The Role and Significance of Brain-gut Peptide and Its Receptor's Expression in the Mechanism's Explanation of Cleaning Away Heat and Dampness

Cleaning away Heat and Dampness is one of the general methods in treating the syndrome of the Spleen and Stomach’s damp heat in Febrile Diseases,and its efficacy of invigorating the spleen regulating the stomach is involved in regulation of gastrointestinal motility.Many factors and systems act as the regulation,including Brain-gut peptide,which quantitative change in the gastrointestinal tissues and plasma can reflex the functions of gastrointestinal motility.So carrying on an investigation into the relation between brain-gut peptide and its receptors and gastrointestinal dyskinesia in the syndrome of damp heat in the spleen and stomach has its relevant to the explanation of the mechanism of cleaning away Heat and Dampness.

Effect of amitriptyline on gastrointestinal function and brain-gut peptides: A double-blind trial

AIM: To study the effects of low-dose amitriptyline (AMT) on gastrointestinal function and brain-gut peptides in healthy Chinese volunteers. METHODS: This was a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, two-period cross-over trial. Twentyeight healthy volunteers were randomised and administered 1-wk treatments of AMT (12.5 mg tid) or placebo. Before and during the final two days of treatment, gastric emptying, proximal gastric accommodation and visceral sensitivity were measured by drinkingultrasonography test; the orocecal transit time (OCTT) was measured by lactulose hydrogen breath test, and fasting blood was collected. Plasma levels of ghrelin, motilin and neuropeptide Y (NPY) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits.RESULTS: AMT slowed the OCTT (109.2 ± 29.68 min vs 96.61 ± 23.9 min, P = 0.004) but did not affect liquid gastric emptying and had no effect on proximal gastric accommodation. AMT resulted in decreases in the visual analogue scale (VAS) for difficulty in drinking 600 and 800 mL of water (3.57 ± 0.94 vs 2.98 ± 0.85, 5.57 ± 0.82 vs 4.57 ± 0.98, P < 0.01 for both), although it had no significant effect on the VAS for difficulty in drinking 200 mL and 400 mL of water. AMT significantly increased the plasma ghrelin level (442.87 ± 176.79 pg/mL vs 526.87 ± 158.44 pg/mL, P = 0.04) and the neuropeptide-Y level (890.15 ± 131.46 pg/mL vs 965.64 ± 165.63 pg/mL, P = 0.03), whereas it had no effect on the MTL level. CONCLUSION: Low-dose AMT could slow OCTT, make the stomach less sensitive and increase the plasma levels of ghrelin and NPY. Thus, we recommend the use of low-dose AMT for functional gastrointestinal disorders.

EFFECT OF ELECTROACUPUNCTURE ON CANINE PYLORIC PRESSURE AND ITS RELATION WITH BRAIN-GUT PEPTIDE LEVEL IN THE GASTRIC MUCOSAL TISSUES

Aim of the study: To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on canine pyloric pressure and its relation with contents of motilin (MTL), somatostatin (SS) and nitric oxide synthetase (NOS) in the gastric mucosal tissues. Methods: The total and basic pressure of the pyloric sphincter, and the frequency of the high pressure waves were measured by using a gastrotonometer; and the contents of MTL, SS and NOS in tissues of the gastric body and gastric antrum mucosa were detected by using radioimmunoassay(RIA) and biochemical methods in 20 dogs. Results: After EA of Zusanli (ST 36), the total and basic pressure of the pyloric sphincter, and the frequency of the high pressure waves, the content of SS in the gastric body mucosa, MTL and SS in the gastric antrum mucosa all decreased significantly (P<0.05) and the level of NOS increased clearly (P<0.05). While after EA of Xiajuxu (ST 39), all the indexes had not any striking changes except significant decrease of SS content in the gastric body mucosa (P<0.05). Conclusions: EA has a significant modulating action on gastrointestinal functional activities by lowering canine pyloric pressure and contracted frequency, which is also related with its influence on contents of some brain gut peptides (BGP) and is of specificity in meridians and acupoints.

