Study and Formulation of Composite Flours Based on Gluten Flour and Local Cereal Flours: Fonio, Millet and Sorghum

This study makes it possible to establish baking flours of nutritional quality and technologically acceptable following the increase in their rheological parameters due to the insertion of gluten flour. The composite flours were obtained using the Philips mixer type (model HR2811). The nutritional qualities of the formulated flours were determined by the Kjeldahl, AOAC 985-29, UV-VIS spectrophotometry (DR 5000;HACH and LANGE, France) and Soxhlet gravimetric methods. The compounds obtained are respectively: Protein, carbohydrate, lipid, micronutrient and vitamin contents. Monitoring the analysis of functional properties (water and oil absorption capacity) as well as baking value.

Relationship between physicochemical characteristics of Korean wheat flour and quality attributes of steamed bread

The purpose of this study is to identify major factors affecting the manufacture and quality of steamed bread,consumed in Southeast Asia including China,Japan,and Korea.Hence,flours of 11 Korean wheat cultivars were used to evaluate quality attributes of two different styles of steamed bread,Korean style steamed bread(KSSB)and northern-style Chinese steamed bread(NSCSB).KSSB prepared more ingredients and higher optimum water absorption of dough than NSCSB because Korean consumers prefer white and glossy surface and soft crumb.KSSB showed lower height,larger diameter and volume of steamed bread,higher stress relaxation,and softer texture of crumb than NSCSB.The correlation between flour characteristics and quality of steamed bread was different in KSSB and NSCSB.About 90%of variability in the height and volume of KSSB could be predicted from protein content,mixing tolerance of Mixograph,average particle size of flour,final viscosity and solvent retention capacity.Protein content and quality parameters also could explain the variation of steamed bread height in NSCSB.Korean wheat carrying Glu-A3c allele produced higher volume of steamed bread(704.7 mL)than Glu-A3d allele(645.8 mL)in KSSB,although there was no significant difference in volume of NSCSB by glutenin compositions.Glu-D1d and Glu-A3c alleles had softer texture of crumb than Glu-D1f and Glu-A3d alleles in KSSB,Glu-B3i allele also showed lower hardness of crumb than their counterpart allele in NSCSB.Hard wheat showed higher height and volume of steamed bread,and lower stress relaxation and hardness of crumb than soft wheat in KSSB.

Gluten-Free Bread Enriched with Vegetable Flours

The effects of different vegetable flours (broccoli, cauliflower, artichoke, fennel, zucchini and mushroom) added to gluten-free bread on sensory quality, antioxidant properties and glycemic response were assessed. Among the vegetable flours, the addition of fennel flour significantly improved sensory bread quality. Artichoke flour has the highest phenolic (26.51 ± 1.92 mg/g dw) and flavonoid content (26.43 ± 1.93 mg/g dw). Even though the content of total phenol and flavonoids in vegetable flours was higher when compared to supplemented bread, the addition of artichoke and zucchini flours increased the total phenolic and flavonoid content and improved antioxidant activity. The incorporation of high level of vegetable flours (15%) also decreased the glycemic index of bread, in particular with artichoke and zucchini flours (59 ± 1.21 and 62 ± 0.49, respectively). To sum up, the results are very interesting because the addition of vegetable flours into gluten-free bread can improve nutritional and sensory properties of bread.

Optimization of Bread Preparation from Wheat Flour and Malted Rice Flour

The feasibility of partially replacing wheat flour with malted rice flour in bread making was evaluated in several formulations, aiming to find a formulation for the production of malted rice-wheat bread with better nutritional quality and consumer acceptance. The whole grains of a local rice variety （Oryza sativa L. subsp. indica var. Mottaikaruppan） were steeped in distilled water （12 h, 30°C） and germinated for 3 days to obtain high content of soluble materials and amylase activity in bread making. The quality of bread was evaluated by considering the physical and sensorial parameters. When the wheat flour was substituted with malted rice flour, 35% substitution level and the malted rice flour from 3 days of germination was the best according to the physical and sensory qualities of bread. The quality of bread was improved by the addition of 20 g of margarine, 20 g of baking powder and 20 g of yeast in 1 kg of flour. Among different ratios of yeast and baking powder, 2：1 was the best. Bread improver containing amylases and oxidizing agents at the concentration of 40 g/kg was selected as the best concentration. When comparing the final formulation made in the bakery with wheat bread, malted rice-wheat bread contains more soluble dietary fiber （0.62%）, insoluble dietary fiber （3.95%）, total dietary fiber （4.57%） and free amino acid content （0.64 g/kg） than those in wheat bread （0.5%, 2.73%, 3.23% and 0.36 g/kg, respectively）.

