Thermodynamic and kinetic of iodine-iodide leaching in gold hydrometallurgy

The thermodynamic equilibria and kinetic aspect of gold dissolution in iodine-iodide leaching were studied with emphasis on the effects of pH value and temperature on the system.The results of thermodynamic analysis of iodine in aqueous solution were given and numerous forms of iodine exist mainly in the acid region of pH values.An increase of the potential of the system results in an increase of iodine speciation.The oxidizing potential of the system will increase by the addition of element iodine.The IO^(3-)anions are stable in the potential range from-2.0 to-0.75 V and at pH value greater than 12.1.An increase of the temperature shifts boundaries of existence of various iodine species in the acid region of pH values.Some of them become unstable.The determined values of the diffusion coefficients and the thickness of the diffusion boundary layer,as well as the solvent concentration on the disc surface(14 mg/L) indicate that the process proceeds in the external diffusion region.Thus,while choosing the conditions of leaching from gold-containing materials of different origins of iodide solvents,it is necessary to carry out the process within the acidic region of pH values,where I^-,I_3^- and IO_4^- ions are capable to form complex compounds with metals.

Expert fault diagnosis system for leaching process in zinc hydrometallurgy

Leaching process is the first step in zinc hydrometallurgy, which involves the complex chemical reactions for dissolving zinc bearing material in dilute sulfuric acid. Ensuring the safe running of the process is a key point in the operation. An expert fault diagnosis system for the leaching process was proposed, which has been implemented in a nonferrous metals smeltery. The system architecture and the diagnosis procedure were presented, and the rule models with the certainty factor were constructed based on the empirical knowledge, empirical data and statistical results on past fault countermeasures, and an expert reasoning strategy was proposed which employs the rule models and Beyes presentation and combines forward chaining and backward chaining. [

Chalcocite(bio)hydrometallurgy-current state,mechanism,and future directions:A review

There has been a strong interest in technologies suited for mining and processing of low-grade ores because of the rapid depletion of mineral resources in the world.In most cases,the extraction of copper from such raw materials is achieved by applying the leaching procedures.However,its low extraction efficiency and the long extraction period limit its large-scale commercial applications in copper recovery,even though bioleaching has been widely employed commercially for heap and dump bioleaching of secondary copper sulfide ores.Overcoming the technical challenges requires a better understanding of leaching kinetics and on-site microbial activities.Herein,this paper reviews the current status of main commercial biomining operations around the world,identifies factors that affect chalcocite dissolution both in chemical leaching and bioleaching,summarizes the related kinetic research,and concludes with a discussion of two on-site chalcocite heap leaching practices.Further,the challenges and innovations for the future development of chalcocite hydrometallurgy are presented in the end.

Zinc leaching from electric arc furnace dust in alkaline medium

Physical and chemical properties of electric arc furnace （EAF） dust from Tianjin seamless Pipe Company were measured and analyzed. The zinc leaching tests in alkaline medium were carried out under variation of leaching agent concentration, leaching temperature, leaching cumulative time and solid-to-liquid ratio. The thermodynamics and kinetics of the zinc leaching process were also analyzed. The results show that the EAF dust contains 10% （mass fraction） zinc and the median particle size is 0.69 μm. The zinc recovery of 73.4% is obtained tinder the condition of 90 ℃, 6 mol/L NaOH, and 60 min leaching time. With the increase of concentration of NaOH and the cumulative time, zinc leaching will be significantly increased. The kinetics study demonstrates that the leaching reaction is chemically controlled and the reaction activation energy is 15.73 kJ/mol.

Investigation on microwave heating for direct leaching of chalcopyrite ores and concentrates

The use of microwave energy in materials processing is a relatively new development presenting numerous ad- vantages because of the rapid heating feature. Microwave technology has great potential to improve the extraction efficiency of metals in terms of both a reduction in required leaching time and an increase in the recovery of valuable metals. This method is especially pertinent in view of the increased demand for environment-friendly processes. In the present study, the influence of microwave heating on the direct leaching of chalcopyrite ores and concentrates were investigated. The results of microwave leaching experiments were compared with those obtained under conventional conditions. During these processes, parameters such as leaching media, temperature, and time have been worked to determine the optimum conditions for proper copper dissolution. Experimental results show that microwave leaching is more efficient than conventional leaching. The optimum leaching conditions for microwave leaching are the solid-to-liquid ratio of 1：100 g/mL, the temperature of 140℃, the solution of 0.5 M H2SOa- 0.05 M Fe：（SOa）a, and the time of I h.