Andrias davidianus bone peptides alleviates hyperuricemia-induced kidney damage in vitro and in vivo

Hyperuricemia(HUA)is a vital risk factor for chronic kidney diseases(CKD)and development of functional foods capable of protecting CKD is of importance.This paper aimed to explore the amelioration effects and mechanism of Andrias davidianus bone peptides(ADBP)on HUA-induced kidney damage.In the present study,we generated the standard ADBP which contained high hydrophobic amino acid and low molecular peptide contents.In vitro results found that ADBP protected uric acid(UA)-induced HK-2 cells from damage by modulating urate transporters and antioxidant defense.In vivo results indicated that ADBP effectively ameliorated renal injury in HUA-induced CKD mice,evidenced by a remarkable decrease in serum UA,creatinine and blood urea nitrogen,improving kidney UA excretion,antioxidant defense and histological kidney deterioration.Metabolomic analysis highlighted 14 metabolites that could be selected as potential biomarkers and attributed to the amelioration effects of ADBP on CKD mice kidney dysfunction.Intriguingly,ADBP restored the gut microbiome homeostasis in CKD mice,especially with respect to the elevated helpful microbial abundance,and the decreased harmful bacterial abundance.This study demonstrated that ADBP displayed great nephroprotective effects,and has great promise as a food or functional food ingredient for the prevention and treatment of HUA-induced CKD.

Antimicrobial peptides and the gut microbiome in inflammatory bowel disease

Antimicrobial peptides(AMP)are highly diverse and dynamic molecules that are expressed by specific intestinal epithelial cells,Paneth cells,as well as immune cells in the gastrointestinal(GI)tract.They play critical roles in maintaining tolerance to gut microbiota and protecting against enteric infections.Given that disruptions in tolerance to commensal microbiota and loss of barrier function play major roles in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)and converge on the function of AMP,the significance of AMP as potential biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets in IBD have been increasingly recognized in recent years.In this frontier article,we discuss the function and mechanisms of AMP in the GI tract,examine the interaction of AMP with the gut microbiome,explore the role of AMP in the pathogenesis of IBD,and review translational applications of AMP in patients with IBD.

Docosahexaenoic acid-rich fish oil prevented insulin resistance by modulating gut microbiome and promoting colonic peptide YY expression in diet-induced obesity mice

It is unclear how docosahexaenoic acid(DHA)improves insulin resistance via modulating gut microbiome in obese individuals.We used diet-induced obesity(DIO)mice as a model to study the effects of DHA-rich fish oil(DHA-FO)on host metabolic disorders and colonic microbiome.DHA-FO reduced fat deposition,regulated lipid profiles and alleviated insulin resistance in DIO mice.Probably because DHA-FO prevented the permeation of lipopolysaccharide across intestinal epithelial barrier,and promoted peptide YY(PYY)secretion via the mediation of short chain fatty acids receptor(FFAR2)in colon.Furthermore,DHA-FO might regulate PYY expression by reversing microbial dysbiosis,including increasing the abundance ofAkkermansia muciniphila and Lactobacillus,and suppressing the growth of Helicobacter.DHA-FO also altered gut microbial function(e.g."linoleic acid metabolism")associated with PYY expression(r>0.80,P<0.05).Herein,DHA-FO enhanced insulin action on glucose metabolism by altering gut microbiome and facilitating colonic PYY expression in DIO mice.

Exercise and glucagon-like peptide-1: Does exercise potentiate the effect of treatment?

Recently, glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1) receptor agonists have become a cornerstone for the treatment of obese patients with type 2 diabetes(T2D), exhibiting favorable effects on the cardiovascular outcome. In T2D, impaired GLP-1 secretion/function is observed, and gut microbiota dysbiosis is related to the GLP-1 resistance. Prior research has revealed that exercise increases GLP-1 levels in healthy and obese individuals; however, the efficacy of exercise on GLP-1 levels in patients with T2D remains unclear. Exercise may improve GLP-1 resistance rather than GLP-1 secretion in patients with T2D. Exercise increases the gut microbiota diversity, which could contribute to improving the GLP-1 resistance of T2D. Furthermore, the gut microbiota may play a role in the correlation between exercise and GLP-1. The combination of exercise and GLP-1-based therapy may have a synergistic effect on the treatment of T2D. Although the underlying mechanism remains unknown, exercise potentiates the efficacy of GLP-1 receptor agonist treatment in patients with T2D.

