Regenerative Braking Energy Recovery System of Metro Train Based on Dual-Mode Power Management

In order to fully utilize the regenerative braking energy of metro trains and stabilize the metro DC traction busbar voltage,a hybrid regenerative braking energy recovery system with a dual-mode power management strategy is proposed.Firstly,the construction of the hybrid regenerative braking energy recovery system is explained.Then,based on the power demand of low-voltage load in metro stations,a dual-mode power management strategy is proposed to allocate the reference power of each system according to the different working conditions,and the control methods of each system are set.Finally,the correctness and effectiveness of the dual-mode strategy are verified through simulation,and the proposed braking energy utilization scheme is compared with other singleform utilization schemes.The results illustrate that the hybrid system with the dual-mode strategy can effectively recycle the regenerative braking energy of metro train and inhibit the busbar voltage fluctuation;the proposed braking energy utilization scheme has certain advantages on energy recovery and DC bus voltage stabilization compared with other single-form schemes;the proposed power management strategy can correctly allocate the reference power of each system with a lower construction cost.

Study on Braking Energy Regeneration System for City Bus

Braking of the urban vehicles of public service wastes a large number of engine energy in the condition of starting and stopping frequently. Aiming at the problem, an electro-mechanical braking energy regeneration system was proposed which adopted a high-speed flywheel and a battery to recover the braking energy and achieve the secondary traction for the auxiliary start function. The system strategy was designed and the braking simulation was processed to validate its feasibility. The experiment results show that the system can effectively recover the braking energy, improve the starting performance of the city bus and it can be applied to the engineering.

Recouping Braking Energy from Diesel-Hauled Commuter Trains

Research was undertaken to define the concept of a coach-based braking energy recoupment, storage and regeneration system to augment the acceleration of regional commuter trains hauled by diesel locomotives. Functional specifications were developed having the goal of increasing by 25% the acceleration rate of a train consisting of 10 bi-level coaches hauled by a 3,000 hp diesel locomotive, typical of the rolling stock now in commuter services in Canada and the USA. Examining three alternate hybrid system technologies for train retardation based, respectively, on hydrostatic, battery and ultracapacitor energy storage. The ultracapacitor hybrid system appeared the most promising due to the capability ofultracapacitors to repeatedly and rapidly accept large energy charges without degradation, temperature insensitive and flexible in the placement of modules in the limited space available. Analyses of train operation simulations showed that in addition to augmenting acceleration and reducing trip time, braking energy recoupment reduced fuel consumption and concomitant diesel emissions.

A novel predictive braking energy recovery strategy for electric vehicles considering motor thermal protection

Braking energy recovery(BER)aims to recover the vehicle's kinetic energy by coordinating the motor and mechanical braking torque to extend the driving range of the electric vehicle(EV).To achieve this goal,the motor/generator mode requires frequent switching and prolonged operation during driving.In this case,the motor temperature will unavoidably rise,potentially triggering motor thermal protection(MTP).Activating MTP increases the risk of motor component failure,and the EV typically disables the BER function.Thus,maximizing BER while reducing the risk of motor overheating is a challenging problem.To address this issue,this article proposes a predictive BER strategy with MTP using the non-smooth Pontryagin Minimum Principle(NSPMP)for EVs.Firstly,a Markov long short-term memory(MLSTM)model is designed to obtain future velocity information.Secondly,the BER problem with MTP in the studied EV is embedded in a model predictive control(MPC)framework.Then,under the MPC framework,the NSPMP strategy is proposed to resolve the problem of MTP.Finally,the performance of the proposed strategy is verified through simulation and a hardware-in-loop test.The results show that in two real-world driving cycles,compared to the rule-based strategy,the proposed strategy reduced power consumption by 1.24%and0.96%,respectively,and effectively limited motor temperature.Additionally,under global cycle conditions,this strategy demonstrated better MTP control performance compared to other benchmark strategies.

Optimal energy saving in DC railway system withon-board energy storage system by using peak demand cutting strategy

A problem of peak power in DC-electrified railway systems is mainly caused by train power demand during acceleration.If this power is reduced,substation peak power will be significantly decreased.This paper presents a study on optimal energy saving in DC-electrified railway with on-board energy storage system(OBESS) by using peak demand cutting strategy under different trip time controls.The proposed strategy uses OBESS to store recovered braking energy and find an appropriated time to deliver the stored energy back to the power network in such a way that peak power of every substations is reduced.Bangkok Mass Transit System(BTS)-Silom Line in Thailand is used to test and verify the proposed strategy.The results show that substation peak power is reduced by63.49% and net energy consumption is reduced by 15.56%using coasting and deceleration trip time control.