Application of resistant starch in bread: processing, proximate composition and sensory quality of functional bread products from wheat flour and African locust bean <i>(Parkia biglobosa)</i>flour

Application of resistant starch prepared from parkia flour was produced by replacement of wheat flour with 0, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30% and 40% Parkia flour. Processing, proximate composition, digestibility of resistant starch in bread and sensory quality were evaluated. Resistant starch was significantly (p < 0.05) increased as Parkia flour level increase in all breads. The resistant starch prepared from Parkia flour was 47.21%. However, wheat bread was 1.47% and Parkia bread 18.52% to 22.28% baked of (200℃ at 45 min) with 2.16% wheat bread and 31.74% to 35.05% Parkia bread baked of (130℃ at 90 min). Supplementation of wheat flour with Parkia flour 0 - 40% increased the crude protein content significantly (p < 0.05) from (7.89% - 15.68%), ash from (0.91% - 2.54%) and crude fiber (1.41% - 4.97%). Color of the bread treatments was remarkably affected by addition of different levels of Parkia flour. Therefore, Parkia flour could be added to wheat flour up to 15% without any observed detrimental effect on bread sensory properties. Sensory evaluation results indicated that bread with 5% to15% Parkia flour were rated the most acceptable and there was no significant difference in terms of acceptability compared to the control. This could be used to improve the nutritional quality of bread especially in developing countries were malnutrition is prevalent.

超声协同大豆分离蛋白对米粉和米面包品质的影响及机制研究

目的探究超声协同大豆分离蛋白(soybean isolate protein,SPI)对米粉以及米面包品质的影响。方法以碎米为主要原料,5个梯度(0%、3%、6%、9%、12%,以碎米粉质量计)的大豆分离蛋白(soybean isolate protein,SPI)为辅料,比较超声协同5个梯度SPI对混合粉热机械学特性、糊化特性、流变特性以及米面包比容、损耗率、感官评价的影响。结果与未进行超声处理的样品相比,超声协同SPI处理的米粉的吸水率从64.90±0.00增加至94.80±0.00,其混合粉的峰值黏度从2704.00±47.76降低至1567.00±116.73,表明超声使淀粉部分支链断裂,生成大量短直链淀粉,导致分子量下降,相互作用减弱;超声处理后的样品储能模量(G')曲线随着SPI含量的增加呈现出先降低后增加再降低的趋势,损耗模量(G")曲线呈现出逐渐降低的趋势。当SPI添加量为9%时,米面包的比容达到最大值,为(0.86±0.08)mL/g,感官评分从50.05±3.75增加至86.27±2.28;当SPI添加量达到12%时,米面包的损耗率达到最低。结论综上所述,采用9%SPI的方法制备米面包,可以有效地改善米面包品质,本研究为米面包在食品领域的应用提供了理论基础。

Hard Winter Wheat and Flour Properties in Relation to Breadmaking Quality of Straight-dough Bread:Flour Particle Size and Bread Crumb Grain

Samples of 12 hard winter wheats and their flours that produced breads varying in crumb grain scores were studied for 38 quality parameters including: wheat physical and chemical characteristics; flour ash and protein contents,starch damage,swelling power,pasting characteristics,and flour particle size distribution; dough properties determined by a mixograph; and breadmaking properties for pup loaves (100g flour). Only two parameters,the protein content of wheat and the granulation of flour,showed significant correlations with bread crumb grain scores. Protein content of wheat ranging 12.9%～14.5% determined by an NIR method showed a weak inverse relationship (r =-0.61,p<0.05) with bread crumb grain score. Flour particle size distribution measured by both Alpine Air Jet Sieve and NIR methods revealed that the weight wt % of particles less than 38μm in size and representing 9.6%～19.3% of the flour weights was correlated positively (r =0 .78,p<0.01) with crumb grain score,whereas wt % of flour particles larger than 125μm had an inverse relationship (r =-0.60,p<0.05) with crumb grain score.