Effects of Pyridoxine on Selected Appetite Regulating Peptides mRNA Expression in Hypothalamic PVN/ARC Nuclei and Gastrointestinal Tract Tissues

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary pyridoxine on the gene expression of appetite-regulating peptides in the hypothalamus and gastrointestinal tract of rabbits. Thirty-two rabbits were randomly divided into 2 treatments for 8 weeks (16 replicates/group and 1 rabbit/replicate). The treatments were fed a basal diet (control, measured pyridoxine content is 4.51 mg/kg) and the basal diet with a pyridoxine supplementation at 10 mg/kg (pyridoxine, measured pyridoxine content is 14.64 mg/kg). The results showed that dietary pyridoxine did not significantly alter the mRNA levels of neuropeptide Y, agouti related peptide, pro-opiomelanocortin and cocaine, amphetamine regulated transcript, peptide YY and cholecystokinin in arcuate nucleus, peptide YY in jejunum and ileum, and cholecystokinin in duodenum, jejunum and ileum (P > 0.05). Compared with the control, the mRNA levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone and melanocortin 4 receptor in paraventricular nuclei and peptide YY in duodenum were significantly decreased after pyridoxine treatment (P 0.05). In conclusion, the appetite genes of melanocortin 4 receptor and corticotropin-releasing hormone in paraventricular nuclei and peptide YY in duodenum are involved in the pyridoxine-caused hyperphagia.

Investigating the effects of peptide-based,MOS and protease feed additives on the growth performance and fecal microbial composition of weaned pigs

Background:Digestive disorders in weaning pigs remain a major challenge for swine producers.Different types of commercial feed additives have been developed to promote gut health and development in young pigs,but their effects on resident gut microbial communities remain largely unexplored.The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of a peptide-based product(Peptiva)in combination with mannose oligosaccharides(MOS)and an exogenous protease on the performance and fecal microbiome of nursery pigs.Methods:A total of 1097 weaned pigs were divided into 44 pens(24-26 pigs/pen)with each pen randomly assigned to one of four experimental diets as part of Phase Ⅱ and Phase Ⅲ of a standard nursery phase feeding program.Fecal samples collected from representative control and treatment pigs were used to investigate bacterial composition profiles by high throughput sequencing of PCR-generated amplicons targeting the V1-V3 region of the 16S rRNA gene.Results:Higher gain:feed was observed for pigs fed Peptiva and MOS compared to Controls during the period when experimental diets were fed,but the benefits of supplementation were not maintained after pigs were transitioned to a non-supplemented diet.Three candidate bacterial species,identified as Operational Taxonomic Units(OTUs),were found to have significantly different abundances between control samples and treatment samples during the same phase.In Phase Ⅲ samples,SD_Ssd-00039,predicted to be a strain of Streptococcus alactolyticus based on nucleotide sequence identity,was the most highly represented of these OTUs with an average abundance in pigs fed Peptiva,MOS and protease that was 3.9 times higher than in Controls.The report also presents evidence of microbial succession that occurred during the trial,with 16 of the 32 most abundant OTUs found to vary between Phase Ⅱ and Phase Ⅲ samples for the same dietary treatment.Conclusions:Dietary supplementation with a combination of a peptide-based product,MOS,and protease increased the growth performance of weaned pigs compared to control animals during the nursery phase,but these benefits were no longer observed within 2 weeks after all animals were transitioned to a non-supplemented diet.Supplementation with these feed additives was found to modulate the composition of the swine gut microbiome during this period.

