Investigation of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene propellant breaking characteristics and mechanism impacted by submerged cavitation water jet

A submerged cavitation water jet(SCWJ)is an effective method to recycle solid propellant from obsolete solid engines by the breaking method.Solid propellant's breaking modes and mechanical process under SCWJ impact are unclear.This study aims to understand those impact breaking mechanisms.The hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene(HTPB)propellant was chosen as the research material,and a self-designed test system was used to conduct impact tests at four different working pressures.The high-speed camera characterized crack propagation,and the DIC method calculated strain change during the impact process.Besides,micro and macro fracture morphologies were characterized by scanning electron microscope(SEM)and computed tomography(CT)scanning.The results reveal that the compressive strain concentration region locates right below the nozzle,and the shear strain region distributes symmetrically with the jet axis,which increases to 4% at first 16th ms,the compressive strain rises to 2% and 6% in the axial and transverse direction,respectively.The two tensile cracks formed first at the compression strain concentrate region,and there generate many shear cracks around the tensile cracks,and those shear cracks that develop and aggregate cause the cracks to become wider and cut through the tensile cracks,forming the tensile-shear cracks and the impact parts eventually fail.The HTPB propellant forms a breaking hole shaped conical after impact 10 s.The mass loss increases by 17 times at maximum,with the working pressure increasing by three times.Meanwhile,the damage value of the breaking hole remaining on the surface increases by 7.8 times while 2.9 times in the depth of the breaking hole.The breaking efficiency is closely affected by working pressures.The failure modes of HTPB impacted by SCWJ are classified as tensile crack-dominated and tensile-shear crack-dominated damage mechanisms.

Across two phylogeographic breaks: Quaternary evolutionary history of a mountain aspen (Populus rotundifolia) in the Hengduan Mountains

Biogeographical barriers to gene flow are central to plant phylogeography.In East Asia,plant distribution is greatly influenced by two phylogeographic breaks,the Mekong-Salween Divide and Tanaka-Kaiyong Line,however,few studies have investigated how these barriers affect the genetic diversity of species that are distributed across both.Here we used 14 microsatellite loci and four chloroplast DNA fragments to examine genetic diversity and distribution patterns of 49 populations of Populus rotundifolia,a species that spans both the Mekong-Salween Divide and the Tanaka-Kaiyong Line in southwestern China.Demographic and migration hypotheses were tested using coalescent-based approaches.Limited historical gene flow was observed between the western and eastern groups of P.rotundifolia,but substantial flow occurred across both the Mekong-Salween Divide and Tanaka-Kaiyong Line,manifesting in clear admixture and high genetic diversity in the central group.Wind-borne pollen and seeds may have facilitated the dispersal of P.rotundifolia following prevalent northwest winds in the spring.We also found that the Hengduan Mountains,where multiple genetic barriers were detected,acted on the whole as a barrier between the western and eastern groups of P.rotundifolia.Ecological niche modeling suggested that P.rotundifolia has undergone range expansion since the last glacial maximum,and demographic reconstruction indicated an earlier population expansion around 600 Ka.The phylogeographic pattern of P.rotundifolia reflects the interplay of biological traits,wind patterns,barriers,niche differentiation,and Quaternary climate history.This study emphasizes the need for multiple lines of evidence in understanding the Quaternary evolution of plants in topographically complex areas.

Team China’s Groundbreaking Success at Paris Olympics

China’s Olympic delegation at the Paris 2024,with 404 athletes competing in 232 events across 30 sports,clinched 40 gold,27 silver,and 24 bronze medals,marking their best performance at an Olympics held abroad.The success of these athletes across various disciplines demonstrates the country’s efforts to expand its athletic prowess while also marks a new chapter for Chinese sportsmanship on the international stage.

Enhancing textile production:Smartex exhibits groundbreaking solutions

Smartex,a trailblazing leader in textile industry innovation,was proud to announce its return to ITM 2024,showcasing unparalleled advancements in quality control and production efficiency.Building on the success of previous exhibitions at ITM 2022 and ITMA Milan 2023,Smartex emerges stronger than ever,presenting its complete Smartex System tailored to transform textile manufacturing.