甘薯生全粉添加量对馒头制作工艺及品质的影响

以甘薯-小麦混粉为原料,探究甘薯生全粉馒头制作配方工艺以及甘薯生全粉添加量对馒头基本成分和物化特性的影响。结果表明,甘薯馒头制作配方最优工艺为甘薯生全粉添加量30%、加水量55%、α-淀粉酶添加量0.02%、普鲁兰酶添加量0.75%,此时甘薯生全粉馒头感官评分最高为84.9。随着甘薯生全粉添加量增加,甘薯馒头淀粉和总膳食纤维含量逐渐增大,蛋白质含量逐渐减小,可溶性糖呈不规律变化趋势且变化幅度较小。随着甘薯生全粉添加量增加,甘薯馒头色度WH值、比容逐渐减小,硬度和胶黏性逐渐增加,黏性、回复性、黏聚性和弹性逐渐减小。随着甘薯生全粉添加量增加,冻藏后复蒸馒头比容逐渐减小,硬度逐渐增大;在相同添加量的情况下,随着冻藏时间的延长,比容呈逐渐减小的变化趋势,硬度呈逐渐增大的变化趋势。综上所述,适当添加甘薯生全粉可制作出品质较好的馒头。

小麦系统粉发酵和炉内起涨特性及其与面包烘焙品质关系

以19个小麦加工系统粉样为材料,利用成熟度曲线仪、炉内起涨记录仪研究了其发酵和炉内起涨特性,并分析其与面包烘焙品质的关系。结果表明,面粉生产工艺中各系统粉流的发酵特性、炉内起涨特性及烘焙品质存在明显的差异,即前路粉和重筛面粉具有较好的发酵能力和炉内起涨特性,后路粉的发酵能力和炉内起涨特性相对较差,皮磨系统粉流的面包烘焙品质整体优于心磨系统。成熟度曲线仪测定的面团水平和弹性,炉内涨大仪测定的面团体积和面包体积等与面包品质存在显著正相关性。

柑橘纤维对面团特性及面包品质的影响

该研究在精制小麦粉中添加柑橘纤维,以研究其对面团特性及面包品质的作用机制。结果表明,柑橘纤维中可溶性膳食纤维、维生素E、钙、铁、钠等生物活性物质含量高于面粉,且通过傅立叶红外光谱及X-射线衍射可知,柑橘纤维与面粉在物质结构上的差异性一定程度改变了混合粉面团特性和面包品质。柑橘纤维添加量的增加导致混合粉溶剂保持力下降,面筋蛋白总体性能降低;面团黏度的增加使操作机械力增大,不利于面团加工成型;衰减值、弱化度增加,粉质质量指数下降、稳定时间缩短,混合粉质量变差;最大拉伸阻力及拉伸比例增加,面团操作性能降低;发酵高度、产气量及持气量减少,面筋-淀粉基质遭到破坏,导致面包发酵体积减小;黏弹性模量增加,混合面团类固体状行为的趋势增加,面团基质硬度增加。总之,面团粉质特性、拉伸特性、发酵特性及动态流变学特性的改变造成了混合粉面包比容下降,颜色变深,食用品质下降。综上,在不通过任何改良,将柑橘纤维添加量控制在4%以内时,可生产出一种品质在可接受范围内的富含生物活性物质的健康膳食面包。

青稞复配粉消化特性研究及低血糖生成指数面包产品的研制

青稞杂粮粉营养丰富,且含有多种活性成分,但加工性能较差。将青稞粉部分替代小麦粉得到加工性能较佳的青稞复配粉,以青稞复配粉为研究对象,探究其体外消化特性和人体测试GI值,并以青稞复配粉为主要原料,开发低GI面包产品,且通过人体GI测试测定其GI值。结果表明,与白面包相比,青稞复配粉体外消化较慢,eGI值为62.4;人体GI测试结果显示其GI值为63,为中GI食物。以青稞复配粉为主要原料开发的青稞面包产品GI值为52,为低GI面包产品。可为青稞等杂粮粉在低GI主食产品开发中的应用提供一定的参考。

加工方法对苦荞粉添加吐司面包品质的影响研究

该文研究了苦荞粉(5%、10%、15%、20%,质量分数)对直接发酵吐司面包烘焙品质的影响,分析了二次发酵、二次发酵与酸面团相结合对苦荞粉添加吐司面包烘焙品质的改善效果。结果表明,苦荞粉的加入导致直接发酵面包的品质变差,具体表现为比容、弹性降低,硬度、咀嚼性、老化率上升,且变化程度随着苦荞粉添加量的增加而增加;但与20%苦荞粉添加量下的直接发酵吐司面包相比,二次发酵制作方法明显地提升了比容(+17.7%)、降低了硬度(-10.4%)及老化率(-38.1%),此外在二次发酵基础上应用酸面团,进一步改善了吐司面包的比容(+24.4%)、硬度(-30.0%)及老化率(-49.8%)。因此,二次发酵法与酸面团技术作为天然类面包烘焙品质的改良方式,可用于提高消费者对苦荞粉添加面包产品的接受度,扩大苦荞粉在烘焙行业中的应用。

