解决这些难题提供了新的技术路径。重点阐述了类脑定位原理及方法,探讨了类脑定位的系统框架及计算模型,并展望了类脑定位技术的未来发展。

针灸抗抑郁机制的新视角:奖赏与反奖赏神经环路的协同调控作用

抑郁症是一种常见的严重精神疾病,奖赏与反奖赏神经环路的功能异常可能是抑郁症快感缺失和绝望行为两种核心症状的神经基础。近年来影像学和神经环路研究揭示了针灸能够相对特异地调节抑郁症患者和动物模型的大脑奖赏和动机相关神经环路的活动,然而奖赏和反奖赏神经环路参与针灸改善抑郁症的机制研究尚不充分。系统综述了奖赏与反奖赏神经环路功能在抑郁症发病和治疗中的最新研究进展,同时探讨了奖赏与反奖赏神经环路的相互作用和协同关系在针灸抗抑郁治疗中的重要科学意义,为针灸治疗抑郁症等精神障碍疾病的神经生物学机制提供新的思路。

基于边缘联邦学习的重放语音检测框架

针对重放语音检测系统在边缘用户训练过程中所遇到计算资源受限与隐私泄露问题,受类脑智能的启发,提出了一种考虑差分隐私、基于神经回路策略(Neural Circuit Policies,NCP)的边缘联邦重放语音检测框架。该框架包括数据预处理、节点参数更新和联邦聚合这3个模块。首先,提取低频声学特征以获得更具表达力的表示;然后,融合残差结构与NCP并采用闭式连续时间神经元构建轻量级网络模型,以降低边缘模型的复杂度;最后,在联邦隐私保护机制中引入高斯噪声用于进一步提高隐私安全级别。为了全面评估所提方法,建立了一个采用移动设备录音的中文语音数据集。仿真结果表明:该框架在保护隐私的前提下,相对先进的重放语音检测方法(残差网络、轻量型卷积神经网络和RawNet3),边缘检测模型的准确率平均提升了29.66%,浮点运算数平均降低了94.14%,存储空间占用减少了61.43%。同时在ASVspoof 2019和ASVspoof 2021数据集上也完成了泛化性能验证。

音乐治疗的机制研究

音乐治疗的本质是声音的感知、重现(演唱、演奏)、创作本身及其相应的身心间的相互作用。其感知过程是渐次上行到大脑三级机能区的过程,重现过程则是三级机能区的渐次下行效应过程。无论是上行还是下行,声音、动作都可以引起身心的某些变化。音乐治疗是治疗的辅助手段,具有相应的适应症,必须开展严格的实验研究,同时建议用音乐干预的名称取代音乐治疗。

重复经颅磁刺激调控物质成瘾相关神经环路的研究进展

物质成瘾是一种慢性、复发性脑病,涉及复杂的神经环路。目前,有关物质成瘾的治疗手段相对有限。重复经颅磁刺激(repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation,rTMS)作为一种无创、安全性好、操作简单的神经电生理技术,已在精神疾病领域得到应用和推广。rTMS治疗物质成瘾的效果与所调控的神经环路密切相关,但其机制尚不明确。该文总结了rTMS技术在物质成瘾治疗中的应用以及rTMS与其他治疗方法的联合应用情况,并介绍了rTMS对物质成瘾相关神经环路的调控作用的研究进展。

经前烦躁症与神经回路研究进展

经前烦躁症(PMDD)的临床表现复杂多样,是育龄期妇女的常见病、多发病,直接影响女性生活质量。其发病机制十分复杂,近年来,国内外学者从神经机制及脑区活性变化来揭示PMDD的发病原因。相关研究显示,前额叶、杏仁核、海马及小脑、岛叶等脑区的活性变化可能与PMDD发病密切相关,现对涉及该病的脑区及脑区间的相互联系进行综述,为明确经前期综合征的神经机制研究提供参考依据。

基于无损脑刺激的情绪调节干预

既往研究积累了无损脑刺激(non-invasive brain stimulation,NIBS)技术干预情绪调节以改善负性情绪的大量证据。总结NIBS的情绪调节干预效果和适用范围对于丰富情绪调节理论、促进转化研究有重要意义。通过综述文献可发现NIBS能有效影响相关脑区(例如前额叶)的活动,从而干预外显与内隐情绪调节过程;通过改善情绪调节功能,NIBS具有改善精神障碍症状的潜在可能性。此领域尚需解决的问题如下:首先,研究间异质性太强导致结果不一;其次,情绪调节干预过程的脑神经环路机制仍不明确,情绪调节的衡量指标单一。此外,以往NIBS方案存在定位精度不高、单时段效果微弱、现有方案难以满足新需要,以及具有一定的副作用等问题。据此,未来有必要全面定量总结现有文献,结合神经导航技术确定最优靶点,考察干预状态下外显/内隐情绪调节的脑神经环路改变,并从主观体验−生理指标−神经特征多层面评估NIBS干预效果。未来还可采用多靶点NIBS方案,或结合超扫描、神经反馈等技术以提高研究效度,为相关的转化研究和临床提供启示。