THE EXPRESSION OF RECEPTORS FOR VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE AND SECRETIN IN COLON NEOPLASMS

Objective: To investigate the expression of the receptors for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and secretin in colon cancer. Methods: This study visualized and characterized the receptors for VIP and secretin in the sequence of human tumor-free colon, adenoma, carcinoma, liver metastasis using storage phosphor autoradiography. Results: Receptors for VIP and secretin were demonstrated in tumor-free colon and colon tumors. A decrease in affinity of VIP receptors was shown in the colonic liver metastasis (Kd = 3.30 nmol) when compared with tumor-free colon (Kd = 0.82 nmol). An up-regulation of receptors for secretin was found in colonic liver metastases. Conclusions: VIP and secretin were both expressed on normal colon tissues. Binding of VIP decreased while secretin increased in colonic liver metastasis. A down-regulation of receptors for VIP in colonic liver metastases may helpful to understand the migration of colon cancer.

Gut microbiota participates and remodels host metabolism:From treating patients to treating their gut flora

In this editorial,we comment on Liu et al’s article published in the recent issue of the World Journal of Gastroenterology.Biochemically and pathologically,Liu et al proved that the urate-lowering activity of leech total protein(LTP)was mainly attributed to the rectification of gut microbiota.Specifically,we noticed the change in Bacteroides and Akkermansia after LTP administration.Both bacteria have been reported to alleviate metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis and other chronic metabolic diseases.LTP was administrated through intragastric manners.Most possibly,LTP would be digested by the gut microbiota further.The anti-hyperuricemia effects should,to the most possible extent,be exerted by the peptides or their secondary metabolic products.Human gut microbiota communicates with other organs through metabolites generated by the microbes or co-metabolized with the host.Whether the anti-hyperuricemia effect could be partially ascribed to the microbiota metabolites also deserves to be discussed.Although metabolomics analysis was performed for serum samples,fecal meta-bolomics was highly advocated which could facilitate exact mechanism expla-nation.This study implied that gut microbiota contains many unexplored targets with different therapeutic potentials.It is foreseeable that utilizing these targets can avoid the impairment or side effects of directly using human targets to some extent.

Supplementation with yak (Bos grunniens) bone collagen hydrolysate altered the structure of gut microbiota and elevated short-chain fatty acid production in mice

In this study, yak bone collagen hydrolysate(YBCH)was produced by mixed proteases and provided to standard-diet mice at a different dose(low dose(LD), medium dose(MD), and high dose(HD))to investigate its effects on the composition of gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids(SCFA)production. It was found that YBCH was mainly composed of small molecular peptides whose molecular weight below 2 000 Da. Notably, supplementation with different doses of YBCH could significantly downregulate the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes in the fecal microbiota. At the family level, the Lachnospiraceae abundance was significantly reduced in the YBCH gavage groups(mean reduction ratio 41.7 %, 35.2%, and 36.4% for LD, MD, and HD group, respectively). The predicted functions of gut microbes in the MD group were significantly increased at “lipid metabolism” and “glycan biosynthesis and metabolism”. Moreover, the SCFA production in the YBCH groups was elevated. Especially, the concentration of acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid in the MD group was separately increased 79.7%, 89.2%, and 78.8% than that in the NC group. These results indicated that YBCH might be applied in the development of functional food for intestinal microecological regulation.

Gut-brain connection: The neuroprotective effects of the anti-diabetic drug liraglutide