我国市场上全麦面包粉品质现状分析

为调查我国市场上全麦面包粉品质现状,分析了具有代表性的10款全麦面包粉的理化品质、流变特性、加工品质和烘焙品质。结果表明:全麦面包粉的水分含量在8.30~13.39g/100g;灰分含量在0.6~2.5 g/100g,平均值为1.5 g/100g;蛋白质含量在13.92~15.86 g/100g;湿面筋含量在30.20%~47.10%;9个样品膳食纤维含量在8.65~14.31g/100g,均值为10.25g/100g;9个样品的烷基间苯二酚含量在234.72~508.48μg/g之间;稳定时间大于7 min的样品有7个,大于5 min的样品有9个;面团最大发酵高度Hm在23.8~42.9 mm之间。添加量为60%的全麦面包都具有良好的外观和面包芯结构,口感绵软,香味浓郁,感官评分在77.8~102.0分,均能达到合格。总之,我国全麦面包粉产品数量比较少,膳食纤维含量和烷基间苯二酚含量较高,加工品质和烘焙品质良好。

麦胚粉添加量及粒径大小对混合粉特性及面包品质的影响

为让过热蒸汽处理后的麦胚更好地应用于面包生产,将过热蒸汽稳定化处理后的麦胚粉碎得到不同粒径的麦胚粉,研究麦胚粉添加量及粒径大小对混合粉特性、面包感官评分、面包抗氧化性和面包老化的影响。结果表明:随着麦胚粉添加量的增加,混合粉湿面筋含量、乳酸溶剂保持力(solvent retention capacity,SRC)、面筋性能指数、糊化黏度和崩解值降低,水、蔗糖和碳酸钠SRC提高;随着麦胚粉添加量的提高,面包比容降低、面包质构特性及内部结构变差、面包感官评分降低;但是面包抗氧化特性得到了改善,当麦胚粉添加量达到9%时,面包中多酚含量相较于空白组提高94%以上,此时DPPH和ABTS+自由基清除能力相比于空白组分别提升超过88%和37%;面包老化速率随着麦胚粉添加量的增加呈现提高的趋势,X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction,XRD)数据也表明麦胚粉的添加加速了淀粉的结晶。在同一添加量下,麦胚粉粒径对混合粉及面包品质也有一定的影响;添加过60目筛麦胚粉的混合粉糊化过程中各黏度指标值相较于添加过80目筛以及过120目筛的麦胚粉有所降低;而添加过60目筛麦胚粉的面包硬度较高,但是面包内部组织更均匀、抗氧化物质损失率更低、感官评分更高;添加大粒径麦胚粉的面包老化速率更低,淀粉回生值、淀粉回生焓值和XRD数据也反映了这一情况。因此,应用于面包生产中的麦胚粉粒径不宜过小。

添加不同杂粮粉对面包面团和产品品质的影响

在传统吐司面包中加入糜子粉、莜麦粉、藜麦粉和高粱粉,研究添加不同比例的4种杂粮粉对面包和面团品质的影响.通过单因素和响应面实验,考察面包面团、面包成品的质构和感官评分,结果表明,4种杂粮粉在面包中的较优添加量为糜子粉3.5%、莜麦粉5.0%、藜麦粉7.0%和高粱粉4.0%.

Effect of Storage Temperature and Periods on Some Characteristics of Wheat Flour Quality

A laboratory experiment has been designed and implemented to study the effects of storage temperatures (27.5°C and 37.5°C) and storage periods (day, 3 days, 10 days, 20 days and 30 days) in normal conditions and relative humidity on the characteristics of wheat flour quality, as well as some of the chemical characteristics of flour (moisture content and ratio of wet gluten), the physical properties (color and falling number). Increasing the storage temperature from 27.5°C to 37.5°C has led to decreasing moisture content of flour stored under storage relative humidity of 38% - 70%. It has also resulted in extending the storage period from 1 day to 10 days to a decrease in moisture content of flour, and this decline has increased the storage period up to thirty days. The overlap between these two factors has been significantly affective. As the storage temperature of flour increased from 27.5°C to 37.5°C, the percentage of wet gluten has been increased too, and the storage period was extended to ten days. This has led to a significant increase in the percentage of wet gluten flour. In addition, there was a significant response to the effective overlap between the storage temperatures and periods of storage under study in this manner. Increasing the storage temperature from 27.5°C to 37.5°C has led to significantly increased values of the color of the stored flour. Besides, increasing the storage period one day more has led to decreasing the values of the color of the stored flour. However, there has been no significant change to the subsequent periods of storage. The overlap between both factors of temperature and storage periods has a significant effect on the flour color. There has been a significant decrease of the enzyme activity (the height values of the falling No.). But there is a noticeable increase to the falling No. values of the stored flour by 37.5°C when increasing the storage periods from one day to ten days and thirty days. This effect, nonetheless, has not reached the significant level.

