Brassinosteroids play diverse roles in plant growth and development. Plants deficient in brassinosteroid (BR) biosynthesis or defective in signal transduction show many abnormal developmental phenotypes, indicating ...Brassinosteroids play diverse roles in plant growth and development. Plants deficient in brassinosteroid (BR) biosynthesis or defective in signal transduction show many abnormal developmental phenotypes, indicating the importance of both BR biosynthesis and the signaling pathway in regulating these biological processes. Recently, using genetics, proteomics, genomics, cell biology, and many other approaches, more components involved in the BR signaling pathway were identified. Furthermore, the physiological, cellular, and molecular mechanisms by which BRs regulate various aspects of plant development, are being discovered. These include root development, anther and pollen development and formation, stem elongation, vasculature differentiation, and cellulose biosynthesis, suggesting that the biological functions of BRs are far beyond promoting cell elongation, This review will focus on the up-to-date progresses about regulatory mechanisms of the BR signaling pathway and the physiological and molecular mechanisms whereby BRs regulate plant growth and development.展开更多
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a class of steroid hormones that are essential for plant growth and development. The BR signal transduction pathway in the dicot model plantArabidopsis is well established, but the compone...Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a class of steroid hormones that are essential for plant growth and development. The BR signal transduction pathway in the dicot model plantArabidopsis is well established, but the components connecting the BR signaling steps in rice have not been fully explored. For example, how the BR signaling is fine-tuned in rice, especially at the BR receptor level, is largely unknown. Here we show that OsPRA2, a rice small G protein, plays a repressive role in the BR signaling pathway. Lamina inclination, coleoptile elongation, and root inhibition assays indicated that rice plants with suppressed expression of OsPRA2 were more sensitive to exogenously applied brassinolide than the wild-type plants. Conversety, rice overexpressing OsPRA2 was less sensitive to exogenous brassinolide. Further study uncovered that OsPRA2 inhibited the dephosphorylation of, and thus inactivated the transcription factor BRASSINAZOLE- RESISTANT 1 (OsBZR1). More importantly, OsPRA2 was found to co-localize with and directly bind to rice BR receptor BRASSlNOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE 1 (OsBRI1) at the plasma membrane. Additionally, the in vitro assays showed that OsPRA2 inhibits its autophosphorylation. This OsPRA2-OsBRI1 interaction led to the dissociation of OsBRI1 from its co-receptor OsBAK1, and abolished OsBRIl-mediated phosphorylation of OsBAK1. Together, these results reveal a possible working mechanism of OsPRA2 as a novel negative regu- lator on OsBRI1 and OsBZR1 and extend the knowledge about the regulatory mechanism of rice BR signaling.展开更多
Gibberellic acid(GA), a ubiquitous phytohormone, has various effects on regulators of plant growth and development. GAs promote growth by overcoming growth restraint mediated by DELLA proteins(DELLAs). DELLAs, in the ...Gibberellic acid(GA), a ubiquitous phytohormone, has various effects on regulators of plant growth and development. GAs promote growth by overcoming growth restraint mediated by DELLA proteins(DELLAs). DELLAs, in the GRAS family of plant-specific nuclear proteins, are nuclear transcriptional regulators harboring a unique N-terminal GA perception region for binding the GA receptor GIBBERELLIN INSENSITIVE DWARF1(GID1) and a C-terminal GRAS domain necessary for GA repression activity via interaction with multiple regulatory proteins. The N-terminal conserved region of DELLAs evolved to form a mode of GID1/DELLA-mediated GA signaling originating in bryophytes and ferns. Binding of GA to GID1 increases the affinity between DELLAs and a SCF E3 ubiquitin–ligase complex, thus promoting the eventual destruction of DELLAs by the 26 S proteasome. DELLAs negatively regulate GA response by releasing transcription factors to directly activate downstream genes and indirectly regulate GA biosynthesis genes increasing GA responsiveness and feedback control by promoting GID1 transcription. GA communicates extensively with other plant hormones and uses crosstalk to regulate plant growth and development. In this review, we summarize current understanding of evolutionary DELLA-mediated gibberellin signaling and functional diversification of DELLA, focusing primarily on interactions of DELLAs with diverse phytohormones.展开更多