Impacts of monsoon break events in the western North Pacific on the cross-equatorial flows over the Maritime Continent

本文利用ERA5逐日再分析资料,探讨了1979-2020年间西北太平洋季风中断事件对海洋性大陆越赤道气流的影响.合成结果表明,西北太平洋季风中断事件会造成高,低空越赤道气流减弱,即高层南风异常,低层北风异常,与此相关的环流异常表现为西北太平洋高层气旋,低层反气旋的斜压结构。特别的是,西北太平洋季风中断对高空越赤道气流的影响更为显著,92%的季风中断事件都导致高空越赤道气流减弱,而只有70%的事件造成低空越赤道气流减弱,这是由于低空越赤道气流同时还受到赤道中东太平洋海温异常的调控.

A record-breaking high efficiency facilitated by hierarchical morphology in all polymer solar cells

Organic solar cells(OSCs) especially non-fullerene OSCs(NF-OSCs) are promising to become the next-generation of commercial applications and have received great attention from many researchers due to their typical advantages of low cost,light weight,and flexibility [1,2].

Experimental research and energy analysis of a new type of dry ice powder pneumatic rock breaking technology

When the traditional drill and blast method is applied to rock crushing projects,it has strong vibration,loud noise and dust pollution,so it cannot be used in densely populated areas such as urban public works.We developed a supercritical CO_(2)true triaxial pneumatic rock-breaking experimental system,and conducted laboratory and field tests of dry ice powder pneumatic rock-breaking.The characteristics of the blast-induced vibration velocity waveform and the evolution of the vibration velocity and frequency with the focal distance were analyzed and discussed.The fracturing mechanism of dry ice powder pneumatic rock breaking is studied.The research results show that:(1)The vibration velocity induced by dry ice powder pneumatic rock breaking decays as a power function with the increase of the focal distance;(2)The vibration frequency caused by dry ice powder pneumatic rock breaking is mainly distributed in 1–120 Hz.Due to the dispersion effect,the dominant frequency of 10–30 Hz appears abnormally attenuated;(3)The traditional CO_(2)phase change fracturing energy calculation formula is also applicable to dry ice pneumatic rock breaking technology,and the trinitrotoluene(TNT)equivalent of fracturing energy is applicable to the Sadovsky formula;(4)Dry ice powder pneumatic rock breaking is shock wave and highenergy gas acting together to fracture rock,which can be divided into three stages,among which the gas wedge action of high-energy gas plays a dominant role in rock mass damage.

Monsoon Break over the South China Sea during Summer: Statistical Features and Associated Atmospheric Anomalies

This study identifies break events of the South China Sea(SCS)summer monsoon(SCSSM)based on 42 years of data from 1979 to 2020,and investigates their statistical characteristics and associated atmospheric anomalies.A total of 214 break events are identified by examining the convection evolution during each monsoon season.It is found that most events occur between June and September and show a roughly even distribution.Short-lived events(3–7 days)are more frequent,accounting for about two thirds of total events,with the residual one third for long-lived events(8–24 days).The SCSSM break is featured by drastic variations in various atmospheric variables.Particularly,the convection and precipitation change from anomalous enhancement in adjoining periods to a substantial suppression during the break,with the differences being more than 60 W m−2 for outgoing longwave radiation(OLR)and 10 mm d−1 for precipitation.This convection/precipitation suppression is accompanied by an anomalous anticyclone in the lower troposphere,corresponding to a remarkable westward retreat of the monsoon trough from the Philippine Sea to the Indochina Peninsula,which reduces the transportation of water vapor into the SCS.Besides,the pseudo-equivalent potential temperature()declines sharply,mainly attributable to the local specific humidity reduction caused by downward dry advection.Furthermore,it is found that the suppressed convection and anomalous anticyclone responsible for the monsoon break form near the equatorial western Pacific and then propagate northwestward to the SCS.