类脑神经网络与神经形态器件及其电路综述

为了系统地了解类脑神经网络电路,在对类脑神经网络进行简要介绍的基础之上,重点阐述两种类别的神经形态器件及功能,包括不同类型的浮栅管和不同工艺材料的忆阻器来模拟单个神经元和突触可塑性功能;然后,以神经形态器件为基础,分别介绍了基于浮栅管和忆阻器实现神经网络电路;最后总结当前神经形态器件及类脑神经网络芯片存在的问题,并对有关类脑计算研究方向进行了展望。

小鼠颅骨视窗及其在光学活体脑成像研究中的应用

小鼠颅骨视窗作为一种活体光学脑成像辅助工具,以其原位表征、实时观察、长期活体脑成像等优势,成为脑部疾病及神经元突触生长等研究的重要手段之一。小鼠颅骨视窗不仅可以对颅骨下软脑膜血管及血管内红细胞流速、流态变化进行定量分析,在结合荧光标记物与光学显微镜后,还可以对脑部皮层下组织、神经细胞的变化进行清晰成像。过去数十年,科研人员利用小鼠颅骨视窗深入研究了偏头痛、阿尔兹海默症、神经突触等病理生理过程,并取得了大量突破性进展。同时,随着光学成像工具性能的提升,小鼠颅骨视窗的应用也得到了进一步拓展。本文主要介绍颅骨视窗的发展史、构建方法,结合荧光探针及光学成像方法的研究,全面总结了近年来小鼠颅骨视窗在光学脑成像研究中的应用,包括脑内重要生物分子成像、细胞成像、血管及血流成像、神经环路可塑性及神经功能成像、疾病发生机理及药物开发研究等,最后讨论了小鼠颅骨视窗在实际应用中面临的问题,并对其未来应用进行了展望。

肠道感知与生物适应性

肠道(gut)是机体与外界交流的重要器官,吸收营养并排出废物,在维持机体稳态和生理功能方面起着至关重要的作用。肠道中存在丰富的细胞类型和神经信号分子,研究表明,肠道细胞上的特定受体能够被食物激活,从而感知味道和营养成分,并将信息直接或间接向大脑传递。肠道感知(intestinal perception)是自然界多种生物中普遍存在的感觉系统,具有物种保守性。因此,肠道感知相关的研究,对理解物种的进化和生物在自然界中的适应性机制具有重要意义。本文对肠道不同物质感知的分子及环路机制的研究现状进行了简要综述,为进一步研究肠-脑轴神经环路在生物个体进化中的作用及生物的物种-环境共生进化的理论提供依据。

颅脑损伤相关创伤后应激障碍的研究进展

创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)是一种常见的以情境记忆反应过度、恐惧消退受损等为临床特征的精神疾病,常见于重大创伤后,发病机制和临床表现复杂。大量研究证实,颅脑损伤(TBI)与PTSD的发生密切相关,而PTSD是导致TBI后出现认知功能损害的重要因素。本文通过回顾近年来有关TBI相关PTSD的研究,对TBI与PTSD伴发的流行病学特征、发病机制以及临床诊断和治疗中的研究进展进行综述,为进一步深入开展TBI相关PTSD的理论与临床转化研究提供新的思路和方向。

颞叶癫痫异常神经环路分析(英文)

OBJECTIVE Temporal lobe epilepsy(TLE) is one of the most common types of human epilepsy,and they are often resistant to current treatments. METHODS By using optogenetic,electrophysiological,imaging and pharmacology strategies,we aimed toinvestigate the underlying circuit mechanism of TLE and tried to developthe novel and efficient approach to control epilepsy. RESULTS(1) Deep brain stimulation,especially low frequency stimulation,targeted the epileptic focus and the areas outside of the focus(critical regions for seizure spread),such as entorhinal cortex or subiculum,reduced seizure severity in TLE. Its anti-epileptic effect is time-window dependent and polarity dependent,which shows a promising strategy for treating epileptic seizures.(2) Using an optogenetic strategy,we demonstrated that excitatory projection from entorhinal cortex to hippocampus instructs the brain-stimulation treatments of epilepsy.(3) Our data from both the clinical and experimental studies further demonstrated that a disinhibitory GABAergic neuron-mediated microcircuit in the subiculum contributes to secondary generalized seizures in TLE.(4) Finally,based on abnormal synchronization of the electrical activity in epileptic circuit,we developed electro-responsive hydrogel nanoparticles modified with angiopep-2to facilitate the delivery of the antiepileptic drug phenytoin sodium,which greatly improves the therapeutic index. CONCLUSION Our findings may update the current view of epileptic neuronal networks and suggest possible promising ways for epilepsy treatment.