Modern agriculture is facing new challenges in which ecological and molecular approaches are being integrated to achieve higher crop yields while minimizing negative impacts on the environment. The application of biof...Modern agriculture is facing new challenges in which ecological and molecular approaches are being integrated to achieve higher crop yields while minimizing negative impacts on the environment. The application of biofertilzers could meet this requirement. Biofertilizer is a natural organic fertilizer that helps to provide all the nutrients required by the plants and helps to increase the quality of the soil with a natural microorganism environment. This paper reviewed the types of biofertilzers, the biological basic of biofertilizers in plant growth promotion. This paper also assayed the bidirectional information exchange between plant-microbes in rhizoshpere and the signal pathway of plant growth- promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and plant growth-promoting fungi (PGPF) in the course of plant infection. At last, the challenges of the application and the promising future of biofertilizers were also discussed.展开更多
Fibroblast growth factors(FGF)and their receptors serve many functions in both the developing and adult organism.Humans contain 18 FGF ligands and four FGF receptors(FGFR).FGF ligands are polypeptide growth factors th...Fibroblast growth factors(FGF)and their receptors serve many functions in both the developing and adult organism.Humans contain 18 FGF ligands and four FGF receptors(FGFR).FGF ligands are polypeptide growth factors that regulate several developmental processes including cellular proliferation,differentiation,and migration,morphogenesis,and patterning.FGF-FGFR signaling is also critical to the developing axial and craniofacial skeleton.In particular,the signaling cascade has been implicated in intramembranous ossification of cranial bones as well as cranial suture homeostasis.In the adult,FGFs and FGFRs are crucial for tissue repair.FGF signaling generally follows one of three transduction pathways:RAS/MAP kinase,PI3/AKT,or PLCg.Each pathway likely regulates specific cellular behaviors.Inappropriate expression of FGF and improper activation of FGFRs are associated with various pathologic conditions,unregulated cell growth,and tumorigenesis.Additionally,aberrant signaling has been implicated in many skeletal abnormalities including achondroplasia and craniosynostosis.The biology and mechanisms of the FGF family have been the subject of significant research over the past 30 years.Recently,work has focused on the therapeutic targeting and potential of FGF ligands and their associated receptors.The majority of FGF-related therapy is aimed at age-related disorders.Increased understanding of FGF signaling and biology may reveal additional therapeutic roles,both in utero and postnatally.This review discusses the role of FGF signaling in general physiologic and pathologic embryogenesis and further explores it within the context of skeletal development.展开更多
As sessile organisms, plants are exposed to pathogen invasions and environmental fluctuations. To overcome the challenges of their surroundings, plants acquire the potential to sense endogenous and exogenous cues, res...As sessile organisms, plants are exposed to pathogen invasions and environmental fluctuations. To overcome the challenges of their surroundings, plants acquire the potential to sense endogenous and exogenous cues, resulting in their adaptability. Hence, plants have evolved a large collection of plasma membrane-resident receptors, including RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASEs(RLKs) and RECEPTOR-LIKE PROTEINs(RLPs) to perceive those signals and regulate plant growth,development, and immunity. The ability of RLKs and RLPs to recognize distinct ligands relies on diverse categories of extracellular domains evolved. Co-regulatory receptors are often required to associate with RLKs and RLPs to facilitate cellular signal transduction. RECEPTOR-LIKE CYTOPLASMIC KINASEs(RLCKs) also associate with the complex, bifurcating the signal to key signaling hubs, such as MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE(MAPK) cascades, to regulate diverse biological processes. Here, we discuss recent knowledge advances in understanding the roles of RLKs and RLPs in plant growth, development, and immunity, and their connection with co-regulatory receptors, leading to activation of diverse intracellular signaling pathways.展开更多