Long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1) analogues marketed for type 2 diabetes(T2D) treatment have been showing positive and protective effects in several different tissues, including pancreas, heart or even brain. This gut secreted hormone plays a potent insulinotropic activity and an important role in maintaining glucose homeostasis. Furthermore, growing evidences suggest the occurrence of several commonalities between T2 D and neurodegenerative diseases, insulin resistance being pointed as a main cause for cognitive decline and increased risk to develop dementia. In this regard, it has also been suggested that stimulation of brain insulin signaling may have a protective role against cognitive deficits. As GLP-1 receptors(GLP-1R) are expressed throughout the central nervous system and GLP-1 may cross the blood-brain-barrier, an emerging hypothesis suggests that they may be promising therapeutic targets against brain dysfunctional insulin signaling-related pathologies. Importantly, GLP-1 actions depend not only on the direct effect mediated by its receptor activation, but also on the gut-brain axis involving an exchange of signals between both tissues via the vagal nerve, thereby regulating numerous physiological functions(e.g., energy homeostasis, glucose-dependent insulin secretion, as well as appetite and weight control). Amongst the incretin/GLP-1 mimetics class of anti-T2 D drugs with an increasingly described neuroprotective potential, the already marketed liraglutide emerged as a GLP-1R agonist highly resistant to dipeptidyl peptidase-4 degradation(thereby having an increased half-life) and whose systemic GLP-1R activity is comparable to that of native GLP-1. Importantly, several preclinical studies showed anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and neuroprotective effects of liraglutide against T2 D, stroke and Alzheimer disease(AD), whereas several clinical trials, demonstrated some surprising benefits of liraglutide on weight loss, microglia inhibition, behavior and cognition, and in AD biomarkers. Herein, we discuss the GLP-1 action through the gut-brain axis, the hormone's regulation of some autonomic functions and liraglutide's neuroprotective potential.

Antifatigue and microbiome reshaping effects of yak bone collagen peptides on Balb/c mice

As the main by-product of yak(Bos grunniens)processing,yak bone was discarded or simply processed for low-value production.The development of yak bone collagen peptides(YBP)has shown great potential.In the study,the 1 g/kg⋅BW peptides were supplied(the group of YBP)or not supplie the control group in the Balb/c mice diet for 18 weeks.Peptide supplementation prolonged the swimming time of mice by 25% and 37% for twice tests,respectively,accompanied by the increased content of glucose(Glu),lactate dehydrogenase(LDH),superoxide dismutase(SOD),glutathione(GSH),and decreased content of lactic acid(LA),blood ammonia(BA)in blood.YBP intervention promoted the relative abundance of Bacteroides,Blautia,Muribaculum,etc.The proportion of amino acid and carbohydrate transport and metabolism increased among all the predicted functions from the orthologous groups of proteins(COG)database.Besides that,after YBP intervention,many up-regulated proteins in the liver were involved in the protein and carbohydrate metabolism-related pathways,and the proteins in lipid metabolism-related pathways were down-regulated.This study firstly clarified the antifatigue and gut microbiome reshaping effects of YBP on Balb/c mice and provided the theoretical basis for future development.

Crosstalk between gut microbiota and antidiabetic drug action

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a disorder characterized by chronic inflated blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia), at first due to insulin resistance and unregulated insulin secretion but with tendency towards global spreading. The gut microbiota is recognized to have an influence on T2D, although surveys have not formed a clear overview to date. Because of the interactions between gut microbiota and host homeostasis, intestinal bacteria are believed to play a large role in various diseases, including metabolic syndrome, obesity and associated disease. In this review, we highlight the animal and human studies which have elucidated the roles of metformin,α-glucosidase inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors γ agonists, inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase-4, sodium/glucose cotransporter inhibitors, and other less studied medications on gut microbiota. This review is dedicated to one of the most widespread diseases, T2D, and the currently used antidiabetic drugs and most promising new findings. In general, the gut microbiota has been shown to have an influence on host metabolism, food consumption, satiety, glucose homoeostasis, and weight gain. Altered intestinal microbiota composition has been noticed in cardiovascular diseases, colon cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, T2D, and obesity. Therefore, the main effect of antidiabetic drugs is on the microbiome composition, basically increasing the short-chain fatty acids-producing bacteria, responsible for losing weight and suppressing inflammation.