Rock breaking performance of the newly proposed unsubmerged cavitating abrasive waterjet

To improve the rock breaking ability, cavitating waterjet and abrasive waterjet are combined by using a coaxial low-speed waterjet generated around the periphery of a high-speed abrasive waterjet, and a new type of waterjet called unsubmerged cavitating abrasive waterjet(UCAWJ) is thus produced. The rock breaking performance of UCAWJ was compared with submerged cavitating abrasive waterjet(SCAWJ)and unsubmerged abrasive waterjet(UAWJ) by impinging sandstone specimens. Moreover, the effects of jet pressure, standoff distance, abrasive flow rate and concentration were studied by evaluating the specific energy consumption, and the area, depth, and mass loss of the eroded specimen. The results show that the artificially generated submerged environment in UCAWJ is able to enhance the rock breaking performance under the same operating parameters. Furthermore, the rock breaking performance of UCAWJ is much better at higher jet pressures and smaller standoff distances when compared with UAWJ. The greatest rock breaking ability of UCAWJ appears at jet pressure of 50 MPa and standoff distance of 32 mm, with the mass loss of sandstone increased by 370.6% and the energy dissipation decreased by 75.8%. In addition, under the experimental conditions the optimal abrasive flow rate and concentration are 76.5 m L/min and 3%, respectively.

Comprehensive evaluation of chemical breakers for multistage network ultra-high strength gel

Polymer gels have been accepted as a useful tool to address many sealing operations such as drilling and completion,well stimulation,wellbore integrity,water and gas shutoff,etc.Previously,we developed an ultra-high strength gel(USGel)for medium to ultra-low temperature reservoirs.However,the removal of USGel is a difficult problem for most temporary plugging operations.This paper first provides new insights into the mechanism of USGel,where multistage network structure and physical entanglement are the main reasons for USGel possessing ultra-high strength.Then the effects of acid breakers,encapsulated breakers,and oxidation breakers(including H_(2)O_(2),Na_(2)S_(2)O_(8),Ca(ClO)_(2),H_(2)O_(2)+NaOH,Na_(2)S_(2)O_(8)+NaOH,and Ca(ClO)_(2)+NaOH)were evaluated.The effects of component concentration and temperature on the breaking solution were studied,and the corrosion performance,physical simulation and formation damage tests of the breaking solution were carried out.The final formulation of 2%-4%NaOH+4.5%-6%H_(2)O_(2) breaking solution was determined,which can make USGel completely turn into water at 35e105C.The combinations of“acid t breaking solution”,“acid+encapsulated breaker”and“encapsulated breaker+breaking solution”were evaluated for breaking effect.The acid gradually reduced the volume of USGel,which increased the contact area between breaking solution and USGel,and the effect of“4%acid+breaking solution”was 23 times higher than that of breaking solution alone at 35C.However,the acid significantly reduced the strength of USGel.This paper provides new insights into the breaking of high-strength gels with complex network structures.

Volatility spillovers,structural breaks and uncertainty in technology sector markets

This study uses the dynamic conditional correlation to investigate how technology subsector stocks interact with financial assets in the face of economic and financial uncertainty.Our results suggest that structural breaks have diverse effects on financial asset connectedness and that the level of bond linkage increases when the trend breaks.We see a growing co-movement between the technology sector and major financial assets when uncertainty is considered.Overall,our findings indicate that the connectedness response varies depending on the type of uncertainty shock.

Comparative Study of the Rock-breaking Mechanism of a Disc Cutter and Wedge Tooth Cutter by Discrete Element Modelling

The operation of a shield tunnel boring machine(TBM)in a high-strength hard rock stratum results in significant cutter damage,adversely affecting the thrust and torque of the cutter head.Therefore,it is very important to carry out the research on the stress characteristics and optimize the cutter parameters of cutters break high-strength hard rock.In this paper,the rock-breaking performance of cutters in an andesite stratum in the tunnel of Qingdao Metro Line No.8 was investigated using the discrete element method and theoretical analysis.The rock-breaking processes of a disc cutter and wedge tooth cutter were simulated by software particle flow code PFC^(3D),and the rock-breaking degree,stress of the cutter,and rock-breaking specific energy were analyzed.The rock damage caused by the cutter in a specific section was divided into three stages:the advanced influence,crushing,and stabilizing stages.The rock-breaking degree and the tangential and normal forces of the wedge tooth cutter are larger than that of the disc cutter under the same conditions.The disc cutter(wedge tooth cutter)has the highest rock-breaking efficiency at a cutter spacing of 100 mm(110 mm)and a penetration depth of 8 mm(10 mm),and the rock-breaking specific energy is 11.48 MJ/m^(3)(12.05 MJ/m^(3)).Therefore,two types of cutters with different penetration depths or cutter spacing should be considered.The number of teeth of wedge tooth cutters can be increased in hard strata to improve the rock-breaking efficiency of the shield.The research results provide a reference for shield cutterhead selection and cutter layout in similar projects.