Auxin is a crucial phytohormone that has various effects on the regulators of plant growth and development.Auxin signal transduction is mainly controlled by two gene families:auxin response factor(ARF)and auxin/indole...Auxin is a crucial phytohormone that has various effects on the regulators of plant growth and development.Auxin signal transduction is mainly controlled by two gene families:auxin response factor(ARF)and auxin/indole-3-acetic acid(Aux/IAA).ARFs are plant-specific transcription factors that bind directly to auxin response elements in the promoters of auxinresponsive genes.ARF proteins contain three conserved regions:a conserved N-terminal B3DNA-binding domain,a variable intermediate middle region domain that functions in activation or repression,and a C-terminal domain including the Phox and Bem1p region for dimerization,similar to theⅢandⅣelements of Aux/IAA,which facilitate protein–protein interaction through homodimerization of ARF proteins or heterodimerization of ARF and Aux/IAA proteins.In the two decades following the identification of the first ARF,23 ARF members have been identified and characterized in Arabidopsis.Using whole-genome sequencing,22,25,23,25,and 36 ARF genes have been identified in tomato,rice,wheat,sorghum,and maize,respectively,in addition to which the related biofunctions of some ARFs have been reported.ARFs play crucial roles in regulating the growth and development of roots,leaves,flowers,fruits,seeds,responses to biotic and abiotic stresses,and phytohormone signal crosstalk.In this review,we summarize the research progress on the structures and functions of ARFs in Arabidopsis,tomato,and cereal crops,to provide clues for future basic research on phytohormone signaling and the molecular design breeding of crops.展开更多
Phytochrome has fascinated plant scientists since its discovery in 1959-1960 by the Beltsville research group of the United States Department of Agriculture. Studies in the first 20 years had evidenced that phytochrom...Phytochrome has fascinated plant scientists since its discovery in 1959-1960 by the Beltsville research group of the United States Department of Agriculture. Studies in the first 20 years had evidenced that phytochrome acts as an universal regulator in plant life adapting its behavior to the environmental light, and developed widely the physiological understanding of phytochrome action. In the following 20 years, some thirty world_wide major laboratories have published over two hundred papers a year on various aspects of the subject, and they are making steady progress. The authors’ work has also contributed to the following aspects: coaction of phytochrome and phytohormone in photomorphogenesis, phytochrome purification, phytochrome regulation of male fertility, as well as phytochrome A gene analysis and expression in photoperiod sensitive genic male sterile rice. In the recent decade significant advances have been made in studies on phytochrome molecules, genes and signal transduction in phytochrome response. This is largely due to the advances in molecular genetics, where experiments using mutants and transgenic plants, particularly in Arabidopsis, that have led to the significant insights at the molecular level. The topics in this review include:(1) Discovery of phytochrome; (2) Functions of phytochrome; (3) Phytochrome molecules; (4) Phytochrome regulation in gene expression.展开更多
文摘Brassinosteroids play diverse roles in plant growth and development. Plants deficient in brassinosteroid (BR) biosynthesis or defective in signal transduction show many abnormal developmental phenotypes, indicating the importance of both BR biosynthesis and the signaling pathway in regulating these biological processes. Recently, using genetics, proteomics, genomics, cell biology, and many other approaches, more components involved in the BR signaling pathway were identified. Furthermore, the physiological, cellular, and molecular mechanisms by which BRs regulate various aspects of plant development, are being discovered. These include root development, anther and pollen development and formation, stem elongation, vasculature differentiation, and cellulose biosynthesis, suggesting that the biological functions of BRs are far beyond promoting cell elongation, This review will focus on the up-to-date progresses about regulatory mechanisms of the BR signaling pathway and the physiological and molecular mechanisms whereby BRs regulate plant growth and development.