Extraction and separation of nickel and cobalt from saprolite laterite ore by microwave-assisted hydrothermal leaching and chemical deposition

Extraction and separation of nickel and cobalt from saprolite laterite ore were studied by using a method of microwave-assisted hydrothermal leaching and chemical deposition. The effects of leaching temperature and time on the extraction efficiencies of Ni2＋ and Co2＋ were investigated in detail under microwave conditions. It is shown that the extraction efficiencies of Ni2＋ and Co2＋ from the ore pre-roasted at 300℃ for 5 h were 89.19% and 61.89% when the leaching temperature and time were about 70℃ and 60 min, respectively. For the separation process of Ni and Co, the separation of main chemical components was performed by adjusting the pH values of sulfuric leaching solutions using a NaOH solution based on the different pH values of precipitation for metal hydroxides. The final separation efficiencies of Ni and Co were 77.29% and 65.87%, respectively. Furthermore, the separation efficiencies of Fe of 95.36% and Mg of 92.2% were also achieved at the same time.

Leaching kinetics of celestite in nitric acid solutions

In this study, strontium nitrate extraction from celestite in nitric acid solutions was investigated using the leaching method. The influences of acid concentration, solid-to-liquid ratio, stirring speed, and reaction temperature on the leaching of strontium from celestite concentrate were studied. The results showed that the leaching rate increased with increasing acid concentration, stirring speed, and temperature and decreased with increasing solid-to-liquid ratio. The particle size was fixed in all of the dissolution experiments. The results showed that the stirring speed and the temperature were the most influential parameters with respect to the leaching process. The kinetic model best fit control by diffusion through the product layer. The activation energy of the dissolution celestite in nitric acid solutions was calculated to be 42.22 kJ/mol.

Microwave-assisted leaching of vanadium from vanadium slag with sulfuric acid

Microwave irradiation was used to investigate vanadium slag in place of traditional heating.Factors associated with vanadium extraction ratio were studied following the concentration of leaching agent,oxidant dosage,microwave power,microwave irradiation time and mass ratio of liquid to solid.Results indicated that leaching ratio based on microwave leaching at atmospheric pressure can get to 68.48% under the conditions following sulfuric acid concentration 30%,mass ratio of liquid to solid ratio 2∶1,mass ratio of vanadium slag to manganese dioxide dosage 25∶1.4,and microwave power 800W for 3.5 h at 95 ℃.While,leaching ratio based on microwave leaching under pressure was up to 45.79% under the conditions following sulfuric acid concentration 20%,mass ratio of liquid to solid ratio 2∶1,mass ratio of vanadium slag to manganese dioxide dosage 25∶0.9,microwave power 800W for 10 min.Results showed leaching based on microwave irradiation under pressure can shorten time 94.44% in comparison with that at atmospheric pressure,and the leaching extraction can improve about 20%.

Leaching of manganese residue for the preparation of trimanganese tetroxide with a high surface area

The accumulation of electrolytic manganese residue (EMR) has become a serious problem and its recycling will be of great benefit to protect the environment and assist sustainable development. The reusing method was conducted by leaching EMR with sulfuric acid and the optimal leaching condition was 1:3 (g/g) as the ratio of solid to liquid with 20% (g/g) H2SO4 , heating at 90 ℃ for 3 hours, which aims at extracting Mn in a sulfuric acid medium. The produced MnSO4 solution was precipitated by adding alkali and oxidized in aqueous phase. The oxidized products were characterized by various techniques, including X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (IR) spectrometry, vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), with Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) specific surface area instrument and laser particle size analyzer. The final products were confirmed to be a single-phase Mn3O4 .

Copper hydrometallurgy—current status, preliminary economics, future direction and positioning versus smelting

The heap leaching of oxide copper ores with copper cathode recovery by solvent extraction and electro-winning is now well established as a low-cost method of copper recovery. This technology has recently been applied successfully to mixed oxide and chalcocite ores, notably in Chile at Cerro Colorado, Quebrada Blanca and Zaldivar. Currently, there are significant development efforts underway to try to extend heap leaching to chalcopyrite ores. The success of heap leaching/SX/EW has also led to a revival in the development of hydrometallurgical processes to recover copper from chalcopyrite and other copper concentrates. The current status of copper hydrometallurgy is reviewed and the most commercially attractive potential applications are explored. The advantages and disadvantages of the hydrometallurgical treatment of chalcopyrite concentrates and its preliminary economics are compared with those for the current best practices in copper smelting and refining.