China’s import expo yields record-breaking deals, boosts global economy

The sixth China International Import Expo(CIIE),the world’s first national-level import-themed expo,saw a total of 78.41 billion U.S.dollars’worth of tentative deals reached for one-year purchases of goods and services,setting a record high.

Hello World Thai teen movies break out by looking out,refine by looking back in

In the 21st Century,the native culture of Thailand has become a major inspiration for production of Thai movies,which have boomed,especially in four distinct genres:Thai epics,Muay Thai,horror,and teen movies.The first three genres are introspective and focus on the local characteristics of the nation by telling stories of Thai history,elaborating on the techniques of Muay Thai,and highlighting local spiritual beliefs.However,Thai teen movies are different because the genre tends to deploy internationalized narratives as part of the country’s efforts to build a Thai cultural identity that permeates global screens.

巴旦木分级破壳机设计与试验

为解决巴旦木破壳机械生产效率低、破壳率低和核仁损伤量大等问题,通过研究坚果破壳原理,选用适宜机械加工的大巴旦木(‘莎车3号’)为研究对象,设计了巴旦木分级破壳机,同时进行巴旦木尺寸、破壳力加载方向及加载速度、巴旦木含水率的物料特性分析。结果表明:破壳机破壳辊间隙和含水率对巴旦木破壳力和变形量影响显著。使用试验法优化了巴旦木分级破壳机构工作参数,当两轧辊间距离调整为Ⅰ级14 mm、Ⅱ级13 mm和Ⅲ级12 mm,含水率控制在9.8%~10.5%范围内,转速为1 000 r·min^(-1)时,测得平均破壳率为95.57%,平均破损率为3.37%,满足实际生产需求。

非刀具破岩理论与技术研究进展与趋势

随着我国深地战略的逐步实施,深部资源开采和地下空间建设迎来新的机遇,但也面临诸多挑战,高地应力、高地温和坚硬岩体等极端地质条件层出不穷。岩石破碎技术是所有资源开采和地下空间建设的主要工程活动,是决定施工工艺和工程效率的主要因素。在极端地质条件下,以刀具为基础的岩石破碎技术由于刀具磨损快、岩石破碎效率低,已成为遏制深地战略顺利实施的关键技术瓶颈,为解决深地岩石高效破碎难题,保障深地战略的顺利实施,迫切需求革命性的岩石破碎技术。无刀具破岩技术作为刀具破岩技术的重要补充,是突破刀具破岩技术瓶颈的可行性思路。为此,将无刀具破岩技术归纳为冲击破岩、热应力破岩和冲蚀磨损破岩3类技术体系,系统分析了水射流、激光和磨料空气射流等16种岩石破碎技术,总结了每种技术的发展历史和技术原理,分析了其破岩优势和技术瓶颈。得出,目前非刀具破岩技术没有在资源开采和地下空间建设中广泛应用的主要原因为破岩能耗高、适用较差和技术装备复杂等。相比刀具破岩,非刀具破岩技术破岩能量利用率较低,水射流破岩比能耗为刀具的40~70倍。微波、激光和等离子体等技术对施工环境要求较高,无法适用于钻井、隧道掘进等受限和恶劣环境。为解决极端地质条件岩石破碎难题,提出多种非刀具破岩技术协同破岩的思路,充分发挥每一种非刀具破岩的技术优势,构建了以射流切缝卸除高地应力、粒子冲击体积破碎坚硬岩体的破岩理念,最大限度降低岩石破碎能耗,简化系统装备,为岩石破碎技术向非刀具化发展提供理论支撑。

