Farmers’contract breach behavior is cited as one of the major stumbling blocks in the sustainable expansion of contract farming in many developing countries.This paper examines farmers’contract breach decisions from...Farmers’contract breach behavior is cited as one of the major stumbling blocks in the sustainable expansion of contract farming in many developing countries.This paper examines farmers’contract breach decisions from the perspective of time preferences.The empirical analysis is based on a household survey and economic field experiments of poultry households participating in contract farming conducted in Jiangsu Province,China.A discounted utility model and a maximum likelihood technique are applied to estimate farmers’time preferences and the effect of time preferences on contract breach in the production and sales phases are explored with a bivariate probit model.The results show that,on average,the poultry farmers in the sample are generally present biased and impatient regarding future utility.The regression results show that farmers with a higher preference for the present and a higher discount rate are more likely to breach contracts,and time preferences play a greater role in the production phase than in the sales phase.When considering heterogeneity,specific investments and transaction costs promote contract stability only for farmers with a low degree of impatience.Moreover,compared with large-scale farmers,small-scale farmers’contract breach decisions are more significantly affected by their time preferences.These results have implications for contract stability policies and other issues that are impacted by the linking of behavioral preferences to agricultural decisions.展开更多
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) has given birth to an international carbon trading market prosperity,which provides developing countries with valuable opportunities to address climate change issues together with eco...Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) has given birth to an international carbon trading market prosperity,which provides developing countries with valuable opportunities to address climate change issues together with economic development and environmental improvement to achieve the sustainable goal. China,as the biggest carbon market,has caught worldwide attention. However,most studies of CDM focus on economics and environmental science,few on its legal problems. Transaction activities are the essence of market mechanism. To protect the benefits of market participators and regulate the market orders,the Contract Law takes this important role along with development of market mechanism. Therefore,this paper only focuses on the carbon market in China,with the assessment of the risks in the CDM development first. The involved contracts will be identified and analyzed to point out the major contract legal issues in Chinese carbon market. In the meantime,this paper further discusses that measurements at both private level and governmental level should be taken to protect and realize the utility and equality of contract in the carbon market.展开更多
From the perspective of psychological contract,this paper discusses mechanism of consumers' network cluster behavior in the context of brand crisis. On the basis of Simmel's conflict theory,it presented new fi...From the perspective of psychological contract,this paper discusses mechanism of consumers' network cluster behavior in the context of brand crisis. On the basis of Simmel's conflict theory,it presented new findings of network cluster behavior. It is concluded that brand crisis exerts significant influence on breach of psychological contract. Particularly,functional brand crisis more easily leads to breach of transactional psychological contract,while value brand crisis more easily leads to breach of relational psychological contract. Breach of transactional psychological contract more easily leads to realistic network cluster behavior,while breach of relational psychological contract does not necessarily lead to non-realistic network cluster behavior.展开更多
compensation for breach of contract is the most important and most widely used form of liability for breach of contract, is one of the core content of the whole contract legal system. The research on the compensation ...compensation for breach of contract is the most important and most widely used form of liability for breach of contract, is one of the core content of the whole contract legal system. The research on the compensation for breach of contract is of great significance. This system is an important measure to ensure the, full and accurate performance of the contract obligations. However, the general principles of liability for breach of contract damages, the principle of liability, the elements and whether to deal with non property damage compensation has been controversial, the new contract law after the implementation of the problem still exists. It should be clear that the general principle of compensation for breach of contract is to fill the damage, the principle of liability should be consistent with the principle of liability for breach of contract, non property damage clearly compensation.展开更多