Green leaching and predictive model for copper recovery from waste smelting slag with choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvent

This research was performed to investigate the optimization of copper recovery from copper smelting slag(CSS)with a deep eutectic solvent as a green reagent.The effect of important parameters on the leaching efficiency of copper and zinc(as well as dissolution of iron),such as leaching time,leaching temperature,solid/liquid ratio,and particle size was studied.In order to model the copper recovery,an optimization method was used.According to the chemical analysis of CSS,the slag contains 0.9%copper,3.3%zinc,and 36.7%iron.Also,it was found that the CSS is mainly composed of Fe2SiO4,Fe3O4 and SiO2.Copper-containing structures were determined as CuO and CuS.As a result of leaching experiments,80%copper and 61%zinc recoveries were obtained at 48 h,95℃,1/25 g·ml^(-1),and-33 mm.It is noted that the iron and silicon dissolution remained negligible under the selected conditions.According to the mathematical model,the highest copper leaching efficiency(up to 100%)could be under optimum working conditions as 48.5℃leaching temperature,40.1 h leaching duration,and 62.3 ml·g^(-1)solid/liquid ratio.Also,the proposed model revealed that a wide range of experimental levels can be used as leaching parameter to get desired metal leaching efficiency.

A critical review on the recycling of copper and precious metals from waste printed circuit boards using hydrometallurgy

Currently, increasing amounts of end-of-life （EoL） electronic products are being generated due to their reduced life spans and the unavailability of suitable recycling technologies. In particular, waste printed circuit boards （PCBs） have become of global concern with regard to environmental issues because of their high metal and toxic material contents, which are pollutants. There are many environmental threats owed to the disposal of electronic waste; off-gasses, such as dioxins, furans, polybrominated organic pollutants, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, can be generated during thermal treatments. which can cause serious health problems if effective off=gas cleaning systems are not developed and improved. Moreover, heavy metals will dissolve, and release into the ground water from the landfill sites. Such waste PCBs contain precious metals which are of monetary value. Therefore, it is beneficial to recover the metal content and protect the environment from pollution. Hydrometallurgy is a successful technique used worldwide for the recovery of precious metals （especially gold and silver） from ores, concentrates, and waste materials. It is generally preferred over other methods because it can offer high recovery rates at a relatively low cost. This article reviews the recent trends and developments with regard to the recycling of precious metals from waste PCBs through hydrometallurgical techniques, such as leaching and recovery.

Hydrometallurgical process and recovery of valuable elements for limonitic laterite:A review

Nickel is a strategic resource in social life and defense technology,playing an essential role in many fields,such as alloys and batteries.With the decrease in nickel sulfide,it is of great significance to extract nickel from laterite.The limonitic laterite is a kind of rich nickel-cobalt-scandium resource.At present,there are few reviews on the extraction of limonitic laterite.This study reviews the hydrometallurgical processes for limonitic laterite ores and the methods of recovering valuable elements.The mineralogical characteristics are analyzed,and the typical mineral compositions are summarized.The main hydrometallurgical processes are compared and discussed,including reduction roasting-ammonia leaching,sulfuric acid pressure leaching,nitric acid pressure leaching,and the atmospheric nitric acid leaching(DNi process).The methods of recovering nickel,cobalt,scandium,and iron are emphatically outlined.Finally,reasonable suggestions are proposed for comprehensive utilization.This study can provide a reference for industrial development and diversified applications.

废电解液在湿法炼锌渣中回收金、银、锌的应用研究

锌电解过程产出大量的废电解液,废电解液酸性较强并含有多种金属离子,如直接排放会对环境造成严重污染。以废电解液和浓硫酸作为浸出介质,研究了采用酸浸—浮选工艺综合回收湿法炼锌渣中金、银、锌。以常规浸出工艺产生的浸出渣(老渣)为主要研究对象,考察了矿浆搅拌速度、废电解液用量、硫酸补加量、酸浸温度对金、银浮选指标的影响。结果表明:酸浸—浮选老渣闭路试验最终获得的精矿中金品位为10.16 g/t,金回收率为78.63%,银品位为1039.64 g/t,银回收率为74.72%,锌品位为40.64%,锌回收率为21.86%,酸浸液中锌回收率为60.15%;采用热酸浸出工艺产生的浸出渣(新渣)和现浸出过程产出的新鲜渣浆进行验证试验可获得较好的闭路试验指标。该方法可实现废电解液的循环利用,使渣中有价金属得到高效综合回收。

硫化铜精矿氧压浸出工艺研究

针对硫化铜精矿火法冶炼工艺副产硫酸,在硫酸滞销地区难以大规模应用的难题,研究了硫化铜精矿氧压浸出工艺。对某硫化铜精矿原料进行了成分、物相及有价元素赋存状态进行了分析,从理论上分析了硫化铜精矿氧压浸出的可行性,研究了一段氧压浸出、两段氧压浸出工艺的浸出效果。结果表明,采用两段逆流氧压浸出,一段控制温度135~140℃、总压1.3~1.4 MPa、时间2~2.5 h、分散剂加入量4‰~5‰、沉矾剂加入量2.5%~3%,二段控制温度165~170℃、总压1.4~1.5 MPa、时间2.5~3 h、分散剂加入量6‰~7‰、沉矾剂加入量3%~3.5%,铜浸出率为90.49%~92.25%。一段浸出液含铜90.78~92.34 g/L、铁10.81~13.84 g/L、硫酸28~30 g/L,可送后续除铁净化—电积生产电铜。