区域科技金融发展水平测度与空间分布特征分析——来自河北省的数据

为加快推进区域科技金融发展,促进经济转型与动能转化,从科技金融环境、科技金融投入和科技金融产出3个方面出发,提出了一套用于评估区域科技金融发展水平的指标体系。以河北省为例,采用熵权TOPSIS法对2012-2020年河北省11个地区的科技金融发展水平进行测度,通过莫兰指数和自然断点法对各地区科技金融发展水平的空间相关性和空间分布格局进行探索分析。结果显示:2012-2020年河北省各地区科技金融发展水平整体呈上升态势,但地区间差异仍然很大;冀中地区领先于其他地区,冀南、冀北地区增速高于中部地区,形成“中部地区领跑、周边地区追赶”的格局;河北省科技金融分布并不均衡,整体呈现出“中部高、南北低、逐渐向东部深化”的空间分布格局。建议河北省加大财政科技投入,合理配置科技金融资源;建立区域合作机制,发挥核心地区溢出作用;完善科技金融人才体系,加快推进科技成果转化。

高压水射流辅助锥形PDC齿破碎花岗岩试验研究

深部地层岩石硬度高、研磨性强、可钻性差,地质条件复杂、施工难度大,高压水射流辅助钻井可有效延长钻头寿命,提高钻进效率。采用室内试验与理论分析相结合的方法,开展了高压水射流辅助锥形PDC齿破碎花岗岩试验,分析了高压水射流辅助锥形PDC齿和常规PDC齿破碎花岗岩特性,揭示了射流压力、喷射距离、喷嘴直径及喷射角度等因素对锥形PDC齿破岩效果的影响规律。研究结果表明:在高压水射流辅助破岩条件下,锥形PDC齿与常规PDC齿的破岩比能分别降低了17.36%与19.63%;射流压力越大,射流辅助锥形PDC齿破岩效果越好;在研究条件下,喷距范围为5~10 mm可使水射流辅助锥形PDC齿破岩效果最佳;当喷嘴直径为2 mm时,切削力离散系数最小;喷射角度为30°时,锥形PDC齿切削力与破岩比能达到最小值;喷射角度为20°时,切削力离散系数最小,切削力最稳定。研究结果可为适用于深部硬岩钻井的锥形PDC钻头水力结构设计与优化提供理论支撑。

冲击破岩钻井提速技术研究现状与发展建议

提高钻井速度不仅是提高我国油气效益开发及深地勘探等方面的重要技术手段,同时对保障国家能源安全意义重大。冲击破岩钻井技术在国内外油田现场应用并获得了良好的提速效果,持续开展此类技术攻关有望攻克当下我国深地高温高压硬岩地层进尺低、提速难的技术痛点。介绍和分析了轴向冲击、扭力冲击和轴-扭耦合冲击辅助钻头破岩钻进技术方面的实践及发展动态。结合冲击破岩钻井技术现状,阐明了冲击辅助钻头破岩力学原理是冲击破岩钻井提速技术的关键问题,综述了国内外研究学者在冲击辅助钻头破岩物理实验、理论模型和数值模拟等研究方法上取得的科学进展。针对冲击破岩钻井提速技术的发展提出了相关建议,即加强在材料结构优化设计、智能化控制、多元技术融合和井场应用优化等方面的研究力度,为我国能源高效开发做出贡献。

不同生长时期玉米茎秆强度的无损检测研究

针对传统玉米茎秆强度破坏式检测方法费时费力的问题,采用高光谱成像数据结合统计学习方法对灌浆期和蜡熟期的19个玉米品种的茎秆穿刺强度和折断力进行检测,给出适于进行玉米茎秆强度检测的特征提取和建模方法。试验在5000株·亩^(-1)种植密度下种植了19个玉米品种,采集灌浆期和蜡熟期茎秆基部的高光谱图像,使用目标区域分割的方式自动进行光谱图像反射率校正和目标光谱曲线提取。对采集的样本数据使用主成分分析法(PCA)和包裹式特征提取法提取光谱特征,并分别建立了主成分回归(PCR)和偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)的茎秆强度预测模型。通过对各特征提取方法和各模型交叉验证预测结果的对比,找到适于进行玉米茎秆强度检测的特征提取和建模方法。试验结果表明:PCA方法提取光谱特征具有明显的降维效果,但用PCA方法提取特征建立的PCR模型对玉米茎秆强度的预测效果一般,用包裹式特征提取方法建立的PLSR模型在灌浆期和蜡熟期的模型预测效果均优于PCR模型,模型的剩余预测残差(RPD)在2.90~3.93之间,可以用于定量分析预测茎秆强度。