睡眠剥夺大鼠脑肠肽改变在大鼠咽喉反流中的作用

目的研究睡眠剥夺大鼠血清中脑肠肽改变在大鼠咽喉反流发病中的作用。方法选取40只健康成年雄性SD大鼠,分为实验组和对照组,对照组正常睡眠,实验组分为三组,每组10只,用改良多平台水环境法剥夺8 h的白天睡眠,分别持续1、2、3个月,用ELISA法检测各组外周血中胃泌素(MTL)和生长抑素(SS)浓度,放射免疫法检测外周血中胃动素(GAS)浓度,比较各组结果。结果睡眠剥夺2月组GAS浓度明显低于对照组,睡眠剥夺3月组GAS浓度明显高于1月组和2月组(P<0.05)。三个实验组与对照组之间比较MTL浓度差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),睡眠剥夺2月组MTL浓度明显高于3月组(P<0.01)。各实验组与对照组之间、三个实验组之间SS浓度均无统计学差异。结论睡眠剥夺可能通过影响GAS和MTL的分泌与大鼠咽喉反流的发生相关。

健脾利湿解毒方治疗慢性结肠炎脾虚湿毒证疗效研究

目的:观察健脾利湿解毒方治疗慢性结肠炎脾虚湿毒证的临床疗效。方法:选取120例确诊为慢性结肠炎脾虚湿毒证的患者,采取随机数字表法分为观察组以及对照组,每组60例。对照组采取口服复方嗜酸乳杆菌片治疗,观察组在对照组治疗的基础上采取口服健脾利湿解毒方治疗,疗程均为3个月。治疗完成后比较两组治疗前后中医证候积分及脑肠肽[血管活性肠肽(VIP)、5-羟色胺(5-HT)、P物质(SP)、生长抑素(SS)]、炎症因子[C-反应蛋白(CRP)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-17(IL-17)]和粪便钙卫蛋白(FC)水平。比较两组总有效率及不良反应发生情况。结果:治疗后,观察组总有效率高于对照组(P<0.05);治疗后,两组中医证候积分均较治疗前降低,组间相比,观察组水平更低(均P<0.05);治疗后,两组VIP、5-HT、SP、SS、CRP、TNF-α、IL-17水平以及FC水平较治疗前降低,组间相比,观察组水平更低(均P<0.05)。两组均无不良反应。结论:健脾利湿解毒方可改善慢性结肠炎患者各项症状,抑制脑肠肽水平及炎性反应,且临床安全性高、无明显不良反应。

认知行为疗法联合药物治疗腹泻型肠易激综合征患者的疗效研究

目的探讨认知行为疗法(CBT)联合药物治疗腹泻型肠易激综合征(IBS-D)的临床疗效及对患者内脏敏感性、脑肠肽表达的影响。方法前瞻性选取2022年10月至2024年1月于启东市中医院消化内科门诊接受治疗的90例IBS-D患者为研究对象,按照随机数表法将其分为对照组和观察组,每组45例。对照组患者给予口服匹维溴铵片及双歧杆菌三联活菌胶囊治疗,观察组患者在对照组治疗的基础上给予CBT治疗,疗程均为8周。比较两组患者治疗前后的主要症状评分、内脏敏感性指标[内脏压力阈值(初始感觉阈值、排便紧迫感阈值、最大耐受阈值)及内脏敏感指数(VSI)评分]和血清脑肠肽[5-羟色胺(5-HT)、P物质(SP)、胃动素(MTL)、神经肽Y(NPY)]水平。结果治疗前,两组患者的主要症状评分、内脏敏感性指标、脑肠肽水平比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后,两组患者的主要症状评分均低于治疗前,且观察组患者的腹痛评分、粪便性状评分、腹泻频度评分和症状总评分分别为(2.31±1.46)分、(4.16±0.60)分、(1.78±1.22)分、(8.24±2.22)分,明显低于对照组的(3.36±1.61)分、(4.53±0.73)分、(2.62±1.40)分、(10.51±2.38)分,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后,两组患者的内脏压力阈值各项指标均高于治疗前,VSI评分均低于治疗前,且观察组患者的初始感觉阈值、排便紧迫感阈值和最大耐受阈值分别为(46.33±6.47)mL、(80.58±6.91)m L、(136.42±8.97)m L,明显高于对照组的(40.16±5.77)m L、(71.29±5.13)mL、(131.64±8.83)m L,VSI评分为(18.36±4.58)分,明显低于对照组的(29.42±7.08)分,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后,两组患者的血清5-HT、SP、MTL水平均低于治疗前,血清NPY水平均高于治疗前,且观察组患者的血清5-HT、SP、MTL水平分别为(192.31±30.21)μg/L、(36.42±17.61)ng/L、(218.36±21.70)ng/L,明显低于对照组的(258.76±23.82)μg/L、(55.58±15.96)ng/L、(253.89±29.61)ng/L,而血清NPY水平为(117.58±24.46)ng/L,明显高于对照组的(91.84±28.16)ng/L,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论CBT联合药物治疗能进一步改善IBS-D患者的临床症状,降低其内脏敏感性,其作用可能通过调控患者脑肠肽的分泌平衡实现。