豫西南小麦品种馒头制作适宜性研究

馒头是我国居民的传统主食之一。随着馒头机械化生产和市场化销售比例增加,馒头产业得到较快发展。在工业化馒头制作条件下,小麦品种特性及其面粉的馒头制作适宜性,尤其是面粉质量的稳定性,显著影响馒头的产品质量、消费体验及工业化生产的经济效益。选用豫西南地区生产上种植面积大、代表性较强的小麦品种为原料,分析其小麦粉品种的理化特性,研究馒头制作的适宜性及其小麦粉品种质量和馒头特性之间的关系。结果表明,豫西南小麦粉湿面筋含量较高,但面筋指数还有待改进;优质小麦占比有待提高;小麦粉色泽红绿值(a*值)、黄蓝值(b*值)、面筋指数、粉质参数的面团软化度、拉伸参数的拉伸面积及吹泡参数的面团延展性,是评价馒头粉质量的重要参考指标。小麦品种郑麦119、平麦998、陕道198、郑麦1342、郑麦1860比较适合制作馒头。

Dietary Supplementation of <i>κ</i>-Carrageenan to Improve the Physio-Chemical and Functional Properties of White Bread

Fiber intake improves gut health and prevents non-communicable diseases. The current study investigates the substitution of carrageenan in white bread and evaluates its effect on the physiochemical and structural characteristics of bread. The 100% wheat flour was used as control and the test sample contained 4% carrageenan. The physio-chemical analysis showed that carrageenan-substitution improved the hydration properties of the flour (WHC—1.33 g/g;SC—3.50 ml/g). Carrageen substituted bread had reduced the loaf volume. The fiber content in carrageenan-substituted bread was noticeably higher (9.4 g%) than control (3.5 g%). Crude lipid (4.6 g%) and protein (7.0 g%) content improved with carrageenan-substitution. The mineral contents (Na, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, and Zn) were increased in carrageenan-breads. The texture profile analysis showed a decreased hardness (H1—92.3 N, H2—62.5 N) and improved springiness (5.3 mm) in carrageenan-bread.

Effect of Pullulan and Hydrocolloids on Rheological Properties and Quality Parameters of Wheat-Soy Baladi Bread

Baladi bread is a staple food in Egypt and high nutritive value however, stales rapidly. The aim of the study was to conduct a comparative evaluation of pullulan and hydrocolloid combinations on rheological properties and quality parameters of wheat-soy baladi bread. Pullulan polysaccharides (Pu) and hydrocolloids as Arabic gum (AG), K-carrageenan (KC), pectin (P), and xanthan gum (XG) were applied. Rheological properties of samples included Pu and hydrocolloids were analyzed through extensiograph and farinograph. The crust color, staling, and sensory attributes of bread were evaluated. Results revealed that wheat flour (WF) has lower water absorption capacity, dough development time, mixing tolerance index, and resistance to extension however, has higher dough stability, extensibility, and dough energy compared to wheat-soy flour (WSF). Pu and/or hydrocolloids addition to WSF dough evidently improved bread quality. Pu was significantly enhanced crust color and yielded fresher bread relative to control. Additionally, Pu showed the highest Alkaline Water Retention Capacity (AWRC) value after 5 days at 25°C ± 2°C. Results demonstrated that hydrocolloids especially pullulan can significantly improve dough properties, baking quality, sensory acceptability, and delay staling of wheat-soy baladi bread.

小麦淀粉对面团微观结构及冷冻面团馒头品质的影响

淀粉作为小麦粉的主要成分在决定面团特性以及冷冻面团馒头品质中发挥着重要的作用。采用分离重组的方法,探究淀粉添加比例分别为0%(对照组)、10%、15%、20%、25%、30%、35%、40%、45%、50%时,混合粉糊化特性、面团微观结构、游离巯基含量和冷冻面团馒头品质的变化。结果表明:不同比例淀粉的添加量改变了混合粉的糊化特性和粉质特性,分别与淀粉添加比例呈线性相关关系。随着淀粉添加比例的增加,混合粉面团弱化度和面团中游离巯基含量逐渐增加,从微观结构的变化发现面团中面筋蛋白网络的连续性逐渐降低。当淀粉添加比例达到20%时,冷冻面团馒头的硬度和咀嚼性达到最小值,分别为2833 g和2567 g。适当增加小麦粉中的淀粉含量改善面团的加工适应性,更利于冷冻面团馒头的制备。