背景:前交叉韧带重建后肌肉功能的恢复通常评估肌肉的最大力量,最近的研究认为还应考虑神经肌肉功能,比如肌肉等长发力率,即在肌肉等长收缩条件下测量不同时间间隔的力-时间曲线斜率。目的:阐述前交叉韧带重建后患者肌肉等长发力率的研...背景:前交叉韧带重建后肌肉功能的恢复通常评估肌肉的最大力量,最近的研究认为还应考虑神经肌肉功能,比如肌肉等长发力率,即在肌肉等长收缩条件下测量不同时间间隔的力-时间曲线斜率。目的:阐述前交叉韧带重建后患者肌肉等长发力率的研究现状与不足,分析术后不同时间内股四头肌和腘绳肌等长发力率的缺陷程度;等长发力率对术后患者功能表现的影响,为优化前交叉韧带重建后康复、减少患者二次损伤以及降低膝骨关节炎发生率提供重要信息。方法:检索中国知网、维普、万方和PubMed数据库,以“前交叉韧带,发力率”为中文检索词,以“anterior cruciate ligament,rate of force development,rate of torque development”为英文检索词,按照纳入和排除标准最终纳入69篇文献。结果与结论:(1)大多数研究发现前交叉韧带重建后半年内患者双侧肌肉等长发力率存在缺陷,双侧腘绳肌早期等长发力率(即肌肉收缩100 ms时间段内任意时间间隔的力-时间曲线斜率)在半年后有显著改善,但双侧股四头肌早期等长发力率长期缺陷,表明术后股四头肌神经肌肉功能长期受损。(2)有关晚期等长发力率(肌肉收缩100 ms后时间段内任意时间间隔的力-时间曲线斜率)的相关研究较少,无法得出确切结论。(3)关于着陆运动(跳跃落地和侧切等)和日常生活活动(走、跑),股四头肌早期等长发力率比等长峰值力矩相关性更强,运动过程中生物力学的异常改变被认为是患者二次损伤以及创伤性膝骨关节炎发生的重要风险因素,积极改善股四头肌早期等长发力率可能会降低二次损伤以及创伤性膝骨关节炎的发生率。(4)目前仅有很少的证据表明,全身振动训练能改善前交叉韧带重建后患者股四头肌早期等长发力率,建议今后在术后早期阶段应用神经肌肉电刺激干预股四头肌和腘绳肌,而在术后晚期阶段实施爆发力、高阻力训练,这可能会改善患者等长发力率。(5)短时间产生足够的肌肉力量才能有效保护前交叉韧带,而腘绳肌等长发力率与功能表现的关系尚不清楚,这可能会提供有关预防患者二次损伤的信息。(6)作者建议将等长发力率作为指导康复以及恢复运动的评估指标之一,除了关注对称性的改善以及与正常人的差异,还要考虑腘绳肌与股四头肌力量的比值,合适的比值范围才能保证肌肉快速发力时的平衡,这可能会降低再次损伤的发生,但比值的正常范围尚不清楚。(7)未来研究要考虑移植物类型和膝关节屈曲角度对等长发力率的影响,以尽可能找出患者存在的神经肌肉功能障碍,帮助患者更好地康复。展开更多
足球合同违约不仅导致赔偿,还可能引发体育制裁。将此类由体育制裁引发的争议提交至国际体育仲裁院(Court of Arbitration for Sport,CAS),须将足球主管机构作为被诉方。在审查此类案件中,仲裁庭首先确认合同违约是否发生在保护期内;对...足球合同违约不仅导致赔偿,还可能引发体育制裁。将此类由体育制裁引发的争议提交至国际体育仲裁院(Court of Arbitration for Sport,CAS),须将足球主管机构作为被诉方。在审查此类案件中,仲裁庭首先确认合同违约是否发生在保护期内;对违约球员、违约俱乐部和诱导球员违约俱乐部施加的体育制裁不同,仲裁庭的审查要件和裁判标准也存在区别。在处理此类案件的过程中,CAS尊重足球主管机构在体育制裁方面的裁量权,同时确保这一裁量权的行使正当及在合理范围之内。展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(72003082 and 71573130)the Project of Philosophy and Social Science Research in Colleges and Universities in Jiangsu Province of China(2020SJA1015)+1 种基金the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions,China(PAPD)the China Center for Food Security Studies,Nanjing Agricultural University,China。
文摘Farmers’contract breach behavior is cited as one of the major stumbling blocks in the sustainable expansion of contract farming in many developing countries.This paper examines farmers’contract breach decisions from the perspective of time preferences.The empirical analysis is based on a household survey and economic field experiments of poultry households participating in contract farming conducted in Jiangsu Province,China.A discounted utility model and a maximum likelihood technique are applied to estimate farmers’time preferences and the effect of time preferences on contract breach in the production and sales phases are explored with a bivariate probit model.The results show that,on average,the poultry farmers in the sample are generally present biased and impatient regarding future utility.The regression results show that farmers with a higher preference for the present and a higher discount rate are more likely to breach contracts,and time preferences play a greater role in the production phase than in the sales phase.When considering heterogeneity,specific investments and transaction costs promote contract stability only for farmers with a low degree of impatience.Moreover,compared with large-scale farmers,small-scale farmers’contract breach decisions are more significantly affected by their time preferences.These results have implications for contract stability policies and other issues that are impacted by the linking of behavioral preferences to agricultural decisions.
基金supported by National Key Project of Scientific and Technical Supporting Programs Funded by Ministry of Science & Technology of China in the 11th Five-Year Plan (Grant No. 2007BAC03A12)
文摘Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) has given birth to an international carbon trading market prosperity,which provides developing countries with valuable opportunities to address climate change issues together with economic development and environmental improvement to achieve the sustainable goal. China,as the biggest carbon market,has caught worldwide attention. However,most studies of CDM focus on economics and environmental science,few on its legal problems. Transaction activities are the essence of market mechanism. To protect the benefits of market participators and regulate the market orders,the Contract Law takes this important role along with development of market mechanism. Therefore,this paper only focuses on the carbon market in China,with the assessment of the risks in the CDM development first. The involved contracts will be identified and analyzed to point out the major contract legal issues in Chinese carbon market. In the meantime,this paper further discusses that measurements at both private level and governmental level should be taken to protect and realize the utility and equality of contract in the carbon market.