文摘Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a class of steroid hormones that are essential for plant growth and development. The BR signal transduction pathway in the dicot model plantArabidopsis is well established, but the components connecting the BR signaling steps in rice have not been fully explored. For example, how the BR signaling is fine-tuned in rice, especially at the BR receptor level, is largely unknown. Here we show that OsPRA2, a rice small G protein, plays a repressive role in the BR signaling pathway. Lamina inclination, coleoptile elongation, and root inhibition assays indicated that rice plants with suppressed expression of OsPRA2 were more sensitive to exogenously applied brassinolide than the wild-type plants. Conversety, rice overexpressing OsPRA2 was less sensitive to exogenous brassinolide. Further study uncovered that OsPRA2 inhibited the dephosphorylation of, and thus inactivated the transcription factor BRASSINAZOLE- RESISTANT 1 (OsBZR1). More importantly, OsPRA2 was found to co-localize with and directly bind to rice BR receptor BRASSlNOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE 1 (OsBRI1) at the plasma membrane. Additionally, the in vitro assays showed that OsPRA2 inhibits its autophosphorylation. This OsPRA2-OsBRI1 interaction led to the dissociation of OsBRI1 from its co-receptor OsBAK1, and abolished OsBRIl-mediated phosphorylation of OsBAK1. Together, these results reveal a possible working mechanism of OsPRA2 as a novel negative regu- lator on OsBRI1 and OsBZR1 and extend the knowledge about the regulatory mechanism of rice BR signaling.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32070549)Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(2019-2021QNRC001)+3 种基金Shaanxi Youth Entrusted Talent Program(20190205)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(GK202002005)State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology Open Fund(CB2020A12,CB2021A21,CB2021A05)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2020M683549)。
文摘Gibberellic acid(GA), a ubiquitous phytohormone, has various effects on regulators of plant growth and development. GAs promote growth by overcoming growth restraint mediated by DELLA proteins(DELLAs). DELLAs, in the GRAS family of plant-specific nuclear proteins, are nuclear transcriptional regulators harboring a unique N-terminal GA perception region for binding the GA receptor GIBBERELLIN INSENSITIVE DWARF1(GID1) and a C-terminal GRAS domain necessary for GA repression activity via interaction with multiple regulatory proteins. The N-terminal conserved region of DELLAs evolved to form a mode of GID1/DELLA-mediated GA signaling originating in bryophytes and ferns. Binding of GA to GID1 increases the affinity between DELLAs and a SCF E3 ubiquitin–ligase complex, thus promoting the eventual destruction of DELLAs by the 26 S proteasome. DELLAs negatively regulate GA response by releasing transcription factors to directly activate downstream genes and indirectly regulate GA biosynthesis genes increasing GA responsiveness and feedback control by promoting GID1 transcription. GA communicates extensively with other plant hormones and uses crosstalk to regulate plant growth and development. In this review, we summarize current understanding of evolutionary DELLA-mediated gibberellin signaling and functional diversification of DELLA, focusing primarily on interactions of DELLAs with diverse phytohormones.
文摘Modern agriculture is facing new challenges in which ecological and molecular approaches are being integrated to achieve higher crop yields while minimizing negative impacts on the environment. The application of biofertilzers could meet this requirement. Biofertilizer is a natural organic fertilizer that helps to provide all the nutrients required by the plants and helps to increase the quality of the soil with a natural microorganism environment. This paper reviewed the types of biofertilzers, the biological basic of biofertilizers in plant growth promotion. This paper also assayed the bidirectional information exchange between plant-microbes in rhizoshpere and the signal pathway of plant growth- promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and plant growth-promoting fungi (PGPF) in the course of plant infection. At last, the challenges of the application and the promising future of biofertilizers were also discussed.
基金supported in part by research grants from the NIH K08 Career Development Award(RRR,NIH 5K08DE20140-5)the American Society of Plastic Surgeons/Plastic Surgery Foundation’s(PSF)Pilot Research Grant Program(RRR).EMF and JR were recipients of the Pritzker Research Fellowship funded through a NIH T-35 training grant(NIDDK).
文摘Fibroblast growth factors(FGF)and their receptors serve many functions in both the developing and adult organism.Humans contain 18 FGF ligands and four FGF receptors(FGFR).FGF ligands are polypeptide growth factors that regulate several developmental processes including cellular proliferation,differentiation,and migration,morphogenesis,and patterning.FGF-FGFR signaling is also critical to the developing axial and craniofacial skeleton.In particular,the signaling cascade has been implicated in intramembranous ossification of cranial bones as well as cranial suture homeostasis.In the adult,FGFs and FGFRs are crucial for tissue repair.FGF signaling generally follows one of three transduction pathways:RAS/MAP kinase,PI3/AKT,or PLCg.Each pathway likely regulates specific cellular behaviors.Inappropriate expression of FGF and improper activation of FGFRs are associated with various pathologic conditions,unregulated cell growth,and tumorigenesis.Additionally,aberrant signaling has been implicated in many skeletal abnormalities including achondroplasia and craniosynostosis.The biology and mechanisms of the FGF family have been the subject of significant research over the past 30 years.Recently,work has focused on the therapeutic targeting and potential of FGF ligands and their associated receptors.The majority of FGF-related therapy is aimed at age-related disorders.Increased understanding of FGF signaling and biology may reveal additional therapeutic roles,both in utero and postnatally.This review discusses the role of FGF signaling in general physiologic and pathologic embryogenesis and further explores it within the context of skeletal development.