Thermomechanical Behavior of Brake Drums Under Extreme Braking Conditions

Braking efficiency is characterized by reduced braking time and distance,and therefore passenger safety depends on the design of the braking system.During the braking of a vehicle,the braking system must dissipate the kinetic energy by transforming it into heat energy.A too high temperature can lead to an almost total loss of braking efficiency.An excessive rise in brake temperature can also cause surface cracks extending to the outside edge of the drum friction surface.Heat transfer and temperature gradient,not to forget the vehicle’s travel environment(high speed,heavy load,and steeply sloping road conditions),must thus be the essential criteria for any brake system design.The aim of the present investigation is to analyze the thermal behavior of different brake drum designs during the single emergency braking of a heavy-duty vehicle on a steeply sloping road.The calculation of the temperature field is performed in transient mode using a three-dimensional finite element model assuming a constant coefficient of friction.In this study,the influence of geometrical brake drum configurations on the thermal behavior of brake drums with two different materials in grey cast iron FG200 and aluminum alloy 356.0 reinforced with silicon carbide(SiC)particles is analyzed under extreme vehicle braking conditions.The numerical simulation results obtained using FE software ANSYS are qualitatively compared with the results already published in the literature.

Temperature Compensation Algorithm for Hydraulic System Pressure Control

In this paper the control mechanism of solenoid valve is analyzed,which shows the solenoid valve control is actually the control of coil current.The response characteristic of coil current is related to coil inductance and resistance.The coil resistance is influenced greatly by the ambient temperature and the self-heating of coil,which affects the control precision of coil current.First,considering the heat dissipation mode of coil,the coil temperature model is established from the perspective of heat conduction,and a temperature compensation algorithm for hydraulic system pressure control is put forward.Then the hardware-in-the-loop testbed is set up by using the dSPACE platform,carrying out wheel cylinder pressurization tests with inlet valve fully opened at-40℃ and 20℃,and testing the actual pressure of wheel cylinder with the target pressures at-40℃ and 6 000 kPa/s(pressurization rate).The results show that the pressure control temperature compensation algorithm proposed in this paper accurately corrects the influence of resistance temperature drift on the response accuracy of wheel cylinder pressure.After the correction,the pressure difference is less than 500 kPa,which can meet the control accuracy requirements of solenoid valve,enriching the linear control characteristic of solenoid valve.

Simulating train movement in an urban railway based on an improved car-following model

Based on the optimal velocity car-following model, in this paper, we propose an improved model for simulating train movement in an urban railway in which the regenerative energy of a train is considered. Here a new additional term is introduced into a traditional car-following model. Our aim is to analyze and discuss the dynamic characteristics of the train movement when the regenerative energy is utilized by the electric locomotive. The simulation results indicate that the improved car-following model is suitable for simulating the train movement. Further, some qualitative relationships between regenerative energy and dynamic characteristics of a train are investigated, such as the measurement data of regenerative energy presents a power-law distribution. Our results are useful for optimizing the design and plan of urban railway systems.

Implementable Strategy Research of Brake Energy Recovery Based on Dynamic Programming Algorithm for a Parallel Hydraulic Hybrid Bus

The purpose of this paper is to develop an implementable strategy of brake energy recovery for a parallel hydraulic hybrid bus. Based on brake process analysis, a dynamic programming algorithm of brake energy recovery is established. And then an implementable strategy of brake energy recovery is proposed by the constraint variable trajectories analysis of the dynamic programming algorithm in the typical urban bus cycle. The simulation results indicate the brake energy recovery efficiency of the accumulator can reach 60% in the dynamic programming algorithm. And the hydraulic hybrid system can output braking torque as much as possible.Moreover, the accumulator has almost equal efficiency of brake energy recovery between the implementable strategy and the dynamic programming algorithm. Therefore, the implementable strategy is very effective in improving the efficiency of brake energy recovery.The road tests show the fuel economy of the hydraulic hybrid bus improves by 22.6% compared with the conventional bus.

A design method for booster motor of brake-by-wire system based on intelligent electric vehicle

The brake-by-wire(BBW)system is an essential part of the intelligent electric vehicle,which is determination of the braking safety and recovery efficiency.To design a safe and efficient booster motor,the design of booster motor for BBW system is discussed in this paper.Through comparative analysis,experimental simulation and assessment argument,the scheme of designing a booster motor for brake-by-wire system is completely described.First,the mainstream structure of the BBW system and the main challenges it faces in the assisted motor are discussed.Second,comparing the motors of different types and structures,the motor body and control system scheme suitable for the characteristics of the booster motor system are determined.Then,through the simulation analysis of the ansoft and matlab,the optimization scheme of the motor and performance improvement are proposed.Further,through the actual design of a set of the booster motor system,the safe and efficient motor designing are verified,and the problems involving functional safety are discussed.Finally,focus on the problem while simulation and experiment,some important countermeasures to improve current technology and prospect of in-depth study are pointed out.