Multimodal treatment for spinal cord injury: a sword of neuroregeneration upon neuromodulation

Spinal cord injury is linked to the interruption of neural pathways,which results in irreversible neural dysfunction.Neural repair and neuroregeneration are critical goals and issues for rehabilitation in spinal cord injury,which require neural stem cell repair and multimodal neuromodulation techniques involving personalized rehabilitation strategies.Besides the involvement of endogenous stem cells in neurogenesis and neural repair,exogenous neural stem cell transplantation is an emerging effective method for repairing and replacing damaged tissues in central nervous system diseases.However,to ensure that endogenous or exogenous neural stem cells truly participate in neural repair following spinal cord injury,appropriate interventional measures(e.g.,neuromodulation)should be adopted.Neuromodulation techniques,such as noninvasive magnetic stimulation and electrical stimulation,have been safely applied in many neuropsychiatric diseases.There is increasing evidence to suggest that neuromagnetic/electrical modulation promotes neuroregeneration and neural repair by affecting signaling in the nervous system;namely,by exciting,inhibiting,or regulating neuronal and neural network activities to improve motor function and motor learning following spinal cord injury.Several studies have indicated that fine motor skill rehabilitation training makes use of residual nerve fibers for collateral growth,encourages the formation of new synaptic connections to promote neural plasticity,and improves motor function recovery in patients with spinal cord injury.With the development of biomaterial technology and biomechanical engineering,several emerging treatments have been developed,such as robots,brain-computer interfaces,and nanomaterials.These treatments have the potential to help millions of patients suffering from motor dysfunction caused by spinal cord injury.However,large-scale clinical trials need to be conducted to validate their efficacy.This review evaluated the efficacy of neural stem cells and magnetic or electrical stimulation combined with rehabilitation training and intelligent therapies for spinal cord injury according to existing evidence,to build up a multimodal treatment strategy of spinal cord injury to enhance nerve repair and regeneration.

药物成瘾相关生物学机制的研究进展

药物成瘾是一种以强迫性寻求和使用药物、对用药失去控制能力为主要特征的慢性复发性脑疾病,且其存在流行范围广、吸毒人群基数大以及对用药者的危害严重等特点。因此,阐明药物成瘾的生物学机制,寻找合适且有效的干预靶点和生物标志物是目前药物成瘾研究的热点和难点。本文就近年来药物成瘾相关机制的研究进行综述,旨在为理解药物成瘾提供新思路,并为其防治提供参考。

全球脑研究计划与展望

脑研究已成为当代科学研究的热点,越来越多的政府、组织和科学家呼吁加强脑的研究。本文概述了近来美国、欧盟、加拿大、日本等国家和地区启动的人脑计划和基于创新型神经技术脑研究计划等,并简要介绍了国家自然科学基金委员会和国家科学技术部近几年先后设立的相关重大研究计划和国家重点基础研究发展计划("973"计划)。

“脑功能联结图谱与类脑智能研究”先导专项研究进展和展望

对大脑的认知是人类认识自然和自身的终极挑战,脑科学研究的核心是理解脑功能的结构及物质基础。中科院在2012年启动了战略性先导科技专项(B类)"脑功能联结图谱计划"(Mapping Brain Functional Connections;简称:脑联接图谱;MBFC,2012—2020),目标是对特定脑功能的神经联结通路和网络结构的解析及模拟。专项代表了脑科学研究的战略制高点,对揭示脑的工作原理、推动智能科学技术进步、增进人类身心健康等方面都具有十分重要的意义。专项设立以来,在感知觉神经环路发育和功能、视觉与本能恐惧行为的神经环路机制、情绪的神经环路编码机制、成瘾和抑郁症等脑疾病机理、意识的神经基础、基因编译技术及脑疾病的非人灵长类模型、神经元分类和功能分析技术及其应用、神经环路双色钙成像方法、神经环路结构与功能研究工具开发、深度神经网络芯片研制,以及资源库与平台建设等方面取得了一系列重要的科学发现和技术研发进展。我们将进一步按照专项十年规划,开展脑认知科学、类脑人工智能技术、脑疾病早期诊断及干预3个前沿领域的科学研究,以及相关新技术研发和脑科技资源库建设,发挥中科院在脑与认知基础研究和技术研发等领域的引领作用。