基金supported by the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) (201710/2014-5) to A.M.E.A.MPEW Latin American Fellows Program to F.A.O.-M.+3 种基金National Institutes of Health (NIH) (R01GM092893)National Science Foundation (NSF) (MCB-1906060) to P.H.NIH (R01GM097247)the Robert A. Welch Foundation (A-1795) to L.S.
文摘As sessile organisms, plants are exposed to pathogen invasions and environmental fluctuations. To overcome the challenges of their surroundings, plants acquire the potential to sense endogenous and exogenous cues, resulting in their adaptability. Hence, plants have evolved a large collection of plasma membrane-resident receptors, including RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASEs(RLKs) and RECEPTOR-LIKE PROTEINs(RLPs) to perceive those signals and regulate plant growth,development, and immunity. The ability of RLKs and RLPs to recognize distinct ligands relies on diverse categories of extracellular domains evolved. Co-regulatory receptors are often required to associate with RLKs and RLPs to facilitate cellular signal transduction. RECEPTOR-LIKE CYTOPLASMIC KINASEs(RLCKs) also associate with the complex, bifurcating the signal to key signaling hubs, such as MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE(MAPK) cascades, to regulate diverse biological processes. Here, we discuss recent knowledge advances in understanding the roles of RLKs and RLPs in plant growth, development, and immunity, and their connection with co-regulatory receptors, leading to activation of diverse intracellular signaling pathways.
基金funded by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32060451)Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia(2022ZD11)+1 种基金Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LZ19C020001)Applied Technology Research and Development Foundation of Inner Mongolia(2021PT0001)。
文摘Auxin is a crucial phytohormone that has various effects on the regulators of plant growth and development.Auxin signal transduction is mainly controlled by two gene families:auxin response factor(ARF)and auxin/indole-3-acetic acid(Aux/IAA).ARFs are plant-specific transcription factors that bind directly to auxin response elements in the promoters of auxinresponsive genes.ARF proteins contain three conserved regions:a conserved N-terminal B3DNA-binding domain,a variable intermediate middle region domain that functions in activation or repression,and a C-terminal domain including the Phox and Bem1p region for dimerization,similar to theⅢandⅣelements of Aux/IAA,which facilitate protein–protein interaction through homodimerization of ARF proteins or heterodimerization of ARF and Aux/IAA proteins.In the two decades following the identification of the first ARF,23 ARF members have been identified and characterized in Arabidopsis.Using whole-genome sequencing,22,25,23,25,and 36 ARF genes have been identified in tomato,rice,wheat,sorghum,and maize,respectively,in addition to which the related biofunctions of some ARFs have been reported.ARFs play crucial roles in regulating the growth and development of roots,leaves,flowers,fruits,seeds,responses to biotic and abiotic stresses,and phytohormone signal crosstalk.In this review,we summarize the research progress on the structures and functions of ARFs in Arabidopsis,tomato,and cereal crops,to provide clues for future basic research on phytohormone signaling and the molecular design breeding of crops.
文摘Phytochrome has fascinated plant scientists since its discovery in 1959-1960 by the Beltsville research group of the United States Department of Agriculture. Studies in the first 20 years had evidenced that phytochrome acts as an universal regulator in plant life adapting its behavior to the environmental light, and developed widely the physiological understanding of phytochrome action. In the following 20 years, some thirty world_wide major laboratories have published over two hundred papers a year on various aspects of the subject, and they are making steady progress. The authors’ work has also contributed to the following aspects: coaction of phytochrome and phytohormone in photomorphogenesis, phytochrome purification, phytochrome regulation of male fertility, as well as phytochrome A gene analysis and expression in photoperiod sensitive genic male sterile rice. In the recent decade significant advances have been made in studies on phytochrome molecules, genes and signal transduction in phytochrome response. This is largely due to the advances in molecular genetics, where experiments using mutants and transgenic plants, particularly in Arabidopsis, that have led to the significant insights at the molecular level. The topics in this review include:(1) Discovery of phytochrome; (2) Functions of phytochrome; (3) Phytochrome molecules; (4) Phytochrome regulation in gene expression.