湿法炼锌浸出渣中稀贵金属的富集和回收研究

本文主要阐述了湿法冶炼锌浸出渣中稀有贵金属的富集和回收研究。通过对浸出渣处理方法的分析和浸出工艺的优化,使浸出渣中的贵金属得到富集和回收。结合理论,提出了更合理的工艺控制条件,对浸出渣的回收、环境保护及提升经济效益都起到了积极的作用。

Predominance diagrams for Zn(Ⅱ)-NH_3-Cl^--H_2O system

The thermodynamics in zinc hydrometallurgical process was studied using a chemical equilibrium modeling code（GEMS） to predict the zinc solubility and construct the species distribution and predominance diagrams for the Zn（Ⅱ）-NH3-H2O and Zn（Ⅱ）-NH3-Cl--H2O system.The zinc solubilities in ammoniacal solutions were also measured with equilibrium experiments,which agree well with the predicted values.The distribution and predominance diagrams show that ammine and hydroxyl ammine complexes are the main aqueous Zn species,Zn（NH3）24-is predominant in weak alkaline solution for both Zn（Ⅱ）-NH3-H2O and Zn（Ⅱ）-NH3-Cl--H2O systems.In Zn（Ⅱ）-NH3-Cl--H2O system,the ternary complexes containing ammonia and chloride increase the zinc solubility in neutral solution.There are three zinc compounds,Zn（OH）2,Zn（OH）1.6Cl0.4 and Zn（NH3）2Cl2,on which the zinc solubility depends,according to the total ammonia,chloride and zinc concentration.These thermodynamic diagrams show the effects of ammonia,chloride and zinc concentration on the zinc solubility,which can provide thermodynamic references for the zinc hydrometallurgy.

铅烟灰两段混合酸浸工艺回收铟资源的研究

为解决现行铅烟灰提取铟过程中浸出率低和安全环保问题,提出一种全湿法铅烟灰两段混合酸浸回收铟新工艺。研究铅烟灰浸出过程中硫酸浓度、液固比、反应时间和不同硫酸始酸浓度条件下盐酸对铟浸出率的影响。结果表明,控制铅烟灰一段浸出工艺条件为:液固比8∶1,硫酸始酸浓度150 g/L,盐酸始酸浓度40 g/L,反应温度90℃,反应时间4 h;二段浸出工艺条件为:液固比4∶1,硫酸始酸浓度300 g/L,盐酸始酸浓度40 g/L,反应温度90℃,铟浸出率达到81.18%,浸出渣含铟0.25%,且产出低酸浸出液符合净化工序要求。铅烟灰两段混合酸浸工艺工业应用后,每年可增产粗铟约3.63 t,增加经济效益约553.61万元,该工艺极具推广价值。

新兴湿法退役锂电池正极材料回收技术研究进展

退役锂电池中的钴、镍、锂等稀有金属的绿色高效回收利用逐渐成为国内外研究的重点。传统酸浸法具有能源成本低、金属回收纯度高和效率高的优点,但使用腐蚀性强酸和昂贵萃取物,反应时间长且产生废酸、污泥和高盐溶液等二次废物。本文总结了传统酸浸法中绿色浸取剂和还原剂以及低共熔溶剂(DES)和超临界流体(SCF)两种新兴的湿法冶金技术对高效绿色回收锂电池正极材料的应用。阐明了微波超声辅助手段和选择性浸取回收工艺分别对改善浸取工况和简化分离回收程序的重要作用。并重点介绍了超临界水(SCW)和超临界二氧化碳(SC-CO_(2))两种超临界流体降解有机污染物、回收稀有金属并改善合成正极材料的应用,为高效、绿色、低成本回收退役锂电池中稀有金属提供了重要参考价值。

二次资源中有价金属湿法回收利用研究进展

金属是支撑国民经济可持续发展的重要基础原材料。然而,随着金属矿产资源需求的快速增加,高品位一次金属矿产日益枯竭。一方面,在金属资源采、选、冶与产品利用过程,将产生大量种类繁多的复杂金属废弃物,处理不当极易造成严重的环境污染。另一方面,典型金属废弃物(如电镀污泥、阳极泥、有色冶金渣、电子废弃物、废旧锂离子电池等)往往富含金、银、镍、钼、钴、铜、锌、铬等各种有价金属,是宝贵的二次金属资源。本文以二次资源为对象,分析介绍了典型传统和新兴二次金属资源的元素组成特点、高价值性及危害性,并从二次资源的湿法浸出、浸出液中金属的富集与分离和金属提取三个方面对二次金属资源湿法回收全流程研究进展进行了系统的综述。