文摘From the perspective of psychological contract,this paper discusses mechanism of consumers' network cluster behavior in the context of brand crisis. On the basis of Simmel's conflict theory,it presented new findings of network cluster behavior. It is concluded that brand crisis exerts significant influence on breach of psychological contract. Particularly,functional brand crisis more easily leads to breach of transactional psychological contract,while value brand crisis more easily leads to breach of relational psychological contract. Breach of transactional psychological contract more easily leads to realistic network cluster behavior,while breach of relational psychological contract does not necessarily lead to non-realistic network cluster behavior.
文摘compensation for breach of contract is the most important and most widely used form of liability for breach of contract, is one of the core content of the whole contract legal system. The research on the compensation for breach of contract is of great significance. This system is an important measure to ensure the, full and accurate performance of the contract obligations. However, the general principles of liability for breach of contract damages, the principle of liability, the elements and whether to deal with non property damage compensation has been controversial, the new contract law after the implementation of the problem still exists. It should be clear that the general principle of compensation for breach of contract is to fill the damage, the principle of liability should be consistent with the principle of liability for breach of contract, non property damage clearly compensation.
文摘背景:前交叉韧带重建后肌肉功能的恢复通常评估肌肉的最大力量,最近的研究认为还应考虑神经肌肉功能,比如肌肉等长发力率,即在肌肉等长收缩条件下测量不同时间间隔的力-时间曲线斜率。目的:阐述前交叉韧带重建后患者肌肉等长发力率的研究现状与不足,分析术后不同时间内股四头肌和腘绳肌等长发力率的缺陷程度;等长发力率对术后患者功能表现的影响,为优化前交叉韧带重建后康复、减少患者二次损伤以及降低膝骨关节炎发生率提供重要信息。方法:检索中国知网、维普、万方和PubMed数据库,以“前交叉韧带,发力率”为中文检索词,以“anterior cruciate ligament,rate of force development,rate of torque development”为英文检索词,按照纳入和排除标准最终纳入69篇文献。结果与结论:(1)大多数研究发现前交叉韧带重建后半年内患者双侧肌肉等长发力率存在缺陷,双侧腘绳肌早期等长发力率(即肌肉收缩100 ms时间段内任意时间间隔的力-时间曲线斜率)在半年后有显著改善,但双侧股四头肌早期等长发力率长期缺陷,表明术后股四头肌神经肌肉功能长期受损。(2)有关晚期等长发力率(肌肉收缩100 ms后时间段内任意时间间隔的力-时间曲线斜率)的相关研究较少,无法得出确切结论。(3)关于着陆运动(跳跃落地和侧切等)和日常生活活动(走、跑),股四头肌早期等长发力率比等长峰值力矩相关性更强,运动过程中生物力学的异常改变被认为是患者二次损伤以及创伤性膝骨关节炎发生的重要风险因素,积极改善股四头肌早期等长发力率可能会降低二次损伤以及创伤性膝骨关节炎的发生率。(4)目前仅有很少的证据表明,全身振动训练能改善前交叉韧带重建后患者股四头肌早期等长发力率,建议今后在术后早期阶段应用神经肌肉电刺激干预股四头肌和腘绳肌,而在术后晚期阶段实施爆发力、高阻力训练,这可能会改善患者等长发力率。(5)短时间产生足够的肌肉力量才能有效保护前交叉韧带,而腘绳肌等长发力率与功能表现的关系尚不清楚,这可能会提供有关预防患者二次损伤的信息。(6)作者建议将等长发力率作为指导康复以及恢复运动的评估指标之一,除了关注对称性的改善以及与正常人的差异,还要考虑腘绳肌与股四头肌力量的比值,合适的比值范围才能保证肌肉快速发力时的平衡,这可能会降低再次损伤的发生,但比值的正常范围尚不清楚。(7)未来研究要考虑移植物类型和膝关节屈曲角度对等长发力率的影响,以尽可能找出患者存在的神经肌肉功能障碍,帮助患者更好地康复。
文摘足球合同违约不仅导致赔偿,还可能引发体育制裁。将此类由体育制裁引发的争议提交至国际体育仲裁院(Court of Arbitration for Sport,CAS),须将足球主管机构作为被诉方。在审查此类案件中,仲裁庭首先确认合同违约是否发生在保护期内;对违约球员、违约俱乐部和诱导球员违约俱乐部施加的体育制裁不同,仲裁庭的审查要件和裁判标准也存在区别。在处理此类案件的过程中,CAS尊重足球主管机构在体育制裁方面的裁量权,同时确保这一裁量权的行使正当及在合理范围之内。