酵母肽和枯草肽对断奶仔猪生长性能、腹泻率和肠道健康的影响

【目的】旨在研究酵母肽和枯草肽对断奶仔猪生长性能、腹泻率和肠道健康的影响,为抗菌肽在仔猪养殖中的合理利用提供参考依据。【方法】生长试验选取21日龄“杜×长×大”三元杂健康断奶仔猪200头,随机分为5组,每组5个重复,每个重复8头。分别饲喂基础日粮、基础日粮+300 mg/kg酵母肽、基础日粮+500 mg/kg酵母肽、基础日粮+300 mg/kg枯草肽和基础日粮+300 mg/kg酵母肽+300 mg/kg枯草肽,预饲期7 d,正式试验28 d。诱导腹泻试验选取28日龄“杜×长×大”三元杂健康断奶仔猪30头,随机分成3组,每组10头。分别饲喂基础日粮、基础日粮+300 mg/kg酵母肽和基础日粮+500 mg/kg酵母肽,预饲期7 d,正式试验8 d,前3 d用未经氯化消毒井水拌料饲喂诱导腹泻,后5 d用氯化消毒井水拌料饲喂。【结果】(1)生长试验中日粮添加不同剂量酵母肽和枯草肽对断奶仔猪的生长性能无显著影响(P>0.05),但诱导腹泻试验中,酵母肽成剂量依赖性降低仔猪腹泻率;(2)添加500 mg/kg酵母肽显著提高仔猪血液中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)的活力;(3)添加枯草肽300 mg/kg显著提高空肠绒毛高度和绒/隐比(P<0.05)和空肠紧密连接蛋白Claudin-1的mRNA表达量(P<0.05)。(4)添加300 mg/kg酵母肽+300 mg/kg枯草肽能显著降低血液中白介素-1β(IL-1β)的含量(P<0.05),提高空肠绒毛高度和隐窝深度(P<0.05),同时显著升高Coverage指数(P<0.05),Simpson指数有升高的趋势(0.05<P<0.1)。【结论】饲料中添加500 mg/kg的酵母肽能够有效预防仔猪腹泻的发生,提高免疫球蛋白水平,抗氧化能力。单独添加300 mg/kg枯草肽或混合添加300 mg/kg酵母肽和300 mg/kg枯草肽可以增加肠道吸收和屏障功能,降低肠道炎症,改善肠道微生物的多样性。

基于脑肠互动理论探讨中医治疗功能性消化不良的研究进展

功能性消化不良(FD)是临床上一种常见的功能性胃肠紊乱疾病,其发病机制目前还未完全明确,现阶段国内外研究认为胃肠动力紊乱、幽门螺杆菌感染、胃酸分泌异常、胃肠激素、内脏高敏感性、遗传、脑肠轴调节异常、十二指肠屏障受损与微炎症等与FD发病密切相关。本病具有较高的发病率,易反复发作,给患者带来了巨大的身心不适和经济负担。因此,探索和研发治愈率高、毒副作用小的新疗法迫在眉睫。研究发现脑肠肽在功能性消化不良发病过程起着重要作用。本文从FD的现状、中医辨证论治基础方面检索查阅近年来中英文相关文献,综述了FD及脑肠肽的关系,以明确脑肠肽在FD病理生理方面的关键作用。同时对近年来中医调控脑肠肽水平干预FD的研究进行系统性总结,以期为FD的治疗以及进一步的药物开发提